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Lonicera japonica is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, but few studies have focused on its pesticide residues. In this study, a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was established to determine 16 pesticides in L. japonica. Various factors including the type and volume of extraction solvent, times of ultrasound-assisted extraction, and type and weight of purifying agents were optimized. The established method showed good linearity with correlation coefficient (r) > 0.99 within the range of 0.01–5.0 mg·L−1, and average recoveries (AR) were 82.3%-102.5% at spiking levels of 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 mg·kg−1 with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.43%-4.75%. Only bifenthrin and fenvalerate can be detected with maximum detected concentrations of 1.41 and 0.13 mg·kg−1. The results showed that the established method can be applied to detect pesticide residues in L. japonica with potential applications for other Chinese herbal medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is increasingly used and now found in products intended for human consumption. The protective effect of 1,8-cineole (CIN) against BPAF-induced reproductive toxicity was investigated. Four groups were created, with each group consisting of eight rats: control, BPAF (200 mg/kg), CIN (200 mg/kg), and BPAF + CIN groups. The results demonstrated that the BPAF group exhibited a decline in testosterone levels and a decrease in sperm parameters compared with the control. Additionally, higher levels of MDA were observed, along with lower levels of GSH and GPx activity. CAT activity also decreased slightly. Tnf-α, Nf-κB levels were significantly higher, and caspase-3 expression was elevated, while PCNA expression decreased. BPAF significantly increased tissue degeneration compared with the control. However, the BPAF + CIN group showed statistically significant improvements in sperm parameters, except for concentration. They also exhibited an increase in testosterone levels and an improvement in MDA and GSH levels compared with the BPAF group. However, GPx activity partially enhanced. Tnf-α and Nf-κB levels were significantly reduced, and caspase-3 levels declined while PCNA and Bcl-2 levels increased. The Johnsen Testicular Biopsy score showed a substantial increase. Overall, these results suggest that CIN co-treatment in rats enhanced reproductive health and exhibited antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties against BPAF-induced testicular damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately one-third of Americans use healthcare approaches including herbs and botanicals, such as St. John's wort (SJW), to improve overall well-being, gain control over their health, and manage the adverse reactions of conventional therapies. This article examines the use of SJW in cancer care, discussing its pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and potential interactions with cancer treatments while emphasizing the importance of patient education and collaboration between oncology nurses and pharmacists to ensure safe and effective care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One promising approach to overcome drug resistance in asthma treatments involves dual-target therapy, specifically targeting the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) and muscarinic-3 acetylcholine receptor (M3R). This study investigated the anti-asthma effects and dual-target mechanisms of glycyrrhizic acid, hesperidin, and platycodin D (GHP) from Zhisou San. GHP administration effectively attenuated OVA-induced inflammatory infiltration and overproduction of mucus in asthmatic mice. Additionally, GHP treatment significantly suppressed M3R and promoted β2-AR activation, resulting in the relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle. These findings concluded that GHP mitigated asthma by targeting β2-AR and M3R to ameliorate airway inflammation and modulate airway smooth muscle relaxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new prenylated C6–C3 compounds (1–3), together with two known prenylated C6–C3 compounds (4–5) and one known C6–C3 derivative (6), were isolated from the roots of Illicium brevistylum A. C. Smith. The structures of 1–3 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, CD experiments and ECD calculations. The structure of illibrefunone A (1) was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All compounds were evaluated in terms of their anti-inflammatory potential on nitric oxide (NO) generation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophages and murine BV2 microglial cells, antiviral activity against Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and influenza virus A/Hanfang/359/95 (H3N2). Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited potent inhibitory effects on the production of NO in RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values of 20.57 and 12.87 μM respectively, which were greater than those of dexamethasone (positive control). Compounds 1 and 4–6 exhibited weak activity against Coxsackievirus B3, with IC50 values ranging from 25.87 to 33.33 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astragali Radix (AR), a common traditional Chinese medicinal herb, exhibits protective effects on diabetic nephropathy (DN) in extensive researches. Aticles focusing on AR in PubMed were collected and reviewed in order to summarize the latest pharmacological effects on DN. The action mechanisms for protectiving effects of AR were associated with regulation of anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, anti-podocyte apoptosis, restoration of mitochondrial function, restoration of endothelial function in diabetes nephropathy experimental models. Consequently, AR hold promise as potential novel therapeutics for the treatment of DN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new coumarin (1) and a new flavonoid (2) were isolated from the air-dried flower buds of Ochrocarpus longifolius, together with ten known compounds (3–12). The structures of two new compounds were established by 1D and 2D NMR and MS data. In addition, the new compound 2 showed significant proliferation inhibitory activity on Eca-109 and MGC-803 cells. The results of this study may enrich the diversity of compounds from O. longifolius and provide a basis for further research on its natural products and pharmacological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bletilla striata is widely used as healthy food and herbal medicine for its hemostasis, anti-ulcer, promoting wound healing, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory functions. Drying methods affect the quality of herbal medicine, including appearance and more importantly the content of active components, which play a decisive role in the medical and tonic functions. In this study, hot air drying (HD), infrared drying (ID), microwave drying (MD), vacuum drying (VD), and freeze drying (FD) were used to evaluate the effect of drying methods on the quality of B. striata tubers. Significant effects of drying methods on the appearance, color, microstructure, water activity, water content, and active component content of B. striata tubers were observed. FD-treated samples retained the majority of the appearance, color, and microstructure, while samples processed with other methods exhibiting various deformation and discoloration. In addition, a significant decline in water content and water activity was detected in FD-treated samples, yet, the content of active components, such as B. striata polysaccharides, total polyphenols, and militarine, was relatively high. After comprehensive comparison, freeze-drying is proposed to be the most suitable method for B. striata drying, which is also recommendable for other tuber drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of nutritional interventions (i.e. nutritional support, dietary patterns and dietary supplements) on cognitive function in cancer survivors. Design: Systematic review. Methods: A systematic and comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and CINAHL was conducted from the inception until March 10, 2023. The last search was conducted on December 10, 2023. Reporting Method: PRISMA. Results: A total of 59 randomized controlled trials were included for analysis. Nutritional support, dietary patterns and dietary supplements improved cognitive function in cancer survivors with no apparent safety concerns. The anti‐inflammatory diet, the fasting‐mimicking diet and the web‐based diet significantly improved cognitive function. Whereas the ketogenic diet or dietary advice to consume more soluble dietary fibres and less insoluble dietary fibres and lactose could not. There was evidence from dietary supplements to support the beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements, traditional herbal medicines and other supplements. Conclusions: Nutritional interventions have great promise for improving cognitive function in adult cancer survivors. Further validation of the nutritional interventions supported in this study in other survivors and exploration of more effective nutritional interventions are needed. