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The phytoconstitution and antioxidant profiling of mixture of herbs used in the treatment of malaria has been carried out. Herbs used as alternative medicines in the local treatment of malaria were collected from a herbal vendor in Ibadan. The herbal materials were extracted using absolute ethanol and the crude extract, EEA subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) standard procedures. The presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpeniods, flavonoids and phenols were identified. EEA was found to exhibit antioxidant activity in the dose range of 25-400 µgml-1. The significant presence of major series of phytochemicals has justified the associated antimalarial ethnomedicinal claim. Thus, the present study has established the phytoconstitution and antioxidant activity of an antimalaria herbal mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The content of antioxidant components and the antioxidant potential of milk can be modified through animal nutrition, i.e., with the inclusion of various natural additives, e.g., herbs, seeds, or byproducts, to the feed ration. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of a standardized herbal mixture (oregano, common thyme, purple coneflower, and cinnamon bark) to the feed ration for Holstein-Friesian cows on the antioxidant capacity of milk. This study demonstrated the potential of the herbal blend to increase the content of bioactive ingredients with antioxidant properties in milk, i.e., whey proteins (β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin) and lipophilic vitamins (A, E). The value of the antioxidant potential of milk increased as well; from a nutritional point of view, this seems to be of particular importance for the protection of the organism against the harmful effects of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of a standardized herbal mixture to the feed ration for Holstein-Friesian cows on the antioxidant capacity of milk. The study was carried out on a farm specialized in breeding dairy cattle. The exact study involved 30 cows in lactation III, which were in the first phase of lactation at the beginning of the experiment (15 cows—control group; 15 cows—experimental group). The nutrition supplied to the cows was based on the TMR (total mixed ration) system, with roughage and concentrate fodder used as the basis of the feed ration. The addition of a standardized blend of dried herbs, i.e., oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), and cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), was the experimental factor. Powdered herbs were administered as a component of the concentrate fodder at the dose of 3% DM ration/day/head. Milk samples were collected four times during the experiment (term 0 after the colostrum period and then after lactation weeks 2, 4, and 6). The following parameters were determined in the milk: the basic chemical composition, i.e., the content of total protein, fat, lactose, and casein; somatic cell count; content of selected whey proteins (α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, BSA); and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D3, E). Additionally, the milk antioxidant capacity (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH) was determined and the degree of antioxidant protection (DAP) was calculated. It was shown that the milk from cows receiving the herbal blend-supplemented fodder had a higher content of casein, compared to the control group. The herbal supplementation contributed to a significant increase in the content of bioactive compounds, i.e., selected whey proteins (β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin) and lipophilic vitamins (A, E). The milk was also characterized by significantly higher antioxidant potential (regardless of the measurement method) and a higher degree of antioxidant protection (DAP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Heat stress can compromise sheep's productive performance and growing lambs are considered to be one of the most susceptible groups to heat stress. Exposure to heat stress increases inflammatory cytokines secretion and impairs insulin signaling in muscle which may underlie poor growth responses. Therefore, enhancing insulin sensitivity through the addition of insulin-sensitizing dietary additives may improve animal performance during heat stress. Phytogenics, compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and metabolic enhancing effects, have been used in animal nutrition to enhance performance and prevent diseases in stressrelated conditions. It has been reported that supplementing a phytogenic-rich herbal mixture containing clove, rosemary, cinnamon, and turmeric improved the antioxidant status and enhanced insulin sensitivity of transition dairy cows. It has been indicated that the duodenal infusion of quercetin increased insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. Possible mechanisms responsible for the insulin-sensitizing activity of herbal plants include increasing insulin receptors or enhancing receptor sensitivity to insulin, increasing PPARy activity, increasing glycogen synthase activity, modulating inflammatory cytokine expression, stimulating fatty acid oxidation as well as increasing antioxidant status. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a phytogenic-rich herbal mixture (PRHM) supplementation on gene expression of insulin-related genes in the muscle of feedlot lambs experiencing severe heat stress conditions. Materials and methods: Eighteen 11-12-month-old growing male Afshari×Chaal lambs (41.2 ± 3.04 kg) were housed in individual stalls (1.2 × 1 m, with individual feed troughs) on wooden slatted flooring, located within an indoor animal facility with a natural and artificial lighting system for 16 h/d. Lambs were randomly allocated to one of three experimental diets for a 48-day feeding period. The treatments included control diet without PRHM (0%PRHM), diet supplemented with 1% PRHM (1%PRHM), and diet supplemented with 2% PRHM (2%PRHM). The PRHM was added to the basal diet and mixed thoroughly. Diets formulated to meet nutritional requirements for maintenance and growth and offered twice daily at 0700 and 1700 h. The lambs had free access to feed and water during the experiment. The main ingredients of the basal diet were alfalfa hay, ground corn, wheat bran, beet pulp, soybean meal, and soy oil. The herbal mixture consisted of 50% rosemary leaves (Rosemarinus offıcinalis), 20% cinnamon barks (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), 20% turmeric roots (Curcuma longa), and 10% clove buds (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.). The total phenolic content of the PRHM was 89.6 g tannic acid equivalent per kg. The daily climate data, such as daily mean temperature and relative humidity, were recorded using a digital thermo-hygrometer (Testo 608-H1, Germany). At the end of the study, all lambs were transported to a local abattoir where they were slaughtered after 12-h feed withdrawal according to Halal method. Post-slaughter, longissimus lumborum muscle samples between the 12th and the 13th rib of the right side of carcass were collected as quickly as possible (i.e., within 3-5 min). For expression analysis of Insulin receptor (INSR), Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) genes, total RNA was isolated from the sheep muscle tissue using the SinaPure RNA according to the manufacturer's instructions. The quantity and integrity of isolated RNA were determined for each sample by using both NanoDrop (260/280 ratio) and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. cDNA was synthesized with RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Forward and reverse primers were designed for five genes and GAPDH as reference gene by Oligo 7. The real-time PCR was done in 25 μL containing 1x BIORON GreenHot Master Mix (BIORON, Germany), 1 μL cDNA, 0.3 μM of each forward and reverse primers and nuclease-free water to reach final volume. Real-time PCR was performed on Bio-Rad CFX96 as follows; Initial denaturation 2 min at 94 °C, followed by 39 cycles of denaturation 20 sec at 94 °C, annealing 25 sec at annealing temperature, extension 20 sec at 72 °C following by melting curve analysis from 65 °C to 95 °C with 0.5 °C increase per each step. Relative gene expression was determined based on Livak method (2-ΔΔCT). All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Model included the effect of the treatment as the fixed effect and lambs within treatments as a random effect. The significance level was declared at P<0.05. Results and discussion: The results showed that the gene expressions of INSR (P<0.01) and GLUT4 (P<0.01) in muscle tissue were linearly