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The herbicide glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) has been the most commonly applied herbicide worldwide for the past 40 years. This review presents and discusses the state of knowledge concerning groundwater contamination by glyphosate and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). A dataset of 48 reports and articles reporting on glyphosate and AMPA in groundwater worldwide was constructed from the published literature. Specific attention was given to the analysis of available studies on glyphosate and AMPA transport in groundwater to investigate groundwater contamination factors. The information presented in this review highlights detectable groundwater contamination in several countries, with many cases exceeding European groundwater quality standards. Both agricultural and non-agricultural applications of glyphosate can be significant sources of pollution, and proximity to agricultural fields is a significant risk factor. AMPA has two primary sources, glyphosate and amino polyphosphates, but very little information is available about the origin of AMPA detected in groundwater. Glyphosate and AMPA transport to groundwater can be significant in well-structured soils that are rich in macropores, where it generally occurs via preferential flow. An inverse relationship was highlighted between the groundwater depth and glyphosate and the occurrence and concentration of AMPA in groundwater; however, some discrepancies among the studies were identified. Heavy rainfall shortly after glyphosate application poses a high risk of its transport to groundwater. Seasonal trends in glyphosate and AMPA in groundwater, related to application timing, agronomic practices, and weather conditions, were also observed. Finally, risk-management measures are proposed.

No Brasil, a resistência de plantas daninhas é um processo que vem evoluindo gradativamente, prejudicando desta forma profissionais vinculados ao agronegócio como um todo, impactando o custo da lavoura e o meio ambiente. Sua resistência advém de biótipos previamente existentes nas áreas de produção, que tem sua frequência de ocorrência aumentada em função do insucesso no controle diante de aplicações repetidas e perduradas de herbicidas os quais apresentam o mesmo princípio ativo ou utilização contínua do mesmo produto fitossanitário. Os casos de resistência ao glifosato vêm aumentando, sendo necessário evitar a perda da viabilidade do produto. Nesse contexto, biótipos da espécie Amaranthus viridis, o caruru, tem apresentado dificuldade em seu controle. Diante da constante evolução de casos de resistência de plantas daninhas a herbicidas, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a existência de resistência de biótipo de A. viridis ao herbicida glifosato na região de Campo Grande - MS. As sementes de caruru foram semeadas em bandeja plástica com capacidade de 2 litros e seu transplante foi realizado 14 dias após a semeadura. Foram utilizados 4 tratamentos, cada um com 30 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em: T0 (tratamento controle sem aplicação de glifosato); T1 (1000 g p.c. ha-1); T2 (2000 g p.c. ha-1); T3 (4000 g p.c. ha-1). Constatou-se que T0 (tratamento controle sem aplicação de glifosato); T1 (1000 g p.c. ha-1), não se diferenciaram. Foi observado no trabalho um maior número de plantas que sobreviveram no T1(100%), porém utilizou-se uma dosagem que corresponde à metade da recomendada para caruru. No que diz respeito ao segundo tratamento, T2 (dosagem recomendada para controle de caruru na cultura da soja) observou-se 60% de sobrevivência. Por fim, no tratamento T3 não se observou sobrevivência. A partir dos resultados obtidos no presente trabalho, foi possível registrar a presença de biótipo de Amaranthus viridis com características de resistência ao herbicida glifosato em Campo Grande - MS.

PRODUÇÃO E MANUTENÇÃO DE PALHADA DE SORGO POR APLICAÇÃO HORMÉTICA DE HERBICIDAS TIAGO PEREIRA DA SILVA CORREIA1, ARTHUR GABRIEL CALDAS LOPES2, FRANCISCO FAGGION3, LEANDRO AUGUSTO FELIX TAVARES4, PAULO ROBERTO ARBEX SILVA5 1Docente da Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Campos universitário Darcy Ribeiro ICC, cep:70910-900, Asa norte, Brasília, DF, Brasil. tiagocorreia@unb.br 2Doutorando do PPGA da Universidade de Brasília, Campos universitário Darcy Ribeiro ICC, cep:70910-900, Asa norte, Brasília, DF, Brasil. arthur.grb10@gmail.com 3Docente da Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Campos universitário Darcy Ribeiro ICC, cep:70910-900, Asa norte, Brasília, DF, Brasil. ffaggion@yahoo.com 4Docente do Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Av. Universitária, 1000, Bairro universitário, cep:38610-000, Unaí, MG, Brasil. leandro.tavares@ufvjm.edu.br 5Docente da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Campos de Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, cep:18610-034, Altos do paraíso, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. paulo.arbex@unesp.br RESUMO: No sistema plantio direto a manutenção de palhada sobre o solo é essencial, especialmente em regiões onde a decomposição é rápida. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação de subdoses de herbicida Glifosato, 2,4 D e Haloxifope-P-Ester Metílico na produção e manutenção de palhada de sorgo ao sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Água Limpa, pertencente a Universidade de Brasília. Foi utilizado um esquema fatorial 3 (Herbicidas: Glifosato; 2,4-D Sal Dimetilamina; Haloxifope-P-Ester metílico) x 2 (Subdoses: 4 e 6 g i.a ha-1 de Glifosato; 0,6 e 1,2 g i.a ha-1 de Haloxifope-P-metílico; 80 e 160 g i.a ha-1 de 2,4-D Sal Dimetilamina), com quatro repetições inteiramente casualizadas. Aos tratamentos incluiu-se um testemunha sem aplicação de subdoses. As subdoses menor, maior e testemunhas foram identificadas por D1, D2 e D0 respectivamente. Os tratamentos foram aplicados 35 dias após a semeadura com pulverizador tratorizado, e a partir dos 100 dias foram avaliados teor de lignina (TL), massa de materia seca (MMS) e produtiviade de grãos. D2 de Glifosato aumenta 5,35% a MMS e 3% o TL da palhada de sorgo e não difere a produtividade de grãos da cultura. D1 de Haloxifope-P-Ester Metílico aumenta 9,2% a MMS da planta de sorgo. As subdoses dos demais herbicidas estudados reduzem a produtividade de grãos de sorgo. Palavras-chave: plantio direto, cobertura vegetal, subdose, glifosato, 2,4D. PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF SORGHUM STRAW BY HORMETIC APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES ABSTRACT: In the no-tillage system, maintaining straw over the soil is essential, especially in regions where decomposition is rapid. The work aimed to evaluate the application of underdoses of herbicide Glyphosate, 2,4 D and Haloxifope-P-Ester Methyl in the production and maintenance of sorghum straw to the no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Água Limpa Farm, belonging to the University of Brasília. A factorial scheme 3 (Herbicides: Glyphosate; 2,4-D Dimethylamine salt; Haloxifop-P-methyl ester) x 2 (Subdoses: 4 and 6 g ia ha-1 of Glyphosate; 0.6 and 1.2 g Haloxifop-P-methyl ia ha-1; 80 and 160 g ia 2,4-D salt Dimethylamine), with four completely randomized repetitions. The treatments included a control without the application of underdoses. The minor, major and control subdoses were identified by D1, D2 and D0 respectively. The treatments were applied 35 days after sowing with tractor spray, and after 100 days, lignin content (TL), dry matter mass (MMS) and grain yield were evaluated. The D2 treatment of Glyphosate presents MMS 5.35% higher at 190 days after sowing. The same treatment increased the TL by 3% and did not differ in the productivity of sorghum grains. Keywords: no-till, vegetation cover, underdosing, glyphosate, 2,4D.