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care: This work can support the construction of nutritional support interventions and dietary guidance programs to prevent cancer‐related cognitive decline. Impact: This work filled a gap in preventive strategies for cancer‐related cognitive decline from a nutritional perspective. Nutritional support, dietary patterns, and dietary supplements can prevent cancer‐related cognitive decline without serious safety concerns. This work highlighted nutritional interventions that have the potential to improve cognitive function in cancer survivors, benefiting the further construction of evidence‐based nutritional intervention programs. Protocol Registration: PROSPERO. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this trial was to assess the effectiveness of Sediflù, a medical device containing active herbal ingredients, on nocturnal and diurnal persistent coughs in children, with a duration of 3 to 7 days. Children with a dry and/or productive cough were enrolled in this prospective, interventional, multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical study. Clinical efficacy was assessed through the evaluation of the soothing action of Sediflù against dry and/or productive coughing, both at night and during the day, and other effects of coughing associated with quality of sleep: frequency, child's quality of sleep, parental quality of sleep and severity. Treatment with Sediflù improved both night-time and day-time cough scores from day 2. The diurnal score also improved significantly in the Sediflù group at days 3 and 7. Sediflù syrup can be considered a valid treatment for cough management in younger children with upper respiratory tract infections, shortening the cough duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the potential of Traditional Chinese Medicine in preventing and treating gastric cancer has gained clear recognition. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the data on the involvement of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of gastric cancer. Therefore, this article aims to organize and analyze relevant information to provide a reference for the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium is a Chinese herb known as "yin and yang fire," first mentioned in the Compendium of Materia Medica. Many of the proprietary Chinese medicines used in clinical practice contain Epimedium as an ingredient, and its main active constituents include icariin, icaritin, and icariside II, among others. In addition to its traditional use in treating fatigue and sexual problems, modern research has confirmed that the main bioactive compounds in Epimedium have pharmacological effects such as antidepressant, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as inhibiting bone destruction, promoting bone growth, improving immune regulation and protecting the cardio-cerebral vascular system. With the continuous development of extraction and purification techniques, the development and use of bioactive compounds in Epimedium have significantly progressed, and the anticancer effect has received widespread attention. Since natural herbs have few side effects on the human body and do not easily develop drug resistance, they have long been the direction of research in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the latest research on the anticancer effects of Epimedium and its extracts, describes the bioactive compounds, pharmacological efficacy, and antitumor mechanism of Epimedium, and gives a new view on the administration and development of Epimedium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synephrine is widely found in Chinese herbs of the Rutaceae family and is commonly used as a primary substitute for ephedrine in sports supplements. However, its potential cardiotoxicity has necessitated governmental regulations regarding its use. This study determined the contents of synephrine, phenylephrine, and caffeine in 30 Chinese herbal preparations (including five single herbs) and 16 supplements promoted for weight loss. The presence of naturally occurring synephrine was detected in all Chinese herbal medicines, with immature bitter orange having the highest synephrine content (ranging from 233.1 to 505.3 mg/100 g). This was followed by three herbs with comparable amounts of up to 317.7 mg/100 g, namely bitter orange, red tangerine exocarp, and tangerine peel. Euodia fruit had the lowest synephrine content, measuring up to 4.9 mg/100 g. None of these herbal medicines were found to contain detectable phenylephrine. On the other hand, weight-loss supplements, comprising complex combinations of herbal extracts, were found to contain synephrine in concentrations up to 1159.0 mg/100 g and caffeine up to 1659.1 mg/100 g. The synephrine content of these products did not exceed the regulatory limit of six percent, nor did they surpass the respective daily consumption of 20 mg. However, one product was found to contain both synephrine and caffeine, albeit at low concentrations, which could potentially breach the regulation prohibiting the combined use of bitter orange and caffeine as food ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicines (HMs) have deciphered indispensable therapeutic effects against cardiovascular disease (CVD) (the predominant cause of death worldwide). The conventional CVD therapy approaches have not been efficient and need alternative medicines. The objective of this study was a review of herbal bioactive compound efficacy for CVD therapy based on computational and in silico studies. HM bioactive compounds with potential anti‐CVD traits include campesterol, naringenin, quercetin, stigmasterol, tanshinaldehyde, Bryophyllin A, Bryophyllin B, beta‐sitosterol, punicalagin, butein, eriodyctiol, butin, luteolin, and kaempferol discovered using computational studies. Some of the bioactive compounds have exhibited therapeutic effects, as followed by in vitro (tanshinaldehyde, punicalagin, butein, eriodyctiol, and butin), in vivo (gallogen, luteolin, chebulic acid, butein, eriodyctiol, and butin), and clinical trials (quercetin, campesterol, and naringenin). The main mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds for CVD healing include cell signaling and inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress, decrease of lipid accumulation, and regulation of metabolism and immune cells. Further experimental studies are required to verify the anti‐CVD effects of herbal bioactive compounds and their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-acquired pneumonia is caused primarily by bacterial infection. For years, antibiotic treatment has been the standard of care for patients with bacterial pneumonia, although the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains is recognized as a global health issue. The traditional herbal medicine Kampo has a long history of clinical use and is relatively safe in treating various diseases. However, the antimicrobial effects of Kampo products against pneumonia-causative bacteria remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we investigated the bacteriological efficacy of 11 Kampo products against bacteria commonly associated with pneumonia. Sho-saiko-To (9), Sho-seiryu-To (19), Chikujo-untan-To (91) and Shin'i-seihai-To (104) inhibited the growth of S. pneumoniae serotype 3, a highly virulent strain that causes severe pneumonia. Also, the growth of S. pneumoniae serotype 1, another highly virulent strain, was suppressed by treatment with Sho-saiko-To (9), Chikujo-untan-To (91), and Shin'i-seihai-To (104). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against these strains ranged from 6.25–50 mg/mL and 12.5–25 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, Sho-saiko-To (9), Chikujo-untan-To (91), and Shin'i-seihai-To (104) suppressed the growth of antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates. Additionally, Sho-saiko-To (9) and Shin'i-seihai-To (104) showed growth inhibition activity against Staphylococcus aureus, another causative agent for pneumonia, with MIC ranging from 6.25–12.5 mg/mL. These results suggest that some Kampo products have antimicrobial effects against S. pneumoniae and S. aureus, and that Sho-saiko-To (9) and Shin'i-seihai-To (104) are promising medicines for treating pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae and S. aureus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical and bioactive analyses of spice oils have been widely performed. However, spice blends such as curry powder are not prescribed as herbal medicine, so their bioactivities have not been sufficiently explored. Here, cinnamon, fennel, and clove were blended following the CH1 herbal medicine prescription, and, in mice, appetite-enhancing effects were compared between the blended and individual spices. GC and GC/MS analyses revealed the following major components of the CH1 blended spice oil: trans-anethole, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol. Food intake was observed in 4 h feeding tests after 16 h of fasting. Eugenol and trans-anethole lowered the dose for the appetite-enhancing effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde 10-fold. After 1 week of daily administration, the dose-lowering effect of eugenol disappeared and the appetite-enhancing effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde occurred at a higher dose. Although the dose-lowering effect of trans-anethole decreased, food intake was still increased significantly by daily administration of blended spices at the lower dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammation significantly contributes to the progression of osteoarthritis (OA), and an anti‐inflammatory small molecule derived from medicinal herbs could be a potential drug candidate for OA. Herein, we investigated the function and mechanism of Evodiamine (EAE), the active ingredient from Evodia rutaecarpa, in chondrocytes and macrophages in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity of EAE was determined using an MTT assay. And the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation effects of EAE were investigated using qRT‐PCR, western blot (WB), immunofluorescence (IF). Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP‐AES), Fluo‐4 AM, IF and AutoDock were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways of the reducing‐inflammatory properties of EAE on chondrocytes in vitro. Moreover, the effect of EAE on macrophage polarization was detected by IF and flow cytometry (FC). Ultimately, we explored the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of EAE in an anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)‐induced OA model. The finding demonstrated that EAE blocked the phosphorylation of IKBα and Ca2+ influx, thereby curbing inflammation and ECM degradation. Additionally, EAE can prevent the polarization towards the M1 phenotype. Thus, our findings suggest that EAE has great potential as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tetrapleura tetraptera, a widely used medicinal plant in West Africa, has been traditionally employed for various ailments. Despite its folkloric significance, scientific validation of its safety and potential neuroactive properties remains limited. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the acute and subchronic toxicity of Tetrapleura tetraptera hot water extract (HWETTF) in rats and to elucidate its phytochemical composition. Methods: Acute oral toxicity was assessed in mice using the OECD guideline 423, while a 14-day repeat-dose toxicity study was conducted in rats. The phytochemical analysis included HPLC, FT-IR, and GC–MS. Results: HWETTF exhibited no significant toxicity in acute or subchronic studies, even at high doses. Phytochemical analysis revealed a diverse array of compounds, including those with potential GABAergic and CNS depressant activities. Conclusion: Tetrapleura tetraptera demonstrated a favourable safety profile in rodents and possesses a rich phytochemical composition. Further research is warranted to explore its potential neuroactive properties and develop therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread viral infection that causes millions of high-risk illnesses annually. Medicinal herbs such as ginseng root, echinacea purpurea, and radix astragali have a positive effect on antiviral activity by preventing viral adhesion, syncytial development, inhibiting viral internalization, relieving respiratory inflammation, strengthening the immune system, and stimulating the release of interferons. The potential benefits of natural products in terms of lower costs, better patient outcomes, and fewer adverse effects are discussed. This review examines the current evidence on the prevention and control of RSV with natural ingredients and the challenges and opportunities in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment planning for chronic diseases is a critical task in medical artificial intelligence, particularly in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, generating optimized sequential treatment strategies for patients with chronic diseases in different clinical encounters remains a challenging issue that requires further exploration. In this study, we proposed a TCM herbal prescription planning framework based on deep reinforcement learning for chronic disease treatment (PrescDRL). PrescDRL is a sequential herbal prescription optimization model that focuses on long-term effectiveness rather than achieving maximum reward at every step, thereby ensuring better patient outcomes. We constructed a high-quality benchmark dataset for sequential diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and evaluated PrescDRL against this benchmark. Our results showed that PrescDRL achieved a higher curative effect, with the single-step reward improving by 117% and 153% compared to doctors. Furthermore, PrescDRL outperformed the benchmark in prescription prediction, with precision improving by 40.5% and recall improving by 63%. Overall, our study demonstrates the potential of using artificial intelligence to improve clinical intelligent diagnosis and treatment in TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 20 million new instances of cancer and 10 million cancer-related deaths were reported in 2023, making cancer one of the leading causes of mortality globally. The number of deaths due to cancer worldwide is expected to double by 2050 to an estimated 18.5 million, compared to 9.7 million in 2022. Though there are heaps of new advanced techniques and therapies present for the treatment or control of cancer exist; however, complete treatment is not yet available. Chemotherapy and radiation-based therapy are examples of cancer treatments that function by eradicating or damaging cancer cells, which may sometimes negatively affect as well as harm normal cells throughout the process. Phyto-pharmaceuticals have shown promising results in the management of cancer due to potential anticancer efficacy. There is a large variety of medicinal herbs that exhibit anticancer properties; however, few are known and not yet evaluated in humans. Recently these bioactive compounds were combined with modified medications driven by nanotechnology (NT), and drug delivery systems are being fabricated and commercialized to improve the management of cancer with positive results. Drug delivery to cancer cells can be made more effective using nano-carriers with prolong medication half-lives, improve solubility and stability, and lessen side effects in organs other than the target. The review focuses on a new nano-enabled approach to delivering the medication that leverages bioactive compounds in either entrapped or tagged to carriers. Additionally, the review provides a sense of the obstacles and constraints associated with conventional cancer therapy, as well as the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Humanity has a longstanding reliance on natural plants for medicinal purposes, and Gymnema lactiferum (G. lactiferum) has emerged as a medicinal plant with deep‐rooted traditional usage. Throughout history, this plant has been an integral part of traditional medical systems, demonstrating diverse therapeutic effects. Notably, among these effects is its ability to decrease blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients, impart cooling effects, serve as an anabolic and rehydrating agent, stimulate spermiogenesis, and exhibit wormicidal properties. Furthermore, G. lactiferum has been used in treating conditions such as hemorrhoids cancers, anorexia, and as a cardiac stimulant. The primary objective of this review is to comprehensively gather and critically assess research findings regarding the medicinal properties of G. lactiferum, specifically emphasizing the bioactive compounds responsible for these properties. Previous studies have documented the presence of various phytochemicals in G. lactiferum, which are associated with some biological activities, including antioxidative, anti‐hyperglycemic, cholesterol‐regulating, and anti‐inflammatory properties. Additionally, this review explores potential future applications for this plant. Beyond its medicinal significance, extracts derived from G. lactiferum demonstrate promise for future nutritional applications. This review highlights the potential use of G. lactiferum as an herbal medicine by critically assessing research on its medicinal value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Carbon dots (CDs), a type of nanoparticle with excellent optical properties, good biocompatibility, and small size, are finding increasing application across the fields of biology and biomedicine. In recent years, biomass-derived CDs with pharmacological activity (BP-CDs) derived from herbal medicines (HMs), HMs extracts and other natural products with demonstrated pharmaceutical activity have attracted particular attention. Herein, we review recent advances in the development of BP-CDs, covering the selection of biomass precursors, different methods used for the synthesis of BP-CDs from natural sources, and the purification of BP-CDs. Additionally, we summarize the many remarkable properties of BP-CDs including optical properties, biocompatibility and pharmaceutical efficacy. Moreover, the antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, biosensing, bioimaging, and other applications of BP-CDs are