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A new diagnosis and a new classification of Heptapterus are provided and a new species, H. carmelitanorum, is described. Heptapterus is diagnosed by the following character combination: adipose fin confluent with the caudal fin; non-bifurcate caudal fin; anal-fin insertion posterior to vertical through adipose-fin insertion; 10–23 anal-fin rays; anal fin not confluent with caudal fin; and extremely elongate body, with a head length of 16.1–24.9%SL. Species included in Heptapterus are H. borodini, H. carmelitanorum, H. carnatus, H. exilis, H. hollandi, H. mandimbusu, H. mbya, H. mustelinus, H. ornaticeps, and H. qenqo. Some of the character states diagnosing H. carmelitanorum among its congeners are the anal-fin insertion less than one eye diameter posterior to a vertical through the adipose-fin insertion (vs. more than one eye diameter in all congeners); the isognathous mouth (vs. slightly to moderately retrognathous, except H. borodini); and the keel formed by ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays shallow, far from reaching anal-fin base (vs. keel formed by ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays deep, continuing almost to the anal-fin base, except in H. borodini and H. hollandi).

Here, we report the first observation of a leucistic specimen in the Rock catfish, Rhamdia laticauda in the Northeast of Oaxaca, Mexico. We caught the specimen by electric fishing and then photographed during an ichthyological survey carried out in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve in the Xiquila River of the upper Papaloapan River basin. The live catfish showed a lack of pigment in the skin, white spots, and normal eye color. This information contributes to the knowledge about intraspecific variability and natural history of R. laticauda. We discuss the potential causes of this color anomaly., Se reporta la primera observación de un espécimen leucístico en el Juil de Jamapa, Rhamdia laticauda en el noreste del estado de Oaxaca. En un estudio ictiológico de la Reserva de la Biosfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán en el río Xiquila de la cuenca alta del río Papaloapan, el pez se capturó con pesca eléctrica y se fotografió. El bagre vivo mostró una reducción de pigmentos en la piel, manchas blancas y ojos negros normales. Esto contribuye al conocimiento de la variabilidad intraespecífica y la historia natural de R. laticauda. Se discuten las causas potenciales de esta anomalía de color.

Professor Manuel Pereira de Godoy idealized the Natural History Museum of Pirassununga (MHNP, in Portuguese), State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1938. In 1962, the MHNP was constructed in the backyard of his house. In 1977, the museum also received the type specimens of fishes from the defunct Estação Experimental de Biologia e Piscicultura de Pirassununga (EEBP). Here we provide notes (including photographs) of 11 type specimens (holotypes, paratypes, and syntypes) of the following 10 species belonging to four families and two orders: Leporinus amae, Astyanax (Astyanax) trierythropterus, Hyphessobrycon flammeus guabirubae, Plecostomus fluviatilis, Plecostomus luteus, Plecostomus topavae, Cetopsorhamdia iheringi, Chasmocranus brachynema, Nannorhamdia schubarti, Pimelodella insignis. Our study provides unprecedented photographic records of several type specimens deposited in MHNP. We expect this study will help in species identification and also assist future taxonomic studies of Neotropical freshwater fishes.

Pimelodella insignis Schubart 1964b: 6, fig. 1. Syntypes: EEBP 620 a, 3 (1 measured) 76.4 mm SL (Figure 10): Brazil, S„o Paulo, Pirassununga, Mogi-Guaçu River, tributary of Grande River, tributary of the Paraná River, ~ 21°55′41″S, 47°22′32″W, ~ 545m asl, 07 May 1958. Remarks. Currently, the species is a synonym of Pimelodella boschmai Van der Stigchel 1964 (see Bockmann & Guazzelli 2003). The lot has the catalog number EEBP 620a, and specific information on the collection (locality) are the same to those provided in Schubart (1964b) for the specimens used in the description of the species. Schubart (1964b: 7–8) employed several lots in the description of Pimelodella insignis, which are, as in the case of Plecostomus fluviatilis, all syntypes until a lectotype is designated., Published as part of Azevedo-Santos, Valter M., Katz, Axel M., Zawadzki, Cláudio H. & Deprá, Gabriel De Carvalho, 2023, Notes on some type specimens of the Natural History Museum of Pirassununga São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 540-552 in Zootaxa 5284 (3) on page 550, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7929660, {"references":["Schubart, O. (1964 b) Duas novas especies de peixe da familia Pimelodidae do Rio Mogi Guacu (Pisces, Nematognathi). Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 244, 1 - 22.","Bockmann, F. A. & Guazzelli, G. M. (2003) Family Heptapteridae (Heptapterids). In: Reis, R. E, Kullander, S. O. & Ferraris, C. J. Jr. (Eds.), Checklist of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 406 - 431."]}