Weed management in coffee plants is carried out largely through the adoption of chemical control, with the use of herbicides. In this context, one of the species that most affects the development of coffee plants, and due to its difficulty in control, is sourgrass. Above all, most sourgrass biotypes are not efficiently controlled with the herbicide glyphosate, which is the most used in coffee growing. Thus, the search for strategies that can minimize the damage caused by this weed, appears with increasing demand, due to the great damage to coffee plants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical control of adult sourgrass in coffee plants, through several associations. Treatment control efficiency was visually evaluated, where a scale ranging from 0 to 100 was used, with 0 corresponding to the absence of symptoms and 100 corresponding to the total control of weed plants by the action of herbicides, respectively. This evaluation method was used at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after application. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using the SISVAR statistical software. The association of the herbicides Fluazifop-p-butyl and Clethodim, implies greater efficiency in controlling sourgrass over time. The association of the herbicide ammonium glufosinate with systemic herbicides implies a reduction in the control capacity of sourgrass plants over time.

Five new neocassane-like diterpenes (1-5) were isolated from the roots of Eragrostis plana. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations of the representative compounds neocassa-12(17),15-dien-3-one (2) and neocassa-12(13),15-diene-3,14-dione (5) were assigned by vibrational circular dichroism. The phytotoxic activity of compounds 3, 4, and 5 was evaluated against the germination and growth of Ipomoea grandifolia and Euphorbia heterophylla. Compound 4 exhibited the most potent activity for growth variables, resulting in the smallest radicle length of I. grandifolia and in the smallest aerial part length of E. heterophylla. Compound 5 reduced the germination speed index more effectively than the herbicide glyphosate (Roundup).

This study assessed the farm-level economic and environmental impacts from the use of genetically modified (GM) corn in Vietnam (resistant to Lepidopteran pests of corn and tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate). It was largely based on a farmer survey conducted in 2018–19. The GM varieties out-performed conventional varieties in terms of yield by +30.4% (+15.2% if the yield comparison is with only the nearest performing equivalent conventional varieties) and reduced the cost of production by between US $26.47 per ha and US $31.30 per ha. For every extra US $1 spent on GM seed relative to conventional seed, farmers gained between an additional US $6.84 and US $12.55 in extra income. The GM maize technology also reduced insecticide and herbicide use. The average amount of herbicide active ingredient applied to the GM crop area was 26% lower (1.66 kg per ha) than the average value for the conventional corn area (2.26 kg/ai per ha) and in terms of the associated environmental impact of the herbicide use, as measured by the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) indicator, it was lower by 36% than the average value applicable to the conventional corn area. Insecticides were used on a significantly lower GM crop area and, when used, in smaller amounts. The average amount of insecticide applied to the GM corn crop was significantly lower by 78% (0.08 kg/ai per ha) than the average value for the conventional corn area (0.36 kg/ai per ha) and in terms of the associated environmental impact of the insecticide use, as measured by the EIQ indicator, it was also lower by 77% than the average value for conventional corn (14.06 per ha).

The effect of simulated glyphosate drift on common chives (Allium fistulosum L.) was evaluated. The work was developed in a private garden, in Confresa-MT, from January to February 2016. The experiment consists of 6 treatments with 4 repetitions, arranged in a completely randomized design (DIC). The treatments were formed b 6 sub doses of glyphosate: 0,54,108,162,216 and 270 g.i.a ha-1 . At 7 and 14 days after application of the sub doses of the herbicide glyphosate, the plants were subjected to visual analysis of phytointoxication, using notes, on a scale ranging from 0 to 10. At 14 days after application of herbicide, the number total leaves, number of dead leaves, number of tillers, fresh weight of commercial leaf and root length.