reviewed. Thereafter, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of BP-CDs and Western drug-derived CDs, highlighting the excellent performance of BP-CDs. Finally, based on the current state of research on BP-CDs, we suggest several aspects of BP-CDs that urgently need to be addressed and identify directions that should be pursued in the future. This comprehensive review on BP-CDs is expected to guide the precise design, preparation, and future development of BP-CDs, thereby advancing the application of BP-CDs in biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionConsidering the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin and the evidence indicating the role of chronic inflammation in the pathophysiology of fatigue, this meta-analysis aimed to determine the significant effect of curcumin in reducing fatigue.Four main databases, including ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, were searched from inception to July 2024 to identify randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of curcumin on fatigue scale. Meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) V2 and OpenMeta [Analyst] softwares. The overall estimate of effect size was measured using a random-effects model. To assess the presence of publication bias, funnel plots and Egger's regression test were utilized. The quality of each selected study was assessed using Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Moreover, the GRADEpro tool was used in order to check the quality of evidence across studies.The meta-analysis of 13 trials, involving 763 subjects, demonstrated a significant decrease in fatigue following curcumin administration (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −1.267 (95% CI: −2.453 to −0.081), p = 0.036). The incidence of fatigue was not affected by curcumin administration. Improvement in fatigue was found to be associated with the time following intervention (≤8 weeks; SMD = −2.156; 95% CI: −3.955 to −0.358; p = 0.019 vs. >8 weeks; SMD = −0.092 (95% CI: −0.663–0.479), p = 0.753) and the health status of the participants. However, the dosage of curcumin did not show a significant correlation with the fatigue score.Curcumin supplementation presents a promising approach for managing fatigue due to its multifaceted mechanisms of action as a phytochemical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Huanglianjiedu decoction (HLJDD) is a classical Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescription with thousand years of clinical use against various malignancies, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD). However, its potential bioactive component and molecular mechanism remains unclear. Aims: This study is to inspect the HLJDD mechanisms of action against PAAD via integrated computational and pharmacochemistry strategy, in vivo and in vitro experiments to validate associated targets and pathways. Methods: A PAAD xenograft model was established by subcutaneous injecting Panc02 cells into C57BL/6 mice. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was engaged to determine constituents of HLJDD and assessed for pharmacokinetic scheme using the TCM Systems Pharmacology Platform (TCM-SP). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of PAAD was retrieved from the transcriptome dataset GSE43795, followed by recognizing overlapping targets the oncogenes and target genes of PAAD and HLJDD, respectively. Putative signaling pathways of HLJDD in treating PAAD were enriched using KEGG and GO analyses. The anti-PAAD effects of HLJDD was assessed in vivo and in vitro, besides, the potential mechanism was validated using immunoblotting and immunohistochemical assays. Results: HLJDD significantly suppressed the growth of transplanted PAAD tumors, constrained PAAD progression, and induced apoptosis and S-phase arrest. Seventy-five active components meeting the drug-likeness criteria and 278 target genes of HLJDD were identified. KEGG analysis indicated that the top three enriched pathways were cancer, AGE-RAGE signaling, and IL-17 signaling pathways. Disease enrichment analysis highlighted immune, pharmacological, and cancer-related diseases as the top three categories. A total of 47 potential target genes were identified. Immunoblotting revealed that HLJDD inhibited PI3K and MAPK-related signaling pathways, while immunohistochemical staining confirmed that HLJDD suppressed the expression of phosphorylated MAPK and ERK1/2. Conclusion: HLJDD inhibited PAAD in vitro and in vivo via the modulation of multiple mechanisms, including regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, and currently, no effective treatments are available to reverse or halt its progression in clinical practice. Although a plethora of studies have highlighted the benefits of physical exercise in combating AD, elder individuals often have limited exercise capacity. Therefore, mild physical exercise and nutritional interventions represent potential strategies for preventing and mitigating neurodegenerative diseases. Our research, along with other studies, have demonstrated that platycodin D (PD) or its metabolite, platycodigenin, derived from the medicinal plant Platycodon grandiflorus, exerts neuroprotective effects against amyloid b (Ab)-induced neuroinflammation. However, the combined effects of PD and physical exercise on alleviating AD have yet to be explored. The current study aimed to investigate whether combined therapy could synergistically ameliorate memory deficits and AD pathology in 5 x FAD mice. Methods: Five-month-old 5 x FAD mice were randomly assigned to four groups, and received either PD (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.), voluntary running, or a combination of both for 47 days. Nest building test, locomotion test, and Morris water maze test were used to evaluate the cognitive function. Immunohistochemical and ELISA analysis was performed to determine Ab build-up, microglia and astrocytes hyperactivation, and survival neurons in the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis was used to assess the polarization of microglia and astrocytes. HPLC analysis was performed to measure monoamine neurotransmitters in the hippocampus. Results and discussion: The combination of PD and voluntary running synergistically restored nest-building behavior, alleviated recognition and spatial memory deficits, and showed superior effects compared to monotherapy. In addition, the PD and voluntary running combination reduced Ab build-up, decreased hyperactivation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex, promoted the polarization of inflammatory M1 microglia and reactive astrocytes toward beneficial phenotypes, and lowered systemic circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines in 5 x FAD mice. Furthermore, combined therapy effectively protected neurons and increased levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the hippocampus of 5 x FAD mice. In conclusion, the combination of PD and voluntary running holds great potential as a treatment for AD, offering promise for delaying onset or progression of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asthma, being the prevailing respiratory ailment globally, remains enigmatic in terms of its pathogenesis. In recent times, the advancement of traditional Chinese medicine pertaining to the intestinal microbiota has yielded a plethora of investigations, which have substantiated the potential of traditional Chinese medicine in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of the intestinal microbiota. Both animal models and clinical trials have unequivocally demonstrated the indispensable role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of asthma. This article presents a summary of the therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine in the context of regulating gut microbiota and its metabolites, thereby achieving immune regulation and inhibiting airway inflammation associated with asthma. It elucidates the mechanism by which traditional Chinese medicine modulates the gut microbiota to enhance asthma management, offering a scientific foundation for the utilization of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study employed a bidirectional Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach to explore the causal relationships between Oral Lichen Planus (OLP), diabetes mellitus (DM), and glycemic control. It also aims to identify potential pharmacological and herbal treatments that effectively address both OLP and the metabolic dysfunctions associated with DM. Methods: This study employs a two-way MR approach to investigate the potential causal relationships between diabetes type and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and the risk of OLP. We analyzed differentially expressed genes from the OLP dataset in the Genomics Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, cross-referencing these with HbA1c-related genes for enrichment analysis. Additionally, the Drug-Gene Interaction Database (DGIdb) and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP) were utilized to assess the effectiveness of specific drugs, herbs, and ingredients in treating OLP while managing blood glucose levels. Results: The MR analysis revealed a significant