upregulated in lambs supplemented with increasing levels of herbal mixture. A quadratic effect of herbal mixture supplementation was found on gene expression of IRS1 such that lambs fed a 2% mixture had the highest gene expression. Moreover, both supplementation levels of 1 and 2% mixture equally increased GLUT1 gene expression (P<0.01) compared to control lambs. In contrast to the other genes, PPARγ gene expression was quadratically (P<0.01) downregulated by mixture supplementation such that the lowest gene expression was observed in lambs receiving a 2% mixture. Although there is some evidence suggesting that PRHM supplementation has modulatory effects on insulin resistance in transition dairy cows, to our knowledge, there is currently no published data investigating the effects of PRHM supplementation on mRNA expression of genes related to insulin and glucose metabolism in lambs' skeletal muscle. Our results may suggest that PRHM supplementation enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle of heat-stressed lambs. In agreement with our results, it has been found that cinnamaldehyde promotes gene expression of IRS-1 and GLUT4 genes in muscle cells, which the latter gene is affected by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha. In addition, greater GLUT1 gene expression might be indicative of improved insulinindependent glucose uptake, besides enhanced insulin-dependent glucose transporter, GLUT4 gene. Conclusions: The results showed that the mixture of medicinal plants including cinnamon, turmeric, rosemary, and clove affected the expression of genes related to insulin metabolism and increased the efficiency of glucose utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored the influence of supplemental herbal mixtures on cow milk production, quality, and blood parameters in dairy cows under high ambient temperatures. Thirty Holstein cows were randomly assigned into three experimental groups of 10 each. The first control group was supplied with the commercial basal diet, whereas two treatment groups were provided with the commercial basal diet supplemented with 50 and 100 g/head/day of the herbal mixture, respectively. The results showed that the mixture of herbal supplementation did not influence weekly milk production. Milk total fat, triglyceride, and total protein values were not affected (p

This work aimed to assess and compare the phytochemical composition, the free radical neutralization capacity, and antidiabetic potential of a traditional herbal mixture and its individual ingredients: Apium graveolens, Polygonum aviculare, Hypericum perforatum, and Conyza canadensis. Antioxidative capacity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging test. Antidiabetic activity was assessed using α-amylase inhibition assay. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between antioxidant and antidiabetic activity with total phenol (p < 0.001) and flavonoid content (p < 0.001) in all tested extracts. Herbal mixture had higher total phenol and flavonoid content than most of its individual ingredients. Its antioxidant capacity was excellent, even higher than standard, butylated hydroxytoluene (p < 0.001). Moreover, it showed significant antidiabetic potential (IC50 value 99.70±8.4 μg/ml). To conclude, the herbal mixture showed great potential for the future use as a dietary supplement in the therapy for diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of a standardized herbal mixture to the feed ration for Holstein-Friesian cows on the antioxidant capacity of milk. The study was carried out on a farm specialized in breeding dairy cattle. The exact study involved 30 cows in lactation III, which were in the first phase of lactation at the beginning of the experiment (15 cows—control group; 15 cows—experimental group). The nutrition supplied to the cows was based on the TMR (total mixed ration) system, with roughage and concentrate fodder used as the basis of the feed ration. The addition of a standardized blend of dried herbs, i.e., oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), and cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), was the experimental factor. Powdered herbs were administered as a component of the concentrate fodder at the dose of 3% DM ration/day/head. Milk samples were collected four times during the experiment (term 0 after the colostrum period and then after lactation weeks 2, 4, and 6). The following parameters were determined in the milk: the basic chemical composition, i.e., the content of total protein, fat, lactose, and casein; somatic cell count; content of selected whey proteins (α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, BSA); and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D3, E). Additionally, the milk antioxidant capacity (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH) was determined and the degree of antioxidant protection (DAP) was calculated. It was shown that the milk from cows receiving the herbal blend-supplemented fodder had a higher content of casein, compared to the control group. The herbal supplementation contributed to a significant increase in the content of bioactive compounds, i.e., selected whey proteins (β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin) and lipophilic vitamins (A, E). The milk was also characterized by significantly higher antioxidant potential (regardless of the measurement method) and a higher degree of antioxidant protection (DAP).

This is the first report of the high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry profile of a herbal mixture (HM) made of Juniperus oxycedrus L. (redberry juniper) berries, inner bark of Betula pendula Roth. (silver birch), and grains of Avena sativa L. (oat), and its effect on the No. of micronuclei (MN) in human lymphocytes and toxicity toward Artemia salina. Constituents represented by over 1000 µg per g of methanol dry extract were gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and amentoflavone. The methanol extract of the HM at a concentration of 2.0 μg/mL decreased MN frequency by 38.3%, which was more than 3 times greater than that of the radioprotectant amifostine. The essential oil isolated from the HM was composed mainly of β-myrcene (32%) and showed weaker toxicity toward Artemia salina than the positive control after both incubation periods (24 h and 48 h). These findings suggest that the examined HM, beside its ethnopharmacological relevance on the elimination of renal calculi, also significantly reduces the No. of MN in human lymphocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weaning stress decreases the growth performance of piglets and is one of the main concerns of pig industries. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines have been used to reduce the adverse effects of weaning stress as both nutritional supplements and antibiotic substitutes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a Chinese herbal mixture (Kangtaile, which contained Paeonia lactiflora, licorice, dandelion, and tea polyphenols) on the growth performances, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs. A total of 400 weaned pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] were randomly allocated into one of four treatments: the CON group, fed with basic diet; the HM1 group, fed with basal diet supplemented with 0.5 g herbal mixture/kg diet; the HM2 group, fed with basal diet supplemented with 1.0 g herbal mixture/kg diet; or the HM3 group, fed with basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g herbal mixture/kg diet. The results revealed that dietary supplementation with the herbal mixture for 28 days improved average daily gain and feed conversion ratio, while decreased the diarrhea rate of weaned pigs. Moreover, dietary supple-mentation with the herbal mixture improved the antioxidant capacity through increasing the activity of catalase (CAT) and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level, while decreasing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum. Pigs supplemented with herbal mixture presented an increased serum immunoglobulin (Ig)M level on day 14 compared with control pigs. The herbal mixture altered the composition of intestinal microbiota by influencing the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes at the phylum level. The relative abundances of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were significantly related to the body weight gain of pigs. In conclusion, supplementation of herbal mixture to the diet improved growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant capacity and modified the composition of intestinal microbiota in weaning pigs. This study provided new insights into the nutritional regulation effects of the herbal mixtures on weaned pigs.