A deriva do herbicida glifosato pode estimular crescimento e/ou rendimento produtivo em plantas não-alvo, caracterizando efeito hormese. Ainda, manifesta-se amarelecimento momentâneo em folhas novas, característico de deficiência nutricional. Deste modo, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito hormese por aplicação de glifosato em Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Foi avaliada a resposta produtiva aérea (PMS) e radicular (MSR) da forrageira por aplicação foliar de sete doses subletais do equivalente ácido (e.a.) de glifosato (5,40, 10,80, 21,60, 43,20, 64,80, 86,40 e 108,00, g e.a. ha-1) e controle, sob ausência e presença de manganês (1000 g ha-1) à calda de pulverização, em quatro colheitas sequenciais, caracterizando esquema fatorial 8 x 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. As doses subletais de glifosato com adição de manganês à calda de pulverização reduziram o efeito herbicida, com persistência de PMS durante período experimental (4 cortes). Para doses sem adição de manganês à calda de pulverização, houve falência produtiva nos cortes 2, 3 e 4, para doses 86,40 e 108,00 g e.a. ha-1. A presença de manganês à calda de pulverização assegurou massa seca de raiz superior àquelas sem adição de manganês, sendo constatado efeito do herbicida nas doses igual e superiores a 43,60 g e.a. ha-1.

Conyza sumatrensis is a weed that have resistance to the herbicide glyphosate. Resistance may be involved with anatomical differences between biotypes resistant and susceptible to the herbicide. The objective of this work was to perform the anatomical description of the leaf of Conyza sumatrensis resistant and susceptible to the herbicide glyphosate, with a view to identify possible alterations that may alter the absorption and/or translocation of the herbicide. For this, leaves of the resistant biotypes and one susceptible to glyphosate were collected and fixed in FAA 70 and later fixed in ethanol 70. The determination of the thickness of the epidermis on the adaxial side of the leaves of the biotypes, diameter of the vascular bundles and density and stomatal index were performed. The histological analyzes were performed using an optical microscope, and photographs of at least four readings were taken on each slide. The results observed in the characterization of the adaxial epidermis and the diameter of the bundles not showed differences between resistant and susceptible biotypes. On the other hand, the susceptible biotype presents higher density and stomatal index when compared to the others, explaining the difference of susceptibility to the glyphosate herbicide among the materials.

Studies have been conducted on the effect of residual quantities of the most common herbicide Glyphosate (0.8; 1.4; 17) mg / kg of soil on the greens of peas and oats. Spectrophotometrically analyzed samples for their content of beta-carotene, which protects the cells of the immune system from damage by free radicals and can improve the immune system. The data obtained showed that the higher the content of herbicide in the soil, the less beta-carotene in samples of hay. The results of the experiments showed that the height of pea seedlings decreases when the soil is treated with Glyphosate. When the concentration of the herbicide is 1.4 mg / kg, it decreases by 32 % compared to the control; when selenium is added, the difference compared to untreated soil is 23 %. less than in the control sample. A sharp decrease in vitamin B2 and vitamin A in greens of peas grown in soil treated with Glyphosate is shown. The content of vitamins increases with the addition of selenium to the soil. The obtained experimental data indicate a decrease in beta-carotene, vitamins A and B2 in greens grown on soil containing Glyphosate.

Lagoon water, suspended particulate matter, and sediment samples from seven sites at Lagoon of Venice were collected from 2019 to 2021 in order to study the presence of the herbicide glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine), among the most widely used agricultural chemicals worldwide, but its occurrence in lagoon water environment has not been deeply investigated. The sites were selected considering a supposed diversity of inputs and of pollution levels. An analytical method based on ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was optimized and validated for lagoon water, marine particulate matter, and sediment samples. Maximum concentrations of glyphosate were 260 and 7 ng L−1 for lagoon water and suspended particulate matter, respectively, and 15 ng g−1 for sediment, with some spatial and temporal fluctuations. Our results demonstrate that glyphosate content in the Venice Lagoon mainly depends on external forcing from river inlets and agricultural lagoon activities.

Glyphosate, an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine, was introduced to agriculture in the 1970s. Glyphosate is widely considered by regulatory authorities and scientific bodies to have no carcinogenic potential. These have been also reviewed by numerous regulatory agencies including the US Environmental Protection Agency, the European Commission, and the Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency; however, The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a monograph in 2015 concluding that glyphosate is “probably carcinogenic to humans”. In this review, we evaluated the carcinogenicity of the herbicide glyphosate, based on analyses of case control or cohort epidemiology studies that determinate the association between glyphosate and cancer. There are fourteen case-control studies; the assessment found that the data do not support a causal relationship between glyphosate exposure and cancer. As a result, the Panels concluded that glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans. Despite this results, future studies could be improved by more careful attention to validating exposure to glyphosate, thus we need for research on the health effects of glyphosate-based herbicides.

Chemical weed control using herbicide glyphosate to manage emerged weeds is an important production practice in Florida citrus. Despite the extensive use of glyphosate in citrus orchards, very limited information is available on its environmental fate and behavior in Florida soils that are predominantly sandy in nature. Hence, the study’s objective was to understand the adsorption-desorption, dissipation dynamics, and vertical movement or leaching of glyphosate in sandy soils in citrus orchards. Laboratory, field, and greenhouse experiments were conducted at Southwest Florida Research and Education Center in Immokalee, Florida. The adsorption-desorption behavior of glyphosate in the soils from three major citrus production areas in Florida was studied utilizing a batch equilibrium method. The dissipation of glyphosate was tracked in the field following its application at the rate of 4.20 kg ae ha−1. Soil leaching columns in greenhouse conditions were used to study the vertical movement of glyphosate. The results suggest that glyphosate has a relatively lower range of adsorption or binding (Kads = 14.28–30.88) in the tested soil types. The field dissipation half-life (DT50) of glyphosate from surface soil was found to be ∼26 days. Glyphosate moved vertically or leached into the soil profile, up to 40 cm in the soil column, when analyzed 40 days after herbicide application. The primary degradation product of glyphosate, i.e., aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA), was also detected up to the depth of 30 cm below the soil surface, indicating the presence of microbial metabolism of glyphosate in the soil.

