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This chapter presents a qualitative description of the scenario storylines for the REFLEX project. The scenario descriptions provide the overall qualitative framework for the modeling activities by setting-up two holistic socio-technical scenarios based on different storylines: the moderate renewable scenario (Mod–RES) as reference scenario and the (de-)centralized high renewable scenarios (High–RES) as ambitious policy scenarios. The chapter highlights the definition of main techno-economic framework parameters, macro-economic and societal drivers as well as of the considered political environment.

Steel is of extraordinary importance for the European economy as well as society, but is responsible for enormous energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, steel flows are an obvious subject for the European climate protection. The quantification of steel stocks and flows is useful to be included in discussions regarding Circular Economy, energy system transformation and resource efficiency. Therefore, we developed a retrospective and dynamic material flow model cov-ering the entire European steel and iron cycle from 2002 to 2019. Based on data by Worldsteel and assumptions mainly adopted by Cullen et al. (2012), the value and production chain of steel and iron products is covered by the model. It appears that the European steel and iron use reached a saturation from 2007 on, where the stock of steel in anthropogenic use phase reached around 5,600 Mt. In 2019, around 140 Mt of steel left the use phase, of which circa 6 Mt dissipated or are abandoned in place. Out of the remaining scrap, 110 Mt were collected as secondary raw materials for recycling. Recycling of steel in Europe reached a peak of approx. 140 Mt in 2007, from where on recycling declined equally to overall steel production leading to an almost constant recycling input rate of 57 %. The decline of steel recycling did not significantly affect the collection of steel scrap, but led to an increase of iron and steel scrap export. In 2019, 110 Mt of steel and iron were recycled in Europe, 65 % via EAF, 25 % via BOF and the remaining via ironmaking. Post-consumer waste is by mass more important than new scraps from production and manufacturing as evident in an old scrap ratio of 73 %. Further research could examine the effect of steel scrap prices on their use, further trace these export flows or analyse the potentials of secondary steel production for industry decarbonisation.

To attain climate neutrality by 2050, the European industry must achieve significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The EU’s Green Deal with the new 55 % reduction target by 2030 and the ‘Fit for 55’ package set the frame for the transition. The Fit-For-55 package is accompanied by an impact assessment that includes scenario analyses for the development of the EU energy system until 2030. A perspective Beyond 2030 is not published, but essential to understand the need to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Here, we develop two scenarios for the industry sector to benchmark the scenarios published by the EU. We extend our scenarios towards 2050. One scenario reflects current policies (not yet including the proposed fit-for-55 package) and a second scenario that is in line with meeting climate neutrality by 2050 (Mix95). We use the industry-sector simulation model FORECAST. The model calculates energy demand and GHG emissions pathways based on assumptions about policy instruments like CO2 prices or investment grants with a high technology detail.Results show that the current policy scenario is not in line with the Green Deal target and is far from reaching climate neutrality by 2050. The Mix95 Scenario achieves ~95 % GHG reduction by 2050. To meet this reduction, various strategies are necessary. A fast and comprehensive switch to electricity and hydrogen is driven by higher CO2 prices and OPEX support. Driven by the electrification of process heating, electricity demand increases significantly to ~1600 TWh by 2050 starting from 1018 TWh in the year 2018. Also, hydrogen sees a rapid uptake to reach 811 TWh by 2050 prioritizing use in steelmaking and chemical feedstocks. CCS and CCU are used to capture the remaining process emission in the cement and lime production resulting in 75 Mio. t CO2 captured in 2050. Effective instruments for circularity and material efficiency reduce the production of energy-intensive goods and thereby the demand for CO2-neutral energy carriers.

Dieses Kurzdossier analysiert die Auswirkungen der Energiekrise auf die Transformation des deutschen Energiesystems zur Klimaneutralität 2045 sowie Strategien zur Beseitigung der Abhängigkeit Deutschlands von russischen Erdgasimporten.

Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has led many to question the formerly held certainty that close trade relations result in a stable energy supply. Hydrogen, which is expected to play an important role in the future, is particularly affected by this. Against this background, among other things, this position paper addresses new approaches to assessing partner countries for hydrogen imports, the development of import costs, and the potential for hydrogen production in the EU. The paper also addresses the future economic development of Ukraine through the production and transportation of hydrogen.

Diese Arbeit behandelt das Thema kreativer und abwechslungsreicher Deutschunterricht und ist die Beschreibung meines Unterrichts in der sechsten Schulstufe, einer schwedischen Grundschule. Basiert auf theoretischen Grundlagen, wie den Spracherwerbsmethoden (Dorn, 2005) und dem schwedischen Lehrplan (Skolverket, 2022), beschreibt die vorliegende Arbeit von mir erprobte Unterrichtsmethoden. Hat man als LehrerIn erst die SchülerInnen für den Unterrichtsgegenstand Moderne Sprachen sprich: Deutsch - begeistert, gilt es, die Motivation zu erhalten und zu verstärken. Der Unterrichtsgegenstand Moderne Sprachen hat keine hohe Priorität bei den SchülerInnen und so liegt es an uns LehrerInnen durch kreativen und abwechslungsreichen Unterricht die geforderten Ziele zu erreichen. Neben den theoretischen Abhandlungen werden die Abschnitte, in denen die gewählten Unterrichtsmethoden beschrieben werden, von einer Vielzahl erprobter, praktischer Beispiele aus dem Unterricht begleitet. Nach fünf Jahren Arbeitserfahrung an einer schwedischen Grundschule, kann konstatiert werden, dass kreativer Deutschunterricht, für SchülerInnen und LehrerInnen ein Gewinn ist. Deutschstunden die Spaß machen, abwechslungsreich gestaltet sind und viel Raum für die Interessen und Fähigkeiten der SchülerInnen bieten, sind beliebt. Den schwedischen Lehrplan aufgreifend (Skolverket, 2022) wird der Unterricht mit originellen und ungewöhnlichen Übungen aufgelockert. Es soll im Unterricht nicht nur die deutsche Sprache vermittelt werden, sondern auch eine Nähe zu den deutschsprachigen Ländern und deren Kultur geschaffen werden. Durch die Form des Unterrichts sollen die SchülerInnen die Fähigkeit bekommen, sprachliche Assoziationen zu bilden und Zusammenhänge zu verstehen, die manchmal weit voneinander entfernt sind. Die gewählte Unterrichtsmethodik, soll ein tieferes Interesse an Sprache, Land und Kultur den SchülerInnen ein Denken in Analogien und Bildern ermöglichen, das den Deutschunterricht und die dadurch erlernte Sprache als positives Erlebnis speichert und ihnen die Hürde nimmt, die Sprache anzuwenden.

In 2018, emissions from the industrial sector in Germany amounted to around 190 million tons of CO2 equivalents, the majority of which were caused by companies in energy-intensive industries. According to Germany’s reduction target for this sector, these emissions must fall to 118 million metric tons by 2030. Its high dependence on fossil fuels, technical restrictions and hardly avoidable process emissions pose major challenges for the sector. In order to achieve near climate-neutrality in 2045, these challenges require a profound transformation in the basic materials industries. This contribution presents the results of a comprehensive bottom-up assessment comparing four technology pathways to a near carbon-neutral German industry sector until 2045. The analysis was carried out using the bottom-up energy demand model FORECAST, which is characterized by a high degree of technology and process detail. Its results show that the goal of a nearly carbon-neutral industrial sector in 2045 is possible, but will require enormous efforts. Large amounts of CO2-neutral secondary energy carriers like electricity and hydrogen will be needed in addition to improvements in material and energy efficiency. Depending on the technology focus, the amount of electricity used nearly doubles from 226 TWh up to 413 TWh in 2045. In the case of a “hydrogen economy,” the industrial use of hydrogen as a feedstock and as an energy source increases up to 342 TWh in 2045. The time horizon to 2030 is crucial if the transition to a near climate-neutral industry sector is to succeed by 2045. It must be possible to scale up CO2-neutral processes from the pilot and demonstration stage to industrial level by 2030 and enable their economic operation. This contribution therefore also places particular emphasis on the period up to 2030 and discusses those options for action in this time frame which have proved to be robust in several scenarios. The need for additional action is also elaborated based on the scenario results.