Twenty-four weaned male Barbari kids (age 144.67 days; weight 11.99 ± 0.49 kg) were divided equally into three groups (T1, T2, and T3) in order to investigate the effect of supplementation of phytogenic feed additives (herbal mixture) in the complete pelleted feed on growth performance, in vitro rumen fermentation and carcass quality in kids reared under stall-fed condition. Treatment groups were as follows: T1, concentrate mixture (40%) plus arhar (Cajanus cajan) straw (60%) in total mixed ration (TMR) form fed ad libitum; T2, T1 diet in complete feed pellets form fed ad libitum; and T3, T1 diet in complete feed pellets form supplemented with herbal mixture (Tulsi/Haldi/Amla/Arni; ratio 1:1:1:1 on DM basis) at 0.5% in complete feed fed ad libitum. The experimental kids in each group were allowed for feeding for 8 months by following the respective feeding schedule. Rumen fermentation pattern under in vitro system was also studied using the same three diets as substrates. After 240 days of feeding, all goats were slaughtered following standard protocol. Total body weight gain (kg) and average daily gain (ADG, g/day/kid) were 18.57, 22.26, and 23.06 kg, and 79.91, 101.49, and 100.18 g in T1, T2, and T3 treatments, respectively. Pelleting of TMR (T2) and supplementation of herbal mixture in pelleted feed (T3) increased (P < 0.001) average daily weight gain in Barbari kids compared to T1 (TMR). Average dry matter intake (DMI, g/day/kid) during growth trial was greater (P < 0.05) in T3 (1079.17) than T1 (849.76) and T2 (968.76). Feed conversion efficiency was 8.92, 9.48, and 8.68% in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The difference was statistically non-significant among the treatments. Supplementation of herbal mixture in the complete pelleted substrate had adjunct effect on improvement of TCA-precipitable-N and total VFAs in the incubation medium under in vitro system. Carcass weight (kg) tended to increase in finisher kids under T2 (16.58) and T3 (16.70) than T1 (14.61), but the variation was non-significant. The dressing percentage was similar among three treatments. Similarly, the muscle protein, fat, and cholesterol contents remained unaffected by different dietary treatments. Therefore, it may be concluded that densification of feeds in the form of complete pelleted feed and further supplementation with potential phytogenic feed additives increased total DMI and ADG and tended to enhance meat production potential in finisher Barbari kids without changing the meat chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the impacts of dietary supplementation of graded levels of herbal mixture powder (HMP) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood indices and meat quality of broilers. The herbal mixture consisted of (300 g [Capsicum annuum] Hot red pepper + 300 g Thymus vulgaris + 300 g Salvia rosmarinus + 150 g Pimpinella anisum + 150 g Mentha spicata + 300 g Nigella sativa + 300 g garlic [Allium sativum]). A total of 360 chicks of Hubbard broiler one-day-old were randomly distributed into six treatment groups. The groups consisted of the basal diet as a control and a powdered mixture of HMP groups at levels of (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 g HMP/kg diet). The chicks fed a basal diet plus 5 g HMP/kg diet had the highest (p

The synthetic cannabinoids 5F-QUPIC and MDMB-CHMICA were sprayed on plant material intended for smoking and was seized as a criminal evidence. Their presence was confirmed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In the absence of analytical standards (indirect approach), the quantity of 5F-QUPIC in the herbal extract was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) based on total hydrolysis and measurement of the hydrolytic product (8-hydroxyquinoline) at 292 nm. The quantity of MDMB-CHMICA was determined using the ratio of 1H-NMR signals of both compounds in methanol-d4. 5F-QUPIC and MDMB-CHMICA in the herbal mixture were determined by the validated HPLC-DAD protocol by a direct approach with standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants and their combinations due to the wide range of biologically active substances can influence on various links of the pathogenetic mechanism of development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. One of such combinations is an antidiabetic herbal mixture (Urticae folia, Rosae frucrus, Myrtilli folia, Menthae folia and Taraxaci radices) with established hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, pancreatoprotective activity in previous pharmacological studyin vivo. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify and establish the content of carbohydrates in free and bound form in the plant components of antidiabetic herbal mixture. The carbohydrates were separated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after conversion into volatile derivatives as aldononitrile acetate. The monomeric composition of polysaccharides was studied after their hydrolysis to form monosaccharides and polyalcohols. The results of the quantitative study showed that the predominant carbohydrate in free form was saccharose in Urticae folia, L-fructose in Myrtilli folia, Rosae frucrus, Taraxaci radices and Menthae folia, L-glucose in Rosae frucrus. Concerning the determination of monomers of polysaccharides after hydrolysis, L-glucose prevailed in all plant components of antidiabetic herbal mixture. The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol and myo-inositol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used the fluorescence ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) to monitor cell cycle arrest after treatment of FUCCI-expressing HeLa cells (FUCCI-HeLa) with a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbal mixture LQ, previously shown to have anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activity in mouse models. Paclitaxel was used as the positive control. In 2D monolayer culture, the untreated control had approximately 45% of the cells in S/G₂/M phase. In contrast, the LQ-treated cells (9 mg/ml) were mostly in the G₀/G₁ (>90%) after 72 hours. After treatment with paclitaxel (0.01 μm), for 72 hours, 95% of the cells were in S/G₂/M. In 2.5D Matrigel culture, the colonies in the untreated control group had 40% of the cells in S/G₂/M. LQ arrested the cells in G₀/G₁ after 72 hours. Paclitaxel arrested almost all the cells in S/G₂/M after 72 hours. In 3D Gelfoam culture, the untreated control culture had approximately 45% of cells in G₂/M. In contrast, the LQ-treated cells were mostly in G₀/G₁ phase (>80%) after 72 hours treatment. Paclitaxel resulted in 90% of the cells arrested in S/G₂/M after 72 hours. The present report suggests the non-toxic LQ has potential to maintain cancers in a quiescent state for long periods of time.