This study was carried out at Abu Jarash Farm and Weed Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, during 2017 winter to investigate the integrated effect of the non-selective herbicide Glyphosate (360 g/l) (Lancer®) and plant extracts of some weeds: sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) by using one third and one fourth of the recommended doses of the herbicide mixed with plant extracts for weed management of plots planted with carrot. The integration between herbicide and plant extracts led to 100% weed control when the herbicide was used at 25% of the recommended dose, and was equally effective to that of the recommended dose. The benefits are cost reduction and decrease of harmful effects of synthetic herbicides to the environment. On the other hand, Sorghum bicolor extract was significantly effective in controlling all tested weed species (82.1% effectiveness on Chenopodium album (most sensitive), plant height of wild barley Hordeum murinum L. was 3.8 cm, dry matter content of 4.96% for purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. and 6.58% for hairy amaranth, Amaranthus retroflexus L. Keywords: Integration, herbicides, plant extracts, reduced doses, weeds

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho da soja submetida a doses de glyphosate, bem como os efeitos de associações de produtos ao herbicida, visando o processo de reversão do efeito fitotóxico na soja RR2. O experimento foi conduzido entre novembro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016, em casa de vegetação situada na Universidade Federal do Paraná – Setor Palotina. A cultivar utilizada foi a Monsoy 6210 IPRO®, delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. As plantas foram submetidas a aplicação de glyphosate nas doses 0, 720, 1440, 2160 e 2880 g e.a. ha-1 e doses de glyphosate em associação com os produtos: regulador de crescimento vegetal (cinetina 0,09 g L-1, ácido giberélico 0,05 g L-1 e ácido 4-indol-3-butílico 0,05 g L-1) na dose 250ml ha-1, manganês (Mn na forma de um quelato de aminoácido, 62,5 g L-1) na dose de 1L, e o composto de aminoácidos (hidrolisado proteico, ácido fosfórico, hidróxido de potássio e água, 1L ha-1). A aplicação foi realizada no estágio V4 da cultura. Foi avaliado índice de clorofila das plantas, matéria seca de parte aérea e raiz, e nota visual de fitointoxicação, que foi determinada através da atribuição de notas que representavam a porcentagem de área foliar danificada. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, e quando houve significância, foram submetidas ao teste de Tukey (p≤0,05) e análise de regressão para o fator dose. Observou-se que para cultivar adotada, nas condições deste experimento que o manganês e o biorregulador foram eficientes na avaliação de nota visual de fitointoxicação. Para as variáveis matéria seca de raiz e parte aérea das plantas, não foi observada diferença entre os manejos de reversão.

Information on the effect of the herbicide glyphosate on nematodes in the field is limited and contradictory. A small field experiment was conducted during two consecutive summer-growing seasons to investigate the response of plant-parasitic nematode communities on the application of glyphosate to genetically-modified glyphosate-tolerant soybean (cultivar ‘LS 6164 R’) and maize (cultivar ‘DKC 80-30 RR’). A mixed Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica population dominated both crops during both seasons. Five other plant-parasitic nematode genera (Criconema, Helicotylenchus, Nanidorus, Pratylenchus and Tylenchorhynchus) were also identified. Glyphosate application had no effect on M. incognita, M. javanica and Pratylenchus spp. numbers. No significant differences were observed between the glyphosate-treated and non-treated plots for Meloidogyne population densities per 50 g roots for both soybean and maize. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences recorded between glyphosate-treated and non-treated plots from 5 g roots and 200 g rhizosphere soil for other genera were mainly due to absence during some sampling dates

The present study was carried out to study of the haematology of the freshwater fish, Catla catla were exposed to herbicide glyphosate hijack® for 10, 20 and 30 days in laboratory condition. Several haematological changes such as RBC, WBC, HB, HCT, Blood Glucose, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Total Protein were observed in fish blood would serve as a useful purpose in evaluating the toxic effects of herbicide glyphosate hijack® (41%). All the values were significantly decreased from control. The maximum decreased level of activities in all these blood values was at 30 days. It has been concluded that herbicide glyphosate hijack ® (41%) at sub-lethal concentration may alter the RBC, WBC, HB, HCT, total glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein in blood in all the exposure periods.

Tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate is the most extended feature in commercial transgenic events released worldwide and it is an example of the successful use of genetic modification to improve weed control in crops. Glyphosate-tolerant genotypes have been developed by multinational corporations using patent-protected technologies. For some of these events, all associated patents have expired and, therefore, have become a good target for the development of herbicide-tolerant agbiogen erics by national research institutions, using local crop varieties. As a first step in this process, we present the design (in silico) of three expression cassettes with the purpose of using them in the transformation of Colombian soybean (Glycine max) varieties to confer them tolerance to glyphosate. We transformed Nicotiana benthamiana as a model to validate the functionality of the expression cassettes and detected the expression of the transgene by RT-PCR. Additionally, a Freedom to Operate analysis of the sequences used in the expression cassettes suggests that their commercial use in Colombia does not infringe third party rights. This analysis must be updated and validated by intellectual property experts prior to commercialization. RESUMEN La tolerancia al herbicida glifosato es la característica predominante en los eventos transgénicos liberados comercialmente en el mundo, siendo un ejemplo del uso exitoso que ha tenido la transgénesis para mejorar el control de malezas en diferentes cultivos. Los genotipos tolerantes al glifosato han sido desarrollados por compañías multinacionales usando tecnologías protegidas por patentes. Para algunos de estos eventos todas las patentes asociadas finalizaron recientemente, y por lo tanto se han convertido en candidatos para desarrollar agrobiogenéricos resistentes a herbicidas derivados de genotipos locales a partir de investigaciones nacionales. Como primer paso del proceso, presentamos el diseño in silico de tres casetes de expresión con el fin de utilizarlos en la transformación genética de variedades colombianas de soya (Glycine max) para conferirles tolerancia al glifosato. Se transformó genéticamente la planta modelo Nicotiana benthamiana para validar la funcionalidad de los casetes y se detectó la expresión del transgén mediante RT-PCR. Adicionalmente un estudio de libertad de operación de las secuencias utilizadas en los casetes sugiere que su uso comercial en Colombia no viola derechos de terceros. Este análisis debe ser actualizado y validado por expertos en propiedad intelectual antes de la comercialización.