association between Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and an increased risk of OLP, unlike Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This finding indicates a unique immunological interaction in T1DM that may predispose individuals to OLP. The drug prediction analysis focused on core targets linked to OLP and HbA1c, evaluating the therapeutic potential of retinoic acid, prednisone, and thalidomide for treating OLP and regulating blood glucose levels. Additionally, herbal medicines such as Ecliptae herbaand Amygdalus communis vas, along with herbal ingredients like quercetin, luteolin, and 17-beta-estradiol, were identified for their anti-inflammatory properties and potential to mitigate metabolic dysfunction in diabetes. Conclusion: The study highlighted a complex interplay between diabetes and OLP, underscoring the efficacy of integrated therapeutic strategies that target both conditions. The findings suggest that both pharmaceutical and herbal treatments can effectively manage the clinical manifestations of OLP and associated metabolic challenges. This holistic approach to treatment could significantly enhance patient outcomes by addressing the interconnected aspects of these chronic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Herbal medicine has been growing in popularity over the last few years. One of the most often used herbal remedy is Withania somnifera, more widely known as Ashwagandha Now known for its anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, antianxiety properties it ranks as a cure-all. However, there is a rising amount of alarming reports regarding its safety. It has been observed that its effects are not always beneficial, and for some patients the risks of taking it may be greater than the promoted benefits. Aim of study: The aim of this paper is to evaluate possible risks connected to Withania Somnifera consumption based on available research articles and case reports. Materials and methods: This article is based on the literature found in the PubMed Database from the period of 2004-2024 with the use of keywords such as "Ashwagandha"; "Withania Somnifera", "herbal medicine";"complementary medicine";"liver injury"; "thyrotoxicosis"; "adrenal insufficiency";"autoimmune diseases". Results: The outcomes of all the reviewed studies in this paper indicate that Withania Somnifera might cause a wide range of side effects. They include herb induced liver injury, endocrine complications such as thyrotoxicosis and adrenal insufficiency, acute graft rejection in a kidney transplant recipient and possible contribution to the onset of new autoimmune disease in patient with the history of autoimmune disorders. Conclusion: Further long-term research is needed on the Ashwaghanda's benefits but particularly on its safety and potential side effects. The common education on the risks of taking herbal supplements should be carried out among health professionals and the rest of the society. Ashwagandha should not be used by patients with liver, endocrine and autoimmune disorders as well as transplant recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Slow transit constipation (STC) is highly prevalent and has rising incidence. Shouhui Tongbian capsule (SHTB) is a traditional Chinese Medicine formula with extensive and highly efficacious usage in STC treatment, however, its mechanism of action, especially the regulation of microbiome and lipid metabolites, remains unclear. Methods: After quality control of SHTB using LC‒MS to obtain its material basis, we tried to elucidate the cohesive modulatory network of SHTB against STC using hyphenated methods from microbiomics, lipidomics, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and molecular methods. Results: SHTB could repair intestinal barrier damage, reduce systemic inflammation and increase intestinal motility in a diphenoxylate-induced STC rat model. Based on 16S rDNA sequencing results, SHTB rehabilitated the abnormal changes in Alloprevotella, Coprococcus, Marvinbryantia, etc., which were associated with STC symptoms. Meanwhile, microbial functional prediction showed that lipid metabolism was improved with SHTB administration. The differential lipids, including fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin triglyceride and ceramide, that are closely related to STC disease and SHTB efficacy. Furthermore, SHTB significantly reversed the abnormal expression of these key target enzymes in colon samples, including CTP-phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, CTP-phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase, phosphatidic acid phosphatase, acid sphingomyelinase etc. Conclusions: Combined analysis demonstrated that SHTB reducing lipid accumulation and recovery of intestinal microbial homeostasis was the critical mechanism by which SHTB treats STC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pueraria is a time-honored food and medicinal plant, which is widely used in China. Puerarin, the main component extracted from pueraria, has a variety of pharmacological characteristics. In recent years, puerarin has received increasing attention for its significant hepatoprotective effects, such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, and hepatic carcinoma. This paper explores the pharmacological effects of puerarin on various liver diseases through multiple mechanisms, including inflammation factors, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy. Due to its restricted solubility, pharmacokinetic studies revealed that puerarin has a low bioavailability. However, combining puerarin with novel drug delivery systems can improve its bioavailability. Meanwhile, puerarin has very low toxicity and high safety, providing a solid foundation for its further. In addition, this paper discusses puerarin's clinical trials, highlighting its unique advantages. Given its excellent pharmacological effects, puerarin is expected to be a potential drug for the treatment of various liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus (FCB) is frequently adulterated with its closely related species due to personal or non-man made factors, leading to alterations in the composition of its constituents and compromising the efficacy of its products. Methods: The specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were screened by comparing candidate barcodes of Fritillaria and verified by amplification and sequencing. Herb molecular quantification (Herb-Q) was established by detecting specific SNPs, and the methodological validation was performed. Quantitative standard curves were established for FCB mixed with each adulterated species, and the quantitative validity of this method was verified based on external standard substance. In addition, eight commercial Shedan Chuanbei capsules (SDCBs) randomly selected were detected. Results: FCB and its five adulterants can be distinguished based on the ITS 341 site. The methodological investigation of Herb-Q shows optimal accuracy, and repeatability, which exhibited good linearity with an R2 of 0.9997 (> 0.99). An average bias in quantitative validity was 5.973% between the measured and actual values. Four of eight commercial SDCBs were adulterated with F. ussuriensis or F. thunbergia with adulteration levels ranging from 9 to 15% of the total weight. Conclusion: This study confirmed that Herb-Q can quantitatively detect both the mixed herbs and Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) containing FCB with high reproducibility and accuracy. This method provides technical support for market regulation and helps safeguard patient rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: How to reduce the high incidence rate and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) effectively is the focus of current research. Endoscopic treatment of early-stage CRC and colorectal adenomas (CAC) has a high success rate, but although several treatments are available for advanced CRC, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, the 5-year survival rate remains low. In view of the high incidence rate and mortality of CRC, early rational drug prevention for high-risk groups and exploration of alternative treatment modalities are particularly warranted. Summary: Gut microbiota is the target of and interacts with probiotics, prebiotics, aspirin, metformin, and various Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) for the prevention of CRC. In addition, the anti-cancer mechanisms of probiotics differ widely among bacterial strains, and both bacterial strains and their derivatives and metabolites have been found to have anti-cancer effects. Gut microbiota plays a significant role in early drug prevention of CRC and treatment of CRC in its middle and late stages, targeting gut microbiota may be a new strategy for colorectal cancer treatment. Key message: This review covers current progress in the role of gut microbiota and drugs in CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Identification of active components of traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and their respective targets is important for understanding the mechanisms underlying TCM efficacy. However, there are still no effective technical methods