To evaluate the efficacy of ginger, garlic, lemon, apple cider vinegar and honey mixture on cardio metabolic risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome. A double blinded Randomized control was conducted in OPD of Military Hospital, Pakistan, from 30 June 2018 to 30 Sep 2018. Eighty eight participants with positive cardio metabolic risk factors between 30 to 65 years were randomly selected and allocated into experimental and placebo Group. Equal quantities of garlic, ginger, lemon juice and apple cider vinegar were boiled at 70°C for 15 minutes. At the start, after 45th days and after 90th day anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, lipid profile and blood sugar level. Blood pressure and fasting blood sugar, TC, LDL, HDL were significantly decreased in experimental group from 155 to 132mg/dl [P<0.03]. While no remarkable change has been detected on anthropometric measurements. The findings of the study concluded that ginger, garlic, lemon, apple cider vinegar and honey mixture exhibited anti-hyperlipidemia, antihypertensive and anti-diabetic properties, while no significant change was observed in BMI and waist to hip ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbs and their combinations due to the wide range of biologically active substances can influence on various links of the pathogenetic mechanism of development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. One of such combinations is an antidiabetic herbal mixture with established hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, pancreatoprotective activity in previous pharmacological study in vivo that including an inulin-containing component – Taraxacum officinale L. roots. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the quantitative content of inulin and fructans in Taraxacum officinale L. Quantity content of inulin was determined by the difference between fructose as a product of enzymatic hydrolysis and D-fructose, a constituent of sucrose and free D-fructose, taking into account the empirical factor for the conversion of D-fructose from inulin. Carbohydrates used in the calculation of inulin were separated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after conversion into volatile derivatives as aldononitrile acetate. According to the results, Taraxacum officinale L. roots contain 436.29 mg/g of inulin. Total content of fructans was determined by spectrophotometric analysis as a product of acid hydrolysis of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural. The results show that Taraxacum officinale L. roots contain 39.49% of fructans. The obtained results are evidence that this plant component should be included in the herbal antidiabetic mixture, because due to the presence of fructans and inulin causes hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and detoxification activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to evaluate the potential of a herbal mixture (HM) to improve production performance, rumen fermentation, and milk fatty acid profile in water buffaloes. Sixteen Murrah buffaloes (in four groups) were fed for 10 weeks with the same basal diet supplemented with 0 (control); 20 (HM20), 30 (HM30), and 40 (HM40) g/buffalo per day. The herbal mixture contained an equal quantity of black pepper (fruit), ginger (tubers), cinnamon (bark), peppermint (leaves), ajwain (seeds) and garlic (bulbs). After two weeks of adaptation, daily milk yield, and weekly milk composition were recorded. On the last day of the experiment, rumen contents were collected to determine rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial diversity through 16S rRNA sequencing. Results revealed no effect of treatment on dry matter intake (DMI), rumen fermentation parameters, and daily milk yield. However, milk fat (%) showed a tendency to increase (p = 0.07) in HM20 as compared with the control group. A significant increase in mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (C14:1, C16:1, C18:2n6 and C18:3) whereas a decrease in saturated fatty acids (C18:0) in milk was observed in HM20 as compared with the control group. No significant change in bacterial diversity parameters (alpha and beta diversity) was observed in response to the treatment. Despite the substantial variation observed in the relative abundance of bacteria among treatment groups, no significant effect of treatment was observed when compared with the control group. Correlation analysis revealed several positive and negative correlations of rumen bacteria with rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and milk yield traits. Bacterial genera including Succinivibrionaceae, Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Lachnospiraceae showed a positive correlation with VFA and milk yield traits. Overall, we observed 52 positive and 10 negative correlations of rumen bacteria with milk fatty acid contents. Our study revealed the potential of the herbal mixture at a lower supplemental level (20 g/day) to increase milk fat (%) and unsaturated fatty acid content in buffalo.