Glyphosate-based formulations (GBFs), such as Roundup, are the most heavily used herbicides in the world. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that glyphosate and GBFs are probably carcinogenic to humans (group 2A), mainly for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). However, this finding has been controversial, and most pesticide regulatory agencies have not followed their lead. The purpose of this review was to examine the scientific literature linking exposure to glyphosate and GBFs to the development of NHL, with emphasis on new findings since publication of the IARC report. The epidemiologic studies provide ample evidence for an association between exposure to GBFs and an increased risk of NHL. Animal studies have shown that glyphosate is carcinogenic in rodents and causes NHL in mice. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that glyphosate and GBFs are genotoxic to human lymphocytes, the normal cell of origin of NHL, both in vitro and in vivo. Genotoxic and other biological effects have also been shown in various animal and cell models with these agents even at low doses. A novel mechanism underlying the specificity of glyphosate for NHL, that is upregulation of the B-cell genome mutator enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase, has recently been demonstrated. These findings were evaluated holistically using the guidelines for evaluation of general causation set forth by Bradford Hill. This evaluation provides coherent and compelling evidence that glyphosate and GBFs are a cause of NHL in humans exposed to these agents. These findings should prompt new reviews by pesticide regulatory agencies around the world.

Bacteria in the gut have the ability to affect the toxicity of chemicals. The development of laboratory-based models to study the toxicity of chemicals on the gut microbiome in the context of regulatory health risk assessments is still in its infancy. We provide an overview of the different DNA sequencing strategies to study the gut microbiome, illustrated by results of studies investigating the effects of the herbicide glyphosate. This provides a list of actionable points that may help the scientific community improve the quality of gut microbiome animal toxicity studies. More studies are needed to improve the standardization of generating, storing, and analyzing microbiome data, but also to unravel knowledge gaps such as the need for the definition of a healthy microbiome, as well as the need for research on host–microbiome interactions and its pathological aspects.

The expansion of agribusiness in Brazil is partly due to the expansion of arable areas in the Cerrado biome, which, consequently, leads to an increase in the use of herbicides, including glyphosate. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological and morphoanatomic responses of Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth. (Fabaceae), when exposed to the herbicide glyphosate, under controlled greenhouse conditions. In addition, the study proposed to identify possible response patterns of the studied species and provide subsidies for the study of the species in areas affected by the drift of the herbicide. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with seven doses of the herbicide: 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1200 g i.a ha-1 besides the control (0), with four repetitions each. Gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence emission, chloroplast pigment content, membrane permeability, and visual and anatomical features were analyzed. The results showed that glyphosate is phytotoxic to B. virgilioides because, even at low doses, this herbicide was able to affect all parameters analyzed. There was also confirmation of the presence of phenolic compounds, mainly in the palisade parenchyma. The metabolic alterations presented demonstrated the sensitivity of B. virgilioides to glyphosate. Thus, the observed responses can serve as a tool for diagnosing the effects of glyphosate exposure on this species, present in native areas affected by the drift of this herbicide. Its indiscriminate use poses a risk to Cerrado biodiversity.

Grain legumes are a rich source of protein for humans and their livestock. Since the implementation of the Green Revolution, the cultivation of most of the legumes has been neglected. However, due to the high demand for animal-based protein, soybean has received considerable attention for the past several decades, including the generation of genetically engineered (GE) soybean. In 1996, GE soybeans tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate were commercialized. Soybeans resistant to pod borers (Bt-soybean) were also released, and subsequently, both these traits were stacked in soybean varieties and commercialized in 2010. The successful introduction of transgenes in soybean slowly stimulated GE research on other legumes. The biolistic and Agrobacterium-mediated methods of gene transfer were used successfully on other major legumes, and transgenic lines of some were developed for potential commercial release. Transgenic beans resistant to Bean yellow mosaic virus were approved in 2011 but have not yet been grown by farmers. Bt-cowpea was approved for commercial release in Nigeria in 2019 and is expected to be available to farmers in 2020. In India, Bt-chickpea lines were approved for field trials, but regulatory approval for commercial release is still pending. Several laboratories have documented the possibility of improving pea, lentil, and pigeonpea, but regulatory-ready transgenic lines with improved traits are not yet available for release. Thus, GE technology is available for all the major legumes but is widely deployed only in soybean so far. It is noteworthy that a recent study on the environmental impact of GE soybean (both single gene and stacked products) reported a significant improvement in farm income, lower carbon footprint, and better sustainability of the farm environment. Therefore, more investment from both the public and private sectors is justified to improve agronomic and nutritional traits of other legumes including exploiting the potential of the new breeding techniques (ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR).