to achieve this. Methods: Herein, we have established a method for rapidly identifying targets of a specific TCM and interrogating the targets with their corresponding active components based on Isothermal Shift Assay (iTSA) and database interrogation. Results: We optimized iTSA workflow and identified 110 targets for Danhong injection (DHI) which is used as an effective remedy for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Moreover, we identified the targets of the nine major ingredients found in DHI. Database interrogation found that the potential targets for DHI, in which we verified that ADK as the target for salvianolic acid A and ALDH1B1 as the target for protocatechualdehyde in DHI, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, we established a novel paradigm model for the identification of targets and their respective ingredients in DHI, which facilitates the discovery of drug candidates and targets for improving disease management and contributes to revealing the underlying mechanisms of TCM and fostering TCM development and modernization. Highlights: Utilizing the innovative iTSA approach, we identified the targets of DHI and their respective active components. Results demonstrated that salvianolic acid A in DHI targeted ADK while protocatechualdehyde targeted ALDH1B1 to exercise the functions of DHI. The established workflow can facilitate a deeper understanding of action mechanisms of TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic gastritis (CG) is a common inflammatory disease of chronic inflammatory lesion of gastric mucosa and in the diagnosis of gastritis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), CG can be classified into Cold ZHENG (syndrome in TCM) and Hot ZHENG. However, the molecular features of Cold/Hot ZHENG in CG and the mechanism of Cold/Hot herbs in formulae for CG remained unclear. In this study, we collected a transcriptomics data including 35 patients of Cold/Hot ZHENG CG and 3 scRNA-seq CG samples. And 25 formulae for CG and 89 herbs recorded in these formulae were also collected. We conduct a comprehensive analysis based on the combination of transcriptomics datasets and machine learning algorithms, to discover biomarkers for Cold/Hot ZHENG CG. Then the target profiles of the collected formulae and Cold/Hot herbs were predicted to uncover the features and biomarkers of them against Cold/Hot ZHENG CG. These biomarkers suggest that Hot ZHENG CG might be characterized by over-inflammation and exuberant metabolism, and Cold ZHENG CG showed a trend of suppression in immune regulation and energy metabolism. Biomarkers and specific pathways of Hot herbs tend to regulate immune responses and energy metabolism, while those of Cold herbs are more likely to participate in anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, the findings were verified based on public transcriptomics datasets, as well as transcriptomics and ELISA detection, taking Jin Hong tablets as a case study. Biomarkers like leptin and IL-6 together with proportions of immune cells showed significant changes after the intervention. These findings might reflect the mechanism and build a bridge between macro and micro views of Cold/Hot ZHENG as well as Cold/Hot herbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mountainous areas, wild edible plants are an important part of the local diet. Climate change and anthropogenic activities have profound effects on wild edible plants in these areas. Ethnobotanical studies are important for understanding the use patterns and harvest impacts on these plants. In this regard, the Shahrood region, with its diverse historical/ethnic background, is an appropriate starting point to investigate exploitation patterns and impacts of harvest of wild edible plants. During 2021–2022, ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in 12 villages in the region using semi-structured interviews and participatory observations. Data collection included assessing wild edible plant species diversity, their habitats, collection time and quantities, plant parts used and methods of consumption and preparation. The data were analyzed using use report indicators, relative frequency of citations, and use value (UV). A total of 1086 use reports were documented from a total of 44 interviews. A total of 67 wild species (66 plants and 1 fungus) belonging to 54 genera and 24 families were used as edible in the study area. Rosaceae (9 species), Apiaceae (8), Lamiaceae (8), Asteraceae (7), and Amaryllidaceae (5) were the families with the most reported species. Allium (5 species) was the most diverse genus in terms of species diversity. Herbs were the most commonly used life form (79.1%), followed by shrubs (13.4%) and trees (6%). The most consumed plant parts were young leaves (25%) and young aerial parts (21.4%). There were 13 use categories identified. The majority of edible plants were collected in April–May, mainly from areas nearby villages (37.7%) and rangelands (33.7%). The most important edible plants in the study area were Allium iranicum (Wendelbo) Wendelbo (UV = 1.7), Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (1.5), Allium umbilicatum Boiss. (1.47), Tragopogon graminifolius DC. (1.38), Lepidium draba L. (1.27), Urtica dioica L. (1.18), Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. (1.13), Malva neglecta Wallr. (1.11) and Eremurus sp. (1.09). Our results showed diverse and valuable knowledge for wild edible plants in this region, which should be considered in the conservation and management plans in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corneal ulcers, whether melting or indolent, are common in humans and companion animals. Treatment involves local administration of antibiotic eye drops and corneal healing drugs. Compared to traditional treatments for ulcerative keratitis, herbal medicines offer unique advantages, such as potent anti-inflammatory effects and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines. Curcumin, extracted from the Curcuma Longa plant, possesses extensive pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties, and is used in various medicines. In this study, we developed a novel ophthalmic drop hydrogel using a formulation of Curcumin NPs encapsulated with β-cyclodextrin and hyaluronic acid, to accelerate corneal healing and improve the quality of healed structures. The formation of Curcumin NPs into Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels was characterized by zeta, FTIR, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. A total of 25 healthy male New Zealand Albino rabbits were experimentally induced with ulcerative keratitis and treated individually with topical medication. Rabbits were divided into five groups. Fluorescein dye staining, corneal clarity score, Schirmer tear test, proinflammatory cytokine measurement, and pathologic factors assessments were used to evaluate the optimised Curcumin NPs with β-cyclodextrin in Hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Our results demonstrated that the optimized Curcumin NPs with β-cyclodextrin in hyaluronic acid hydrogel significantly reduced the frequency of medication administration compared to conventional therapies, enhancing the quality of healed structures and effectively treating ulcerative keratitis. All findings in this study provide new insight into designing and fabricating novel ophthalmic medicine for ulcerative keratitis for topical usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Astragali radix (AR) is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbal medicines. It exhibits diverse biological activities, including immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties; however, some of its activities have only been demonstrated in vitro. Objective: To examine the effects of orally administered AR extract on immune cells and the intestine under physiological conditions, which bridges the gap between previously observed in vitro outcomes and in vivo results. Methods: AR extract was prepared by hot water extraction. Three separate animal experiments were conducted to isolate macrophages, splenocytes, and the small intestine epithelium. For the macrophage preparation experiment, an intraperitoneal injection of sterile thioglycolate was administered. The mice received oral AR extract at doses of 0.1, 0.5, or 2.5 g/kg for ten days. At the end of each experiment, cells or tissues were isolated. A portion of macrophages and splenocytes were analyzed for the phenotypic changes. The remaining cells were cultured and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or mitogen ex vivo to assess activation status, proliferation, and cytokine production. Samples of the intestine were subjected to real-time RT-PCR. Results: Peritoneal macrophages from AR-treated mice exhibited increased expression of scavenger receptors, including SRA and CD36. Stimulation of these macrophages ex vivo with LPS selectively modulated the inflammatory response, including reduced expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86, which are important for T cell responses, without affecting TNF-α and IL-6 production. Splenocytes from AR-treated mice exhibited a dose-dependent increase in CD4 and CD8 T