Key to Upper Paraná basin species of Imparfinis 1. 11−12 gill rakers on first ceratobranchial; conspicuous longitudinal dark stripe along flank; first dorsal-fin ray longer or approximately of same length of second ray........................................................ I. schubarti 1’. 5−7 gill rackers on first ceratobranchial; inconspicuous longitudinal dark stripe along flank; first dorsal-fin ray shorter than second ray;.......................................................................................... 2 2. Orbital diameter 11.8−19.9% in HL; caudal peduncle depth 8.0−12.2% in SL................................. I. mirini 2’ Orbital diameter 20.0− 25.5 in HL; caudal peduncle depth 5.3−7.6 in SL.......................................... 3 3. 39−40 vertebrae, 7−8 gill rackers on first ceratobranchial, body uniformly colored.......................... I. piperatus 3’. 38 vertebrae, 5−6 gill rackers on first ceratobranchial, body mottled colored............................... I. lepturus

Silva, Gabriel S. C., Reia, Lais, Morimoto, César K., Benine, Ricardo C., Oliveira, Claudio (2023): Integrative taxonomy of Imparfinis (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) from the Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 5249 (3): 357-377, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5249.3.3

Imparfinis lepturus, new species (Fig. 3; Table 4) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 057B59BB-CADB-4EEF-9F44-6ED11BC85520 Holotype. MZUSP 127602, 44.9 mm SL, Brazil, Goiás, Aporé, Upper Paraná River basin, rio Corrente, 18°30’50.7”S 52°05’46.4”W, 15 Jul 2022, J. Crispim, L. Reia, G.S.C. Silva. Paratypes. Brazil, Goiás, Aporé: LBP 25732, 16, 22.6−44.1 mm SL, 1 c&s (39.5 mm SL), Upper Paraná River basin, rio Corrente, 18°30’50.7”S 52°05’46.4”W, 28 Nov 2017, R. Devidé, B. Melo, C. Araya, G.S.C. Silva. LBP 32018, 12, 31.9−51.3 mm SL, 2 c&s (30.9−39.3 mm), same data as the holotype. Diagnosis. Imparfinis lepturus differs from its congeners by having a mottled colored body, with concentrated chromatophores forming patches of black pigmentation (Fig. 3 and 6) (vs. uniformly counter-shaded). Additionally, the new species differs from trans-Andean species by absence of a short extension of the pectoral, dorsal, and upper caudal-fin rays (vs. presence in I. usmai and I. nemacheir), by having six gill rakers on the first ceratobranchial (vs. 10-11 in I. spurrelii), 38 vertebrae (vs. 39−40 in I. usmai, 42 in I. lineatus, 42−43 in I. timana, 45 in I. spurrellii). The new species differs from Amazon species by having 38 vertebrae (vs. 39−40 in I. munduruku, 40 in I. hasemani, 41 in I. cochabambae, 43−44 in I. longicauda), by having six gill rackers on the first ceratobranchial (vs. 15 in I. cochabambae), by absence of a short extension of the pectoral, dorsal, and upper caudal-fin rays (vs. present in I. guttatus). The new species differs from I. piJpersi from Sipaliwini River and from I. minutus from S„o Francisco River by having longer maxillary barbel, reaching pelvic-fin origin (vs. not surpassing distal tip of adpressed pectoral fin), from I. minutus from S„o Francisco River by having 38 vertebrae (vs. 41), from I. mishky from Uruguai and lower Paraná basins by having 38 vertebrae (vs. 41), six gill rackers on first ceratobranchial (vs. nine), and maxillary barbel only reaching pelvic-fin origin (vs. surpassing pelvic-fin origin). Finally, the new species differs from its congeners from the Upper Paraná basin by having three irregular rows of teeth on premaxilla (vs. 5-6 in I. mirini, I. piperatus, and I. schubarti); by having 38 vertebrae (vs. 39−40 in I. piperatus; 40−41 in I. schubarti), by having six gill rackers on first ceratobranchial (vs. 7−8 in I. mirini and 11 in I. schubarti), a greater eye diameter 21.3−26.3% of HL (vs. 11.8−19.9% in I. mirini), by smaller caudal peduncle depth 6.6−7.6% of SL (vs. 8.0−12.2% in I. mirini; 10.0−12.3% of SL in I. schubarti), by having the first dorsal-fin ray shorter than the second (vs. longer or approximately of same length that second ray in I. schubarti), by having the lower caudal-fin lobe darker (vs. both lobes hyaline in I. mirini and I. piperatus), and by absence of dark strip along flank (vs. presence of conspicuous longitudinal dark stripe in I. schubarti). Description. Morphometric data are summarized in Table 4. Head slightly convex in lateral view. Snout short and rounded in dorsal view. Lateral profile of head slightly convex from snout tip to occipital region. Eyes large and elliptical, dorsolaterally positioned, just anterior to midpoint of head. Mouth subterminal. Upper jaw longer than lower jaw. Premaxilla and dentary with three irregular rows of small conic teeth. Maxillary barbel reaching posterior end of dorsal-fin base, when outstretched. Outer mental barbel longer than inner barbel. Outer mental barbel reaching posterior end of pectoral-fin base when outstretched. Inner mental barbel reaching the origin of pectoral-fin base when outstretched. Branchiostegal membrane free, supported by seven rays and joined to isthmus only at anteriormost point. Six gill rakers along anterior margin of first ceratobranchial. Greatest body width at cleithral region, progressively narrowing anteriorly towards snout tip and posteriorly towards caudal fin. In lateral view, body depressed and convex in shape from end of head to dorsal-fin origin; slightly concave from dorsal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin; straight from adipose-fin origin to caudal peduncle. In lateral view, ventral profile straight and descending from snout tip to opercular region; slightly convex from opercular region to pelvic-fin origin; straight from that point to anal-fin origin; slightly concave from that point to origin of lower procurrent caudal-fin rays. Precaudal vertebrae 12 (seven supporting pleural ribs) and caudal vertebrae 26, total vertebrae 38. Pectoral fin with one simple and eight branched rays. Pelvic fin i,5. First pelvic-fin ray shorter, second, third and fourth branched rays longer. Dorsal-fin i,6. Dorsal-fin unbranched ray slightly convex. First basal radial inserted in vertebra 7 and last basal radial anterior to neural spine of vertebra 12. Adipose fin long (22.6−26.7% of SL). Anal fin iv,8. Caudal skeleton composed of a plate formed by parhypural + hypurals 1 and 2 in lower lobe, upper lobe plate formed by hypurals 3 and 4 fused, hypural 5 free, and pleurostile fused to compound centrum. Caudal fin with i,8+9,i principal rays. Upper and lower caudal-fin lobes approximately symmetrical. Six to seven procurrents rays in dorsal and ventral lobes. Color in alcohol. Background color of body yellowish dorsolaterally and white ventrolaterally. Irregular dark-brown patches formed by concentrated melanophores along lateral portion of body. Head yellowish. Five conspicuous dark brown saddles along dorsal portion of body: first just after head, second at dorsal-fin origin, third at insertion of last dorsal-fin rays; fourth at mid-point between dorsal and adipose fins. Anterior and posterior region at insertions of adipose fin densely darkly pigmented. Humeral region with a large dark blotch. All fins hyaline. Distribution and habitat. The new species is only known from the rio Corrente, Upper Paraná River basin at the municipality of Aporé, in Goiás state, Brazil (Fig. 1a). Specimens were captured in fast-water habitat, associated with marginal vegetation (Fig. 4). Etymology. The specific epithet lepturus is from Greek lepto meaning slender, and oura meaning tail, in reference to the depressed caudal peduncle. An adjective.