This study analyzed the occurrence of nuclear damage in the red blood cells of Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Valenciennes, 1839), exposed in vivo to the herbicide glyphosate. The fish were distributed in four groups, namely: control (without addition of herbicide) and contaminated groups with application of 65 µg/L (concentration allowed by CONAMA Resolution), 1 mg/L (maximum limit recommended by the World Health Organization - WHO and Food and Agriculture Organization - FAO) and 5 mg/L (overdose, five times higher than that by WHO and FAO). For the analysis of cell damage, the method of Nuclear Erythrocytic Abnormalities (NEA) was used, containing 1000 cells for duplicate elimination. An increase in cell damage was observed for 144 hours (6-days) of exposure in all controls. Even under a small concentration, there was a clear effect on segmented, renal, lobed formation and mainly on the formation of micronuclei. The high damage was caused in the first 48 hours and reduced after 144 hours, where the fish can have the herbicidal effect blocked. Studies that analyze the mechanisms of action of glyphosate-based herbicides are essential to determine the risks caused by biota, since there is a great divergence on the maximum tolerable limits in water, which affect quality and integrity of these ecosystems. Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a ocorrência de danos nucleares nas hemácias de Gymnotus inaequilabiatus, expostos in vivo ao herbicida glifosato. Os peixes foram distribuídos em quatro grupos, sendo eles: controle (sem a adição do herbicida) e os grupos contaminados nas concentrações de 65 µg/L (concentração permitida pela Resolução do CONAMA), 1 mg/L (limite máximo recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde - OMS e Food and Agriculture Organization - FAO) e de 5 mg/L (superdose, cinco vezes maior que a estabelecida pela OMS e FAO). Para análise de danos celulares foi utilizado o método de Anormalidades Nucleares Eritrocíticas (ANE) contando 1000 células por lâmina em duplicatas. Foi observado um aumento nos danos celulares durante as 144 horas de exposição (6 dias) em todos os tratamentos. Mesmo sob uma pequena concentração, houve um claro efeito sobre a formação segmentada, renal, lobada e principalmente na formação de micronúcleos. Os elevados danos foram causados nas primeiras 48 horas sendo reduzidos após 144 horas, onde o peixe pode ter bloqueado o efeito do herbicida. Estudos que analisam os mecanismos de ação de herbicidas à base de glifosato, são fundamentais para a determinação dos riscos causados à biota, já que há grande divergência sobre os limites máximos toleráveis na água, podendo causar impactos na qualidade e integridade desses ecossistemas.

Despite glyphosate’s wide use for weed control in agriculture, questions remain about the herbicide’s effect on soil microbial communities. The existing scientific literature contains conflicting results, from no observable effect of glyphosate to the enrichment of agricultural pathogens such as Fusarium spp. We conducted a comprehensive field-based study to compare the microbial communities on the roots of plants that received a foliar application of glyphosate to adjacent plants that did not. The 2-year study was conducted in Beltsville, MD, and Stoneville, MS, with corn and soybean crops grown in a variety of organic and conventional farming systems. By sequencing environmental metabarcode amplicons, the prokaryotic and fungal communities were described, along with chemical and physical properties of the soil. Sections of corn and soybean roots were plated to screen for the presence of plant pathogens. Geography, farming system, and season were significant factors determining the composition of fungal and prokaryotic communities. Plots treated with glyphosate did not differ from untreated plots in overall microbial community composition after controlling for other factors. We did not detect an effect of glyphosate treatment on the relative abundance of organisms such as Fusarium spp. IMPORTANCE Increasing the efficiency of food production systems while reducing negative environmental effects remains a key societal challenge to successfully meet the needs of a growing global population. The herbicide glyphosate has become a nearly ubiquitous component of agricultural production across the globe, enabling an increasing adoption of no-till agriculture. Despite this widespread use, there remains considerable debate on the consequences of glyphosate exposure. In this paper, we examine the effect of glyphosate on soil microbial communities associated with the roots of glyphosate-resistant crops. Using metabarcoding techniques, we evaluated prokaryotic and fungal communities from agricultural soil samples (n = 768). No effects of glyphosate were found on soil microbial communities associated with glyphosate-resistant corn and soybean varieties across diverse farming systems.

Sistemas de manejos das plantas daninhas, utilizando diferentes estratégias de controle, podem alterar a dinâmica populacional das plantas e favorecer o controle de algumas espécies. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a ocorrência de plantas daninhas antes e após cultivo de feijão-caupi, em plantio direto, sob quatro formas de manejo da vegetação natural (sem roçada, com roçada, uso de fogo e dessecação com glyphosate) em área da savana Amazônica no estado de Roraima. As avaliações foram realizadas mediante a aplicação do método do quadrado inventário. As plantas daninhas situadas nas áreas amostradas foram cortadas rente ao solo, identificadas e quantificadas. Os parâmetros fitossociológicos analisados foram: frequência relativa, densidade relativa, abundância relativa, índice de valor de importância e índice de similaridade. As principais famílias identificadas foram Cyperaceae, Poaceae e Fabaceae. As formas de manejo da vegetação natural da savana de Roraima para o cultivo do feijão-caupi favoreceram a emergência de 10 espécies de um total de 29. O manejo com o herbicida glyphosate proporcionou o desenvolvimento das espécies Digitaria insularis e Hynchelitrum repens e o controle de 12 espécies, entre elas o Trachypogon plumosus, importante forrageira da região em estudo. O manejo da vegetação natural com o fogo favoreceu o surgimento da espécie Desmodium tortuosum. O manejo com glyphosate promoveu alterações na comunidade infestante de plantas daninhas, nesse foi observado os menores índices de similaridade entre os sistemas de manejo avaliados.Palavras-chave: fitossociologia; Vigna unguiculata; vegetação natural; manejo com fogo. OCCURRENCE OF WEEDS IN COWPEA CULTURE UNDER FOUR HANDLES IN THE WESTERN AMAZON ABSTRACT: Weed management systems, using different control strategies, can change the population dynamics of plants and favor the control of some species.The objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of weeds before and after cowpea cultivation under no-tillage under four forms of natural vegetation management (no-till, no-till, use of fire and glyphosate desiccation) in an area of savannah of Roraima. Evaluations were performed by applying the inventory square method. Weeds located in the sampled areas were sectioned close to the ground, identified and quantified. The phytosociological parameters analyzed were: relative frequency, relative density, relative abundance, importance value index and similarity index. The main families identified were Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae. The management of the natural vegetation of the Roraima savanna for cowpea cultivation favored the emergence of 10 species out of 29. Management with the herbicide glyphosate provided the appearance of the species Digitaria insularis and Hynchelitrum repens and the control of 12 species, including the Trachypogon plumosus, an important savanna forage. The management of natural vegetation with fire favored the emergence of the species Desmodium tortuosum. Glyphosate management caused changes in the weed community, which showed the lowest similarity indexes between the evaluated management systems.Keywords: phytosociology; Vigna unguiculata; natural vegetation; fire management.