cells; however, stimulation with mitogen decreased T cell proliferation and reduced IFN-γ production, which is essential for macrophage activation. An analysis of the small intestinal epithelium revealed an attenuated antimicrobial response, including reduced IgA content in the lumen and decreased expression of mucin-2 and polymeric Ig receptor genes. Conclusion: The response of immune cells following oral treatment with AR extract did not replicate the previously documented in vitro findings. Immune cells and intestinal epithelium from mice administered oral AR extract exhibited a selective anti-inflammatory phenotype. The overall findings indicate that the systemic effects after oral administration of AR extract include reduced sensitivity to inflammatory insults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal herbs have been increasingly used for therapeutic purposes against a diverse range of human diseases worldwide. However, inevitable contaminants, including mycotoxins, in medicinal herbs can cause serious problems for humans despite their health benefits. The increasing consumption of medicinal plants has made their use a public health problem due to the lack of effective surveillance of the use, efficacy, toxicity, and quality of these natural products. Radix Dipsaci is commonly utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and is susceptible to contamination with mycotoxins. Here, we evaluated the mycotoxins, mycobiota and toxigenic fungi in the traditional medicine Radix Dipsaci. A total of 28 out of 63 Radix Dipsaci sample batches (44.4%) were found to contain mycotoxins. Among the positive samples, the contamination levels of AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA in the positive samples ranged from 0.52 to 32.13 µg/kg, 5.14 to 20.05 µg/kg, 1.52 to 2.33 µg/kg, and 1.81 to 19.43 µg/kg respectively, while the concentrations of ZEN and T-2 were found to range from 2.85 to 6.33 µg/kg and from 2.03 to 2.53 µg/kg, respectively. More than 60% of the contaminated samples were combined with multiple mycotoxins. Fungal diversity and community were altered in the Radix Dipsaci contaminated with various mycotoxins. The abundance of Aspergillus and Fusarium increased in the Radix Dipsaci contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) and ZEN. A total of 95 strains of potentially toxigenic fungi were isolated from the Radix Dipsaci samples contaminated with mycotoxins, predominantly comprising Aspergillus (73.7%), Fusarium (20.0%), and Penicillium (6.3%). Through morphological identification, molecular identification, mycotoxin synthase gene identification and toxin production verification, we confirmed that AFB1 and AFG1 primarily derive from Aspergillus flavus, OTA primarily derives from Aspergillus westerdijkiae, ZEN primarily derives from Fusarium oxysporum, and T-2 primarily derives from Fusarium graminearum in Radix Dipsaci. These data can facilitate our comprehension of prevalent toxigenic fungal species and contamination levels in Chinese herbal medicine, thereby aiding the establishment of effective strategies for prevention, control, and degradation to mitigate the presence of fungi and mycotoxins in Chinese herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) is being more and more used in cancer treatment because of its ability to regulate the immune system. Chinese Herbal Medicine has several advantages over other treatment options, including being multi-component, multi-target, and having fewer side effects. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells that play a vital part in connecting the innate and adaptive immune systems. They are also important in immunotherapy. Recent evidence suggests that Chinese Herbal Medicine and its components can positively impact the immune response by targeting key functions of dendritic cells. In this review, we have summarized the influences of Chinese Herbal Medicine on the immunobiological feature of dendritic cells, emphasized an anti-tumor effect of CHM-treated DCs, and also pointed out deficiencies in the regulation of DC function by Chinese Herbal Medicine and outlined future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to investigate the short-term effects and safety of adjunct Suxiao Jiuxin Pills (SJPs) on conventional therapy in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients who are intolerant to the adverse effects of long-acting nitrates. Methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 174 CCS participants from eight clinical study centers in China were included in the modified intention-to-treat analyses. Participants with CCS and intolerance to the adverse effects of long-acting nitrates were recruited and randomized to either the SJPs or the placebo group for a duration of 4 weeks. Results: Compared to the placebo group, the SJPs group showed a significant improvement in the efficacy rate after 4 weeks (OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.32 to 4.47, P = 0.004). Besides, individuals without a history of alcohol consumption showed a greater improvement in the SAQ summary score compared to those with a history of alcohol consumption. Conclusion: Adjunctive SJPs enhance the effectiveness of short-term conventional anti-angina treatment for patients with CCS who experience intolerance to long-acting nitrates, without significant adverse effects during application. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ChiCTR2100050066. Registered 16 August 2021, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=131470. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Informed consent (IC) is a fundamental principle in medical ethics that upholds respect for patient autonomy. Although widely applied in healthcare, its feasibility and implementation in herbal medicine have been underexplored. This study therefore aimed to explore the practices and attitudes of herbalists regarding informed consent. Methods: To achieve these objectives, a qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted from June to December 2020. Twenty-one in-depth interviews with herbalists and four key informant interviews with leaders of the different traditional medicine organizations were conducted. The data were analyzed thematically using NVivo version 12 software. Results: Sixteen of the twenty-one participants acquired oral herbal medicine knowledge from their relatives. Although a positive inclination toward obtaining IC was evident, the focus was on disclosing basic information. Discussions of alternative treatments and herbal specifics were less frequent. Disease management decisions often involve shared responsibility within families or societies. Documented IC procedures are rare among herbalists, who deem consent forms unnecessary, although they recognize the potential benefits of IC in fostering trust and professionalism. Challenges hindering IC implementation included regulatory gaps, inadequate skills, and the absence of mechanisms to protect the intellectual property rights of herbal medicine. Conclusion: This study illuminates how educational, cultural, familial, and regulatory factors influence herbalists' practices and attitudes toward informed consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current treatments for rheumatoid arthritis produce untoward effects; thus, considerable effort has been made to recognize effective herbal medicines against the condition. In the present study, the therapeutic effect of Diospyros kaki fruit hydroalcoholic extract (DFHE) on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)‐induced arthritis in rats was investigated. The extract was characterized using liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry (LC‐ESIMS). Male Wistar rats were grouped as follows (eight rats in each): control, CFA, CFA + indomethacin (5 mg/kg), CFA + DFHE (50 mg/kg), and CFA + DFHE (100 mg/kg). Paw volume, mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and arthritis score were evaluated. Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), thiol groups, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were evaluated. Carotenoids were found to be the major components of DFHE. Administration of DFHE (100 mg/kg) significantly decreased arthritis score, paw volume, and thermal hyperalgesia, and improved mechanical allodynia. MDA and TNF‐α levels were decreased while thiol levels and SOD and GPx activities were increased in DFHE‐treated groups compared to the CFA group. These results suggest that D. kaki extract caused an improvement in clinical signs of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms possibly through suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the role and relationship between oxidative stress and immune infiltration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and to predict the relevant therapeutic herbal medicines and active ingredients. Methods: GSE10667 gene expression profiles were downloaded from GEO database to obtain differential expression genes, differential expression of oxidative stress genes (DEOSGs) were identified in combination with oxidative stress genes. GSEA was used to evaluate the pathways and biological processes in IPF, and GO, KEGG and PPI network analysis were performed on DEOSGs. Candidate central genes were derived from PPI results and CytoHubba, and GSE110147 was validated as an independent group to identify central genes; in addition, the immune microenvironment of samples was evaluated using CIBERSORTF, and correlation between central gene levels and relative proportion of immune cells was explored; finally, therapeutic herbal medicines and components were predicted by central genes, and molecular docking verification was carried out. Results: A total of 51 DEOSGs, four central genes (ICAM-1, APOE, MMP-1, TGF- β2) were obtained; DEOSGs were mainly related to oxidative stress, immune response, etc; four central gene levels were closely correlated with 8 relative proportions of immune cells; therapeutic herbal medicines included 4 flavors such as Huangqi and Chuanxiong, and the active ingredients included 8 kinds of β-carotene, etc, the molecular docking results were stable. Conclusion: Oxidative stress and immune firing are exist in IPF, and oxidative stress may be recognized by immune cells or directly activate immune cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides and heavy metals are considered as potent contaminants in aquatic environment. Both contaminants are sourced into the aquatic ecosystems by various types of anthropogenic as well as natural practices. Such types of aquatic contamination drastically affect the normal activity of associated living organisms particularly fish. Both the pesticides and heavy metals toxicity cause several negative effects on fish growth, physiology, immune response, reproduction, embryonic and larval development as well as different histopathology of major organs including fish gill, kidney, liver, gonads, and intestine. Besides, the consumption of contaminated fish poses a serious health concern to associated consumers. Considering these serious issues, the current review is designed to investigate the toxic effects of pesticides and heavy metals on different aspects of fishes along with their possible sources, major types, and mode of action as well as role of medicinal herbs to mitigate their toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The traditional herbal medicine Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (A. macrocephala) is commonly utilized for alleviating symptoms associated with spleen deficiency, abdominal distension, diarrhea, and constipation. These pharmacological effects are attributed to a variety of active constituents. However, the specific bioactive compounds responsible for promoting defecation and gastrointestinal transit in A. macrocephala remain unidentified. Methods: The primary polysaccharide characteristics of PAMK was elucidated by HPLC, FT‐IR, and HGPGC. Efficacy of PAMK (0.07, 0.14, and 0.28 mg/g) on mice was evaluated in a spleen deficiency constipation mouse model by analyzing stool parameters, constipation‐related physiological indexes, and SCFAs. The expression levels of 5‐HT3R, 5‐HT4R, and related receptor genes were examined by RT‐qPCR, and neurotransmitters were examined using ELISA. Finally, the diversity of gut microbiota was analyzed with 16S rDNA sequencing. Key Results: The results showed that PAMK significantly reduced the gastrointestinal transport time and increased the number of fecal pellets and fecal water content in spleen deficiency constipation model mice. PAMK kept the balance of 5‐HT, SCFAs, TPH‐1, SERT, CgA, and neurotransmitter levels (VIP, SP, MTL) in mice colon. In addition, PAMK could regulate the abundance of gut microbiota such as Alistopes, Bacteroides, and Odoribacter in spleen deficiency constipation model mice gut. Conclusions and Inferences: It can be concluded that PAMK effectively ameliorated the symptoms of spleen deficiency constipation in mice by modulating the expression of 5‐HT and its associated receptors. The underlying mechanism was elucidated, providing a solid theoretical foundation for the therapeutic application of A. macrocephala in treating spleen deficiency constipation and offering potential for developing novel approaches to address this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background • Feeding intolerance (FI) refers to frequent feeding disruptions, that can adversely affect the growth, nutritional status, and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants (born at 37 ≤ weeks of gestation). This review evaluated the efficacy of herbal medicine (HM) for FI compared to conventional treatments. Methods • An extensive search across 11 databases was conducted, including English, Chinese, and Korean databases, from August 1 to December 7, 2023. Our inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy of HM with conventional treatments against conventional treatments alone. Statistical analyses involved calculating the mean difference (MD), standardized mean difference (SMD), and risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and assessing the bias risk (RoB 2) using Review Manager Version 5.4 software. The quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) rating system. Results • The meta-analysis showed that combined HM treatments exhibited superior outcomes compared to conventional treatments alone. The time to achieve full enteral feeding (n = 638, random effects MD: −2.91, 95% CI: −4.13 to −1.69), duration of FI (n = 366, fixed effects MD: −1.58, 95% CI: −2.01 to −1.16), and total effective rate (n = 774, random effects RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.42) improved with HM. Mild adverse events, such as diarrhea and increased defecation frequency, occurred in 4.17% of the HM combined group, compared to 1.42% in the conventional treatment group. Conclusions • The findings suggest that combining HM with conventional treatments could be more effective for FI, suggesting HM as an early intervention for FI in preterm infants. Further research on the efficacy and safety of HM in preterm infants is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlormequat chloride (CCC), as a commonly used plant growth regulator in the production of rhizomatous medicinal herbs, can effectively control the bolting phenomenon in Angelica sinensis, significantly increasing the yield of underground rhizomes (medicinal part). However, its specific effects on the intrinsic quality of Angelica sinensis, especially medicinal components, require further investigation. The objective of this study is to conduct a thorough examination of CCC residue and its influence on the yield and medicinal components of Angelica sinensis. By spraying different concentrations of CCC on Angelica sinensis, we systematically monitored the final yield of Angelica sinensis Radix (ASR) in each treatment group and the residual concentration of CCC in ASR. Using UPLC-QTOF-MS technology, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the metabolic profile of ASR. Subsequently, UFLC-MS/MS was employed to accurately quantify the changes in the content of nine key active components in ASR. The results of this study indicate that the application of CCC significantly improves the yield of ASR, with the best effect observed at 0.1 g/L, resulting in a yield increase of 24.8%. Meanwhile, the residual amount of CCC in ASR is positively correlated with the application concentration, with the residual levels as high as 7.12 mg/kg in the high-concentration treatment group. Metabolomic analysis preliminarily identified 21 chemical components in ASR, including four organic acids and 13 phthalides. It is worth noting that the quantitative analysis results indicate significant changes in active components such as butylphthalide, Z-ligustilide, and ferulic acid after the application of CCC. Specifically, high-concentration CCC significantly increased the content of butylphthalide and levistolide A, while low-concentration CCC significantly promoted the accumulation of coniferyl ferulate and senkyunolide A, accompanied by a significant decrease in Z-ligustilide and ferulic acidy. In conclusion, while CCC use can increase yield, the associated increase in residues and imbalanced composition ratios may threaten the quality and safety of ASR. Therefore, it is crucial to control the amount of CCC used rationally to balance yield enhancement and quality assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russian Roulette is a well-known cruel gambling game and its concepts and methods have been exploited in a lot of research fields for decades. However, abundant useful information contained in the process of Russian Roulette is seldom studied with a mathematical model with interpretability. To this end, we define the 2 R formal context to model Russian Roulette and carry out 3-valued concept analysis for 2 R formal contexts to mine useful information. At first, the uniqueness of 2 R formal contexts is discussed from a formal concept analysis viewpoint. And then we propose 3-valued 2 R concepts and discuss their properties and the connections with the basic 2 R concepts. Experimental analysis demonstrates that 3-valued 2 R concept lattices can show many more different details compared with basic 2 R concept lattices. Finally, a case study about a Chinese herbal medicine is introduced to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]