Technological breakthroughs and policy measures targeting energy efficiency and clean energy alone will not suffice to deliver Paris Agreement-compliant greenhouse gas emissions trajectories in the next decades. Strong cases have recently been made for acknowledging the decarbonisation potential lying in transforming linear economic models into closed-loop industrial ecosystems and in shifting lifestyle patterns towards this direction. This perspective highlights the research capacity needed to inform on the role and potential of the circular economy for climate change mitigation and to enhance the scientific capabilities to quantitatively explore their synergies and trade-offs. This begins with establishing conceptual and methodological bridges amongst the relevant and currently fragmented research communities, thereby allowing an interdisciplinary integration and assessment of circularity, decarbonisation, and sustainable development. Following similar calls for science in support of climate action, a transdisciplinary scientific agenda is needed to co-create the goals and scientific processes underpinning the transition pathways towards a circular, net-zero economy with representatives from policy, industry, and civil society. Here, it is argued that such integration of disciplines, methods, and communities can then lead to new and/or structurally enhanced quantitative systems models that better represent critical industrial value chains, consumption patterns, and mitigation technologies. This will be a crucial advancement towards assessing the material implications of, and the contribution of enhanced circularity performance to, mitigation pathways that are compatible with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement and the transition to a circular economy. © 2021 The Authors This work was supported by the H2020 European Commis- sion projects “PARIS REINFORCE”(Grant Agreement No. 820846), “LOCOMOTION”(Grant Agreement No. 821105), “NDC ASPECTS”(Grant Agreement No. 101003866), and “newTRENDS”(Grant Agreement No. 893311); the European Research Council (ERC) project “FINEPRINT”(Grant Agreement No. 725525); the Hel- lenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) and General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT) project “ATOM”(Grant Agreement No. HFRI-FM17–2566); the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities projects RTI2018–099858- A-I00 and RTI2018–093352-B-I00; the María de Maeztu excel- lence accreditation 2018–2022 (Ref. MDM-2017–0714), funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110 0 011033; and by the Basque Government through the BERC 2018–2021 program and BIDERATU project (KK- 2021/0 0 050, ELKARTEK programme 2021). The sole responsibility for the content of this paper lies with the authors; the paper does not necessarily reflect the opinions of the European Commission, the Basque Government, or the Spanish Government.

Objectives To evaluate six-month risk stratification capacity of the newly developed TeleHFCovid19-Score for remote management of older patients with heart failure (HF) during Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Design Monocentric observational prospective study. Setting and Participants Older HF outpatients remotely managed during the first pandemic wave. Methods The TeleHFCovid19-Score (0-29) was obtained by an ad hoc developed multiparametric standardized questionnaire administered during telephone visits to older HF patients (and/or caregivers) followed at our HF clinic. Questions were weighed on the basis of clinical judgment and review of current HF literature. According to the score, patients were divided in progressively increasing risk groups: green (0-3), yellow (4-8) and red (≥9). Results 146 patients composed our study population: at baseline, 112, 21 and 13 were classified as green, yellow, and red respectively. Mean age was 81±9 years, females were 40%. Compared to patients of red and yellow groups, those in the green group had a lower use of high dose loop diuretics (p, Graphical abstract

Technological learning encompasses a variety of mechanisms by which technologies improve and decrease in costs. Experience curves are commonly used to analyze and explicitly quantify technological learning. This chapter presents the history and basic methodology of experience curves, and discusses the implementation of experience curves in energy system and sectoral energy models. Several key results of the REFLEX project with respect to state-of-the-art experience curves, and the implementation of experience curves in the REFLEX Energy Modeling System are highlighted. Finally, a set of key lessons learned in the REFLEX project are presented, discussing both methodological issues of experience curves as well as key issues with regard to the implementation of experience curves in different types of energy system and sectoral energy models.