The adoption of genetically engineered (GE) crops in agriculture has increased dramatically over the last few decades. Among the transgenic plants, those tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate are among the most common. Weed resistance to glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) has been on the rise, leading to increased herbicide applications. This, in turn, has led to increased glyphosate residues in feed. Although glyphosate has been considered to be generally safe to animal health, recent studies have shown that GBHs have potential to cause adverse effects in animal reproduction, including disruption of key regulatory enzymes in androgen synthesis, alteration of serum levels of estrogen and testosterone, damage to reproductive tissues and impairment of gametogenesis. This review emphasizes known effects of GBHs on reproductive health as well as the potential risk GBH residues pose to animal agriculture.

The genome of an Achromobacter insolitus strain isolated from an agricultural soil polluted with the herbicide glyphosate is reported. The genome size is 6.4 Mb, with an average G+C content of 65.2%. These genomic data could contribute to a better understanding of the biochemistry and regulatory mechanisms of the microbial degradation of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonate.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T17:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T14:36:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-69162020000100069.pdf: 1190120 bytes, checksum: d4fa71cfaa06b808717cde5dc830857d (MD5) The herbicide glyphosate is sprayed with varying application volumes that result in different concentrations used in the spray solutions. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of glyphosate concentrations on the potential risk of droplet drift, surface tension of spray solution, and contact angle of droplets on surfaces. Three experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. Drift potential was evaluated by median volumetric diameter (MVD), percentage volume of droplets with diameter smaller than 100 mu m (%V

Cultivar BRS 433FL B2RF is a high-quality fiber upland cotton with high lint yield potential and resistance to several diseases. The introgressed trans-genic events Bollgard II® and Roundup Ready Flex® confer enhanced resistance to lepidopteran pests and tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate, respectively. Fiber length exceeds 32.5 mm and fiber strength 33 gf tex-1. Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-03T09:02:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cultivar-BRS-433FL.pdf: 327178 bytes, checksum: ffd2f388d62c98a6c847c4a0a900b0ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The phosphonate herbicide glyphosate, which is the active ingredient in the commercial formulation Roundup®, is currently the most globally used herbicide. In aquatic ecosystems, periphytic biofilms, or periphyton, are at the base of food webs and are often the first communities to be in direct contact with runoff. Microcosm experiments were conducted to assess the effects of a pulse exposure of glyphosate on community composition and chlorophyll a concentrations of lake biofilms at different colonization stages (2 months, 1 year, and 20 years). This is the first study that uses such contrasting submersion periods. Biofilms were exposed to either environmental levels of pure analytical grade glyphosate (6 μg/L, 65 μg/L, and 600 μg/L) or to corresponding phosphorus concentrations. Community composition was determined by deep sequencing of the 18S and 16S rRNA genes to target eukaryotes and cyanobacteria, respectively. The results showed that submersion period was the only significant contributor to community structure. However, at the taxon level, the potentially toxic genus Anabaena was found to increase in relative abundance. We also observed that glyphosate releases phosphorus into the surrounding water, but not in a bioavailable form. The results of this study indicate that environmental concentrations of glyphosate do not seem to impact the community composition or metabolism of lake biofilms under pulse event conditions.

Seeding native plants into degraded grasslands presents major challenges. Often, seeded species fail to establish and areas become/remain dominated by unwanted plants. We combined herbicides and seeding in former coal mining fields dominated by exotic winter annual grasses (downy brome [Bromus tectorum L.] and Japanese brome [Bromus arvensis L.], hereafter “annual bromes”). The main interest was restoring Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp. wyomingensis [Beetle & A. Young] S.L. Welsh, hereafter “big sage”), a very difficult species to restore to North American grasslands. We tested the nonselective herbicide glyphosate and the grass-specific herbicide quizalofop. The summer following herbicide applications and seeding, annual brome cover in controls 22% (CI95% 13%, 36%) was significantly greater (P

Recent environmental surveys report widespread detections of the herbicide glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in surface waters, despite its strong immobilization and rapid biodegradation in soils. We performed four high-frequency sampling campaigns (from 2015 to 2017) following controlled spray applications on an experimental perennial grass field site with wetness-prone marginal soils. We monitored dissolved glyphosate concentrations in the outflow (runoff and shallow drainage) using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Rainfall-triggered outflow events occurred between 3 and 13 days following spray application. Outflow concentrations varied widely from nondetectable levels to 90 μg L–1, peaking during the first significant outflow event in each campaign and diminishing as flows subsided. Subsequent outflow peaks caused concentrations to increase again but to a lesser extent. Cumulative mass efflux in outflow across the different campaigns ranged from 0.06...

A novel chromogenic reagent was developed for the identification and detection of organophosphorus herbicide. The organophosphorus herbicide glyphosate is abundantly used, despite being highly toxic to human beings. In the presented communication, we have developed a simple identification and detection technique for the identification of organophosphorus herbicides with the help of thin-layer chromatography. By using this technique, we can easily identify the presence of organophosphorus poisoning by the use of cobalt thiocyanate. By using the cobalt thiocyanate reagent, we can easily identify color change by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). We developed a simple HPTLC method for testing forensic samples. The results obtained are highly useful in the field of organic qualitative analysis, chemistry, forensic science, and toxicology.