This study was aimed to evaluate the potential of a herbal mixture (HM) to improve production performance, rumen fermentation, and milk fatty acid profile in water buffaloes. Sixteen Murrah buffaloes (in four groups) were fed for 10 weeks with the same basal diet supplemented with 0 (control); 20 (HM20), 30 (HM30), and 40 (HM40) g/buffalo per day. The herbal mixture contained an equal quantity of black pepper (fruit), ginger (tubers), cinnamon (bark), peppermint (leaves), ajwain (seeds) and garlic (bulbs). After two weeks of adaptation, daily milk yield, and weekly milk composition were recorded. On the last day of the experiment, rumen contents were collected to determine rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial diversity through 16S rRNA sequencing. Results revealed no effect of treatment on dry matter intake (DMI), rumen fermentation parameters, and daily milk yield. However, milk fat (%) showed a tendency to increase (p=0:07) in HM20 as compared with the control group. A significant increase in mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (C14:1, C16:1, C18:2n6 and C18:3) whereas a decrease in saturated fatty acids (C18:0) in milk was observed in HM20 as compared with the control group. No significant change in bacterial diversity parameters (alpha and beta diversity) was observed in response to the treatment. Despite the substantial variation observed in the relative abundance of bacteria among treatment groups, no significant effect of treatment was observed when compared with the control group. Correlation analysis revealed several positive and negative correlations of rumen bacteria with rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and milk yield traits. Bacterial genera including Succinivibrionaceae, Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Lachnospiraceae showed a positive correlation with VFA and milk yield traits. Overall, we observed 52 positive and 10 negative correlations of rumen bacteria with milk fatty acid contents. Our study revealed the potential of the herbal mixture at a lower supplemental level (20 g/day) to increase milk fat (%) and unsaturated fatty acid content in buffalo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the impacts of dietary supplementation of graded levels of herbal mixture powder (HMP) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood indices and meat quality of broilers. The herbal mixture consisted of (300 g [Capsicum annuum] Hot red pepper + 300 g Thymus vulgaris + 300 g Salvia rosmarinus + 150 g Pimpinella anisum + 150 g Mentha spicata + 300 g Nigella sativa + 300 g garlic [Allium sativum]). A total of 360 chicks of Hubbard broiler one-day-old were randomly distributed into six treatment groups. The groups consisted of the basal diet as a control and a powdered mixture of HMP groups at levels of (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 g HMP/kg diet). The chicks fed a basal diet plus 5 g HMP/kg diet had the highest (p <.05) values of live body weight (LBW) and body weight gain (BWG) at five weeks of age. Serum total protein, globulin, liver enzymes and kidney parameter values were reduced in groups treated with different levels of HMP compared with the control. At the same time, values of albumin, A/G ratio, IgM and lysozymes were increased in chicks treated with HMP. The quality of stored meat and antioxidative parameters were improved in groups fed HMP. Thus, it is concluded that HMP could be used as a natural additive to the broiler diet to enhance the growth rate and improve blood parameters and meat quality. Also, the oxidative rancidity was less in the meat of treated chicks during the storage period as compared to control. Phytogenic additives are used to enhance growth and productive performance. Chicks fed 5 g herbal mixture/kg diet had the best growth performance. The quality of stored meat and antioxidative parameters were improved in groups fed the herbal mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To evaluate the effect of a herbal mixture (i.e., Mentha spicata, Zingiber officinale, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Citrus sinensis) alone and in combination with clomiphene citrate (CC) compared to CC on the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Material and Methods: This single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 60 infertile participants with PCOS who were randomly divided into three groups. After spontaneous or progestin-induced withdrawal bleeding, group 1 (n = 20) received routine treatment with CC (50-150 mg) for three menstrual cycles from the 3rd to 5th day of menstruation for 5 days while group 2 (n = 20) and group 3 (n = 20) received herbal mixture capsules 700 mg/day and the herbal mixture along with CC for 3 months, respectively. Finally, several related parameters were measured, including the level of sex steroids, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile (primary outcomes), thyroid hormones, and clinical features. The analysis was based on intention-to-treat analysis.Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. However, after adjustment for baseline, luteinizing hormone (aMD = 4.9; 95% CI: 3.7-6.2), luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone (aMD = 0.9; 95% CI: 0.7-1.2), total testosterone (aMD = -0.12; 95% CI: -0.2 to -0.01) in group 2 and free testosterone (aMD = -6.0; 95% CI: -9.7 to -2.3) in group 3 revealed a significant difference compared to group 1. In addition, HOMA-IR in group 2 (aMD = -1.3; 95% CI: -2.4 to -0.2) decreased significantly compared to group 1. Further, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in group 2 (aMD = -21.8; 95% CI: -31.5 to -12.1; aMD = -29.9; 95% CI: -47.9 to -12.0; aMD = -21.2; 95% CI: -31.3 to -11.1; aMD = -5.1; 95% CI: -7.5 to -2.7) and group 3 (aMD = -18.3; 95% CI: -27.4 to -9.2; aMD = -26.9; 95% CI: -43.8 to -9.9; aMD = -21.4; 95% CI: -31.1 to -11.7; aMD = -5.9; 95% CI: -8.3 to -3.6) compared to group 1, respectively. However, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol in group 2 (aMD = 6.8; 95% CI: 2.9-10.7) and group 3 (aMD = 10.7; 95% CI: 7.2-14.7) increased remarkably compared to group 1. Overall, clinical outcomes improved significantly in all groups (p < 0.05).Conclusions: In general, the herbal mixture along with CC was found to improve free testosterone, HOMA-IR, lipid profile, and clinical features of PCOS women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various mixtures were prepared depending on the mixing ratio of Scutellaria baicalensis hot water extract (SB-HW), and Chrysanthemum morifolium ethanol extract (CM-E) and their anti-inflammatory activity were compared. Among them, SB-HW (80 μg/mL)/CM-E (120 μg/mL) or SB-HW (40 μg/mL)/CM-E (160 μg/mL) significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated NO and IL-6 levels in RAW 264.7 cells. The SB-HW (80 μg/mL)/CM-E (120 μg/mL) mixture, which was determined as active mixture, significantly reduced MUC5AC secretion in PMA and LPS-induced NCI-H292 cells. The active mixture also reduced the production of PGE2 and IL-8 in PMA-induced A549 cells. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the active mixture was composed of high contents of flavone glycosides, such as baicalin and cynaroside. Western blot analysis indicated that the active mixture suppressed phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, associating with the inhibition of MAPK signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the active mixture could be applied as a new anti-inflammatory herbal medicine. JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinases; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CM: Chrysanthemum morifolium; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; IL-12: interleukin-12; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NO: nitric oxide; NK- κB: nuclear factor kappa B; p38: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; PMA: phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate; SB: Scutellaria baicalensis; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; TBST: Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween 20; TIC: total ion chromatogram; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha The herbal mixture comprising SB-HW and CM-E showed potent anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing MAPK signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Toxicity is an expression of being poisonous, indicating the state of adverse effects led by the interaction between toxicants and cells. The present study was designed to evaluate the acute oral toxicity study and 28 days repeated toxicity study of Herbal Mixture (HM) according to OECD guidelines. Materials and Methods: In acute oral toxicity study, Herbal mixture was administered at 2000mg/kg orally and animals were observed for toxic signs at 30 min, 1, 2 and 4 hr and thereafter once a day for the next 14 days. In repeated dose-28-day toxicity study, the animals were divided into four groups of 6 animals each. Group-1 animals served as a control. Group II Animals received low dose of test drug 100 mg/kg (orally). Group III animals received middle dose of test drug 200 mg/kg (orally) once daily for 28 days respectively. Group IV animals received high dose of test drug 400 mg/kg (orally) once daily for 28 days respectively. Results: The study results showed that neither the acute toxicity study of herbal mixture at the dose level of 2000mg/kg nor the repeated dose study did not produce any toxic sign or mortality during study. In repeated dose toxicity study, no significant changes were observed in the haematological and biochemical parameters, relative organ weight, gross necropsy and histopathological examination with herbal mixture treatment. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that LD50 of newly developed Herbal Mixture (HM)>2000mg/kg and the mixture is completely safe and non-toxic for therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Melasma is an acquired, common hyperpigmented disorder on the face. While many therapeutic approaches are available, their efficacy is moderate. Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of a cream containing herbal mixture for melasma. Methods: A total of 90 volunteers with melasma were enrolled in this randomized, double‐blind, controlled clinical study, and they were randomly divided into three groups (A, B, and C). Patients in group A were treated with a cream containing herbal mixture, while groups B and C were treated with arbutin cream and placebo, respectively, twice daily for 12 weeks. Melasma area and severity index (MASI) score, melanin index (MI), erythema index (EI), changes in density of inflammatory cells, and adverse events were evaluated every 4 weeks. Results: Although MASI scores declined significantly in both groups A and B (P < 0.05), a greater reduction was seen in group A (13.00−9.82 = 3.18 for group A; 12.65−10.84 = 1.81 for group B). Moreover, the cream containing herbal mixture, but not arbutin cream and placebo, significantly reduced EI and density of inflammatory cells after 12‐week treatment (P < 0.05). No adverse reactions were observed in either group A or group C. In group B, two subjects experienced mild erythema and itching, which disappeared after stop using the arbutin cream. Conclusion: The cream containing herbal mixture is safe and effective for melasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to antimicrobial and dental plaque control activities, herbal mouthwashes lead to an improvement in oral health. Although chemical mouthwashes have demonstrated the greatest antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, their usage has been limited because of their numerous side effects. The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal activity of herbal mixtures containing Nigella sativa, Foeniculum vulgare and Camellia sinensis against oral isolates of Candida from denture wearers. Methods: We selected 93 individuals wearing complete denture prosthesis. Samples were collected from oral mucosa and dentures and cultured onto Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). The antifungal activities of N. sativa, F. vulgare and C. sinensis and their mixtures (no. 1, 2 and 3) against oral isolates of Candida were determined using punch-hole test. Results: The oral cavities of all denture wearers were colonized with yeasts. Among the Candida species, Candida albicans was the most frequently recovered species (45; 48.4%), followed by C. tropicalis (14; 15%), C. krusei (9; 9.7%), C. glabrata (6; 6.5%), C. dubliniensis (4; 4.3%) and Candida spp. (15; 16.1%). Among the tested plants, N. sativa (mean value: 12.3 mm) and F. vulgare (mean value: 7.9 mm) showed positive results against all Candida isolates. The results exhibited that all herbal mixtures were active against various tested Candida isolates, ranging from 7.8 to 15 mm, 7.6 to 15.5 mm and 7 to 15 mm inhibition zones for herbal mixtures no. 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicated that C. albicans was the most prevalent Candida species. N. sativa and F. vulgare were good antifungal agents against oral species of Candida isolated from individuals wearing complete dentures, hence, there is a possible usefulness as therapeutic agents.

One of the commonly used herbal preparation in traditional medicine is made of Rubus fruticosus leaves, Vaccinium myrtillus leaves, Potentilla erecta roots, Geum urbanum aerial parts and Phaseolus vulgaris pods, but little is known about potential toxicity and antitoxicity of these medicinal plants and their accumulated biological effect when used as a herbal mixture. In the present study, possible cytotoxic/genotoxic and anticytotoxic/ antigenotoxic effects of the tested extracts were evaluated using the Allium cepa assay and RBCs antihaemolytic test. Determined by the A. cepa genotoxicity assay, the lowest genotoxic effect was expressed by the herbal mixture extract, and the highest one by P. vulgaris and V. myrtillus. In the A. cepa antigenotoxicity assay, the herbal mixture (45 μg/ml) and P. vulgaris (70 μg/ml) had the highest capacity to reverse chromosomal aberrations caused by ROS. All the extracts in lower concentrations (25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) showed strong antihaemolytic activity. The present study concluded that, although all the extracts expressed high protective activity against cell damage caused by oxidative stress, the most beneficial use of these medicinal plants is when used as a mixture prepared according to a precisely defined recipe. • Low concentrations of tested extracts show high antitoxic activity. • High concentrations of tested extracts act as toxic agents. • Most beneficial use of these medicinal plants is when used as the herbal mixture. • Allium cepa test is a reliable and highly sensitive method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Preparation of herbal mixtures from the traditional knowledge has been used for over centuries to improve and maintain health condition. Nonetheless, lack of scientific evaluations on regard to their bioactive metabolites as a mixture and their pharmacological effects have yet to be reported. Therefore, the objectives of this study are 1) to determine the effect of processing techniques (blending and juicing) on extracting polyphenols and 2) to determine the effect ratio of honey in herbal mixture (containing ginger, garlic, honey, apple cider vinegar, and lemon juice). Methods: Raw ingredients such as garlic, ginger, lemon and apple cider (1:1:1:1) were used as the base for this herbal mixture. The base was either blended using a blender or juiced using a juicer. The mixture was simmered (85oC - 100oC) until reduced to half of the initial volume and cooled down before being added with honey in 1:1 (rA) or 1:3 (rB) ratio. The mixtures were tested for pH, total phenolic, total flavonoid content and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities. Results: Both of juiced samples in both honey ratio (rA and rB) have lower acidity compared to blended samples. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) also showed significantly higher levels (p <0.05) in juiced samples than blended samples especially in Juicer rB. The insignificant differences in α-glucosidase inhibitory activities among mixtures indicate both extraction and ratio did not influence α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the mixtures. Conclusion: All of the results indicate that processing techniques and ratio can affect the pH and phenolic recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) belong to the group of new psychoactive substances (NPS) which appear sprayed on herbal mixtures on the "street" drug market and are intended for smoking like marijuana. In the present report we discuss a fatal case of 18-years-old boy, who had smoked SCs since several months and an overuse of SCs during last 48 h of his life has been apprised. The autopsy findings revealed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Both toxicological analysis of deceased blood and urine samples and chemical analysis of the herbal mixture seized revealed presence of two SCs - 5F-ADB and FUB-AMB. The amount of 5F-ADB in blood was found to be 3.7 ng/mL by standard addition method. Severe and irreversible morphology changes in lung specimen, leading to ischemic damage of all internal organs and tissues, were observed during histological examination. The present case can be discussed as an example of both drug-induced and drug-related death resulting from acute intoxication with 5F-ADB and FUB-AMB as well as from systematic use of both synthetic cannabinoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, anti-atherogenic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of a herbal mixture, rich in polyphenols, and composed of 35% of buckthorn bark (Frangulae cortex), 20% of mint leaves (Menthae piperita folium), 20% of caraway fruit (Carvi fructus) and 25% of parsley fruit (Petroselinum fructus) were studied by monitoring biochemical parameters in experimental animals. Experimental animals (Wistar rats) were subjected to five different feeding regimes. Plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, cholesterol bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and cholesterol linked to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were monitored in different time periods. The feces of experimental animals was analysed for seven bile acids, as well as for total cholesterol. Simultaneously, the activities of alanine aminotranferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. The introduction of herbal mixture into fatty food did not have significant influence on enzyme activities; however, the effect on induced hyperlipidemia was significant. Total atherogenic index was reduced by 43.3%, whereas total cholesterol and cholesterol bound to low density lipoproteins were reduced by 18.2% and 18.8%, respectively. Total bile acids concentrations dropped by 13.2%, whereas cholesterol was reduced by 33%. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije: Functional products of cereal for persons with metabolic disorders]

We were the first to detect N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1-(4-cyanobutyl)-1 H-indazole-3-carboxamide (common name CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) as a new synthetic cannabinoid, on the illegal market in Bursa, Turkey. To elucidate the chemical structure, the dried herbal mixture was extracted with methanol. The extract was purified by column chromatography. Pure compound was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The GC-MS, FT-IR and H and C NMR spectra of the compound coincided well with the reference data. All protons and carbons were assigned by their couplings and correlations observed in H-H correlation spectroscopy, H-C heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, and H-C heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectra. On the basis of the spectral data, the compound was identified as CUMYL-4CN-BINACA. Herewith, we report analytical characteristics of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA enabling its (and possible analogues thereof) determination in criminal seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of herbal mixture (Mentha spicata, Zingiber officinale, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Citrus sinensis) only and along with clomiphene citrate (CC) compared to CC on serum antioxidants, glycemic status, menstrual regulation, and rate of pregnancy. This single-blind randomized clinical trial was carried out on 60 infertile participants with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) willing to be pregnant. They were randomly allocated into group 1 (n = 20) who received routine dose of CC pills (50−150 mg) for three menstrual cycles from the fifth day of menstruation for five days; group 2 (n = 20) who consumed herbal mixture daily (700 mg); and group 3 (n = 20) who used up herbal mixture along with CC for 3 months. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured in their blood samples. No statistically significant differences were observed between the three groups in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. After intervention, however, the levels of CAT in group 2 (adjusted mean difference (aMD): = 9.0; confidence interval (CI) 95% = 1.1−16.9) and group 3 (aMD = 12.2; CI 95% = 4.5−19.9), GPx in group 2 (aMD = 986.1; CI 95% = 141.1−1831.1) and group 3 (aMD = 1781.2; CI 95% = 960.7−2601.8), and SOD in group 2 (aMD = 55.1; CI 95% = 26.0−84.2) increased. While FBS in group 3 (aMD = −8.7; CI 95% = −14.7 to −2.7), insulin in group 2 (aMD = −5.6; CI 95% = −10.8 to −0.4), and HOMA-IR in group 2 (aMD = −1.3; CI 95% = −2.4 to −0.2) significantly decreased compared to the group 1. To summarize, herbal mixture supplements along with CC have beneficial effects on serum antioxidant levels, as well as glycemic biomarkers of infertile PCOS, menstrual regulation, and pregnancy rate.

Herbal mixtures are becoming highly used in South Africa to treat several ailments such as cough, diarrhoea, fever, sexually transmitted diseases, cancer and diabetes. This study was aimed at evaluating some of the claimed biological activities and safety of five commonly used South African herbal mixtures. Five herbal mixtures obtained from herbal stores within Gauteng Province were evaluated for antimicrobial activities using micro-dilution method against Candida albicans , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus . The cytotoxicity of the herbal mixtures was tested using Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Their heavy metal concentration was analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. All the herbal mixtures demonstrated weak antimicrobial activity against the micro-organisms used. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found in the case of ‘All Rounders Special mixture’ against E . coli . Both ‘Knock out Special mixture’ and ‘Vultures Special mixture’ had an MIC of 6.3 mg/ml against N . gonorrhoeae and E . coli while the latter mixture also had an MIC of 6.3 mg/ml against C . albicans . High concentrations of chromium and cadmium (except in ‘All Rounders Special mixture’) far exceeding the maximum permissible limits in herbal products as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) were found in all the mixtures. In addition, the levels of arsenic, mercury and lead in ‘Knock out Special mixture’ were above WHO recommended permissible limits in herbal products. Nonetheless, all the mixtures displayed no cytotoxic effect against HEK cells. High concentrations of some toxic metals found in these herbal mixtures raise serious concerns related to the quality of the herbal preparations, source of starting plant materials used in product manufacturing and consumer safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The Chinese herbal mixture, Tien-Hsien liquid (THL), has been used as an anticancer dietary supplement for more than 20 years. Our previous studies have shown that THL can modulate immune responseand inhibit tumor growth. In this study, we further evaluated the effect of THL on anticancer immune response in mice vaccinated with γ-ray-irradiated tumor cells. Methods. The antitumor effect of THL was determined in mice vaccinated with low-tumorigenic CT-26-low colon cancer cells or γ-ray-irradiated high-tumorigenic CT-26-high colon cancer cells. The number of natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes in the spleen was analyzed by flow cytometry. The tumor-killing activities of NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were analyzed by flow cytometry using YAC-1 and CT-26-high cells, respectively, as target cells. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. Results. THL suppressed the growth of CT-26-high tumor in mice previously vaccinated with low-tumorigenic CT-26-low cells or γ-irradiated CT-26-high cells. THL increased the populations of NK cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes in the spleen and enhanced the tumor-killing activities of NK cells and CTL in mice vaccinated with γ-irradiated CT-26-high cells. THL increased the production of IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α in mice vaccinated with γ-irradiated CT-26-high cells. Conclusion. THL can enhance the antitumor immune responses in mice vaccinated with killed tumor cells. These results suggest that THL may be used as a complementary medicine for cancer patients previously treated with killed tumor cell vaccines, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The "horchata" is a herbal mixture infusion consumed in Southern Ecuador. It remains unknown how vendors group the plant species to sell them at traditional markets. This research documented the following: 1) a list of medicinal plant species sold for the drink; 2) the culturally important medicinal plant species; 3) the agreement among vendors regarding the medicinal plants species and their therapeutic use; and 4) the groups of medicinal plants sold for the preparation of "horchata." Methods: Interviews were made to 185 vendors at 31 traditional markets in Loja province. Bunches of medicinal plants were purchased to identify the species and to prepare voucher specimens. Culturally important medicinal plants species were established with the Fidelity Level (FL) index. Agreement among vendors on the therapeutic use of medicinal plants was measured with the Factor of Informant Consensus (FIC) index. A cluster analysis was made to determine the groups of medicinal plants sold by market vendors to prepare the "horchata" drink. Results: In Loja province, the "horchata" drink is consumed for its therapeutic uses. This study registered 33 families with 58 genera and 71 medicinal plant species, 50 of which are herbs and three are endemic to the Andean highlands of Ecuador. The FL index (46.1-96.3) determined 20 culturally important medicinal plant species. The highest FIC value (1.00) among vendors corresponds to four plant species employed each for a different therapeutic use. The cluster analysis identified a core group of 16 plant species which are essential to the drink and which likely interact to provide wellbeing. Conclusions: The "horchata" is a heritage drink in Loja province. The 71 medicinal plants species registered for this drink is the largest number reported to date, and they have a total of 32 therapeutic uses. The combined results of the FL and FIC indices, the cluster analysis, and the field observations reveal an agreement among vendors on 16 medicinal plant species and their therapeutic use. This core group of plants requires bioactivity and bioassays analyses to determine biomedicine benefits that would be based on their pharmacological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored the influence of supplemental herbal mixtures on cow milk production, quality, and blood parameters in dairy cows under high ambient temperatures. Thirty Holstein cows were randomly assigned into three experimental groups of 10 each. The first control group was supplied with the commercial basal diet, whereas two treatment groups were provided with the commercial basal diet supplemented with 50 and 100 g/head/day of the herbal mixture, respectively. The results showed that the mixture of herbal supplementation did not influence weekly milk production. Milk total fat, triglyceride, and total protein values were not affected ( p < 0.05) in cows fed on basal diets supplemented with herbal mixture; however, milk cholesterol was decreased significantly by 100 mg/head/day of the herbal mixture. On the other hand, lactose has increased significantly by adding 100 mg/head/day of herbal mixture. Furthermore, the total cholesterol level in serum was decreased by adding 100 mg/head/day of the herbal mixture, while plasma prolactin, cortisol, GOT, and GPT were unaffected. Regarding fatty acids (C18, C18:1 (c9), 18:1 (c11), 18:2 (c9, c12), 18:2 (t9, t12), and CLA (c9, t11)), there was no significant variation between the groups. Meanwhile, both C19:00 and 18:3 (c6, c9, and c12) were noticeably higher ( p < 0.05) in the group that received 100gm, followed by 50 mg, compared to the control. In conclusion, the supplement with a herbal mixture positively affected milk quality by decreasing total cholesterol and increasing lactose, milk fatty acid profile by increasing unsaturated fatty acids content, and plasma cholesterol levels., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Saleh, Soliman, Yousef, Eweedah, El-Sawy, Shukry, Wadaan, Kim, Cho and Eltahan.)

The present study was carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic potential of herbal mixture (Citrullus Colocynthis and Cicer arietinum) in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. Hypoglycemic potential was evaluated through curative and preventive modes of treatments. Blood glucose and lipid level was measured in serum of experimental rabbits. Significant (P

Omega® Roots + Ginseng Aloe Vera herbal mixture is a commonly sold herbal formulation used for treatment of ailments. The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxic effect of Omega® Roots herbal mixture on the haematological parameters of Wistar rats. Twenty rats were used for this study and were divided into four groups of 5 animals each; the control group was administered normal saline 10 ml/kg, and the treated groups received 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg of the herbal mixture (Omega® Roots) a period of fourteen days after which blood samples were collected for haematological analysis. The results of this study showed that oral administration of the Omega® Roots extract had a non-significantly (P˃0.05) change in the red blood cell count, white blood cell count, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration of the Wistar rats. The findings suggest that Omega® Roots + Ginseng Aloe Vera herbal mixture is non-haematotoxic following acute administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of wholegrain buckwheat flour is that it is a gluten free food and it is abundant in nutrients, such as proteins, essential amino acids, dietary fibers, starch, vitamins and minerals. Addition of aromatic and spice plants improves the nutritional and health potential of food, improves taste and odor and prevents its deterioration. As rheological properties have great relevance in predicting the final product quality, the effect of Vitaplant® herbal mixture addition on dough rheological properties was studied. The dough was made with wheat- wholegrain buckwheat flour mixture (70:30 w/w) and 2, 3, 5 and 7% of Vitaplant®, where the amount of wheat flour was reduced for the Vitaplant® portion. The addition of herbal mixture Vitaplant® changes the rheological properties of dough. Based on cluster analysis and Euclidean distances, in order to achieve better functional properties of food products, Vitaplant® is recommended in portion of 7%.