Pesticides can induce changes in behavior and reduce the survival chance of aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxic effects of glyphosate suspension (Glyphosate Aria 41% SL, Tehran Iran) on behavior and tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were assessed. For this purpose, a 96 h LC50 of glyphosate suspension (68.788 mL·L−1) was used in the toxicity test. All individuals were divided into control and treatment groups with four replicates. Exposure operations were performed under two conditions: increasing concentration of suspension from 0 to 68.788 mL·L−1; then, decreasing to the first level. The swimming pattern was recorded by digital cameras during the test and tissue samples were collected at the end of the test. There were significant differences between the swimming pattern of treated individuals and control ones during both steps. The sublethal concentration of glyphosate led to hypertrophy, hyperplasia and hyperemia in the gill of fish. However, changes were obvious only after sampling. The exposed fish also displayed clinical signs such as darkening of the skin and increasing movement of the operculum. Moreover, glyphosate suspension affected swimming patterns of fish suggest that the swimming behavior test can indicate the potential toxicity of environmental pollutants and be used as a noninvasive, useful method for managing environmental changes and assessing fish health conditions by video monitoring.

The spraying of herbicides in crops has become the main form of weed control. Although it means unexpected effects on non-target plants resulted by spraying drift. Thus, improvements in application techniques, as the best selection of spray nozzles and adjuvant, are essential to avoid environmental contamination and economic losses. On this work, we evaluate how much adjuvant associated with nozzles can reduce the spray drift. The nozzles used at experiment were air induction flat tip, hollow cone and twinjet and the spray liquids, which were composed of herbicide glyphosate and phosphatidylcholine + propionic acid adjuvant. Measurements were made at wind tunnel and droplet sizer, at laser diffraction method. The models of nozzles influence in droplet size characteristics and in occurrence of spray drift. The use of adjuvants reduces the spray drift only combined with the twinjet nozzle, while for the other models the adjuvant did not reduce the global spray drift at significant levels. The adjuvant reduced the spray drift until 39%, while the nozzles model reduced until 74%. Both techniques when combined were able to reduce until 80%. The model of nozzle has the biggest result on drift mitigation and the use of adjuvants can increase the drift mitigation specially with nozzles that produces smallest droplets.

Glyphosate, the active ingredient in RoundUp, is the most widely used herbicide on the globe, and has recently been linked to an increased risk in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in exposed individuals. Therefore, detection and monitoring of glyphosate levels in water and soil is important for public safety. Here, we describe a biosensor for glyphosate based on an engineered Escherichia coli phosphonate-binding protein (PhnD). Mutations in the binding pocket were introduced to convert PhnD into a glyphosate-binding protein. A fluorescence group attached near the hinge of the protein was added to monitor binding of glyphosate and to determine its concentration in unknown samples. The resulting engineered biosensor can detect glyphosate in tap water and in soil samples treated with the herbicide at submicromolar concentrations, well below the limit for drinking water in the USA. Incorporating this biosensor in a device would allow rapid and continuous monitoring of glyphosate in water and soil samples.

An optical immunosensor based on White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy is described for the determination of the herbicide glyphosate in drinking water samples. The biosensor allows for the label-free real-time monitoring of biomolecular interactions taking place onto a SiO2/Si chip by transforming the shift in the reflected interference spectrum caused by the immunoreaction to effective biomolecular adlayer thickness. Glyphosate determination is accomplished by functionalizing the chip with a protein conjugate of the herbicide followed by a competitive immunoassay format. Prior to the assay, glyphosate derivatization in the calibrators and/or the samples was performed through reaction with succinic anhydride. Under the optimized assay protocol, a detection limit of 10 pg mL−1 was achieved. Recovery values ranging from 90.0 to 110% were determined in spiked bottled and tap water samples, demonstrating the accuracy of the method. In addition, the sensor could be regenerated and re-used for at least 14 times without statistically significant effect on the assay sensitivity and accuracy. The excellent analytical performance and short analysis time (approx. 25 min), combined with the small sensor size, should be helpful for the fast on-site determination of glyphosate in drinking water samples.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) placed the most widely used herbicide glyphosate (GLY) into the category 2A (probably carcinogenic to humans), a classification questioned by experts from academia and industry. This article critically appraised the epidemiological and experimental data that led the IARC working group (WG) to consider GLY a probable human carcinogen and the ensuing controversy. An association of GLY with non-Hodgkin lymphoma was suggested by some observational studies. A non-causal explanation for this weak association, however, cannot be excluded. Contrary to WG’s view, long-term rodent assays yielded no convincing evidence that GLY is carcinogenic. The mechanistic evidence remains elusive as well. Bacterial reverse mutation tests (including tester strains sensitive to oxidative mutagens) were clearly negative, and so were rodent genotoxicity assays by oral route. Tests with mammalian cells in vitro yielded conflicting results at high (cytotoxic) concentrations of GLY-based formulations. Conflicting results were also obtained when high doses of GLY-based herbicides were administered to rodents by the intraperitoneal route. Such high doses are unlikely to be attained in realistic scenarios of exposure. Finally, the IARC classification is based on a conjectural hazard, and rational public health interventions must be based on estimated risks.

Background:: Glyphosate (G) is the most common weed-killer in the world. Every year tons and tons of G are applied on crop fields. G was first introduced in the mid 1970s and since then its usage has gradually increased to reach a peak since 2005. Now G usage is approximately 100 -fold what it was in 1970. Its impact on human health was considered benign at the beginning. But over the years, evidence of a pervasive negative effect of this pesticide on humans has been mounting. Nonetheless, G usage is allowed by government health control agencies (both in the United States and Europe), that rely upon the evidence produced by the G producer. However, the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) in 2015 has stated that G is probable carcinogenic (class 2A), the second highest class in terms of risk. Objective:: In this review, we explore the effect of G on human health, focusing in particular on more recent knowledge. Results:: We have attempted to untangle the controversy about the dangers of the product for human beings in view of a very recent development, when the so -called Monsanto Papers, consisting of Emails and memos from Monsanto came to light, revealing a coordinated strategy to manipulate the debate about the safety of glyphosate to the company’s advantage. Conclusions:: The story of G is a recurrent one (see the tobacco story), that seriously jeopardizes the credibility of the scientific study in the modern era.