A new species of Cetopsorhamdia is described from material collected on rapid inventories and ichthyological expeditions in the Amazon region of Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. The new species can be differentiated from all other species of Cetopsorhamdia by the colouration pattern on fins, number of vertebrae, number of ribs, level insertion of dorsal fin, number of rays on dorsal and pectoral fin, osteological characters and several other morphometric characters. The new species is distributed along tributaries of the upper Amazon River basin in Peru, Colombia and Ecuador.

Knowledge about the taxonomy and fish composition from the upper rio Paraúna (rio São Francisco basin) and upper rio Santo Antônio (rio Doce basin) in the middle portion of the Southern Espinhaço mountain range, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil is still incipient. Only few studies focusing on ichthyofaunistic diagnostic and species descriptions in the lower stretches of the rio Santo Antônio are available. Herein the aim was to provide a species list of the freshwater ichthyofauna from the headwaters of both basins in such region, and to verify the occurrence of threatened, exotic, and potentially new species. Sixty species were registered, with 34 associated to the upper rio Paraúna, and 40 to the upper rio Santo Antônio. Two species are included in some threatened category, three are exotics, and 14 represent potentially new species. An identification key of the fish species recorded in the area is also provided.

De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S., Da Graça, Weferson J. (2022): Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil. Zootaxa 5128 (1): 1-43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1

Phenacorhamdia roxoi Silva, 2020: 276, fig. 1. Paratypes: 1 lot, 2 specimens — NUP 22697, 2, 44.2−56.2 mm SL: Brazil, São Paulo, Botucatu, córrego Hortelã, rio Parapanema basin, upper rio Paraná basin, 22°55’24.0”S, 48°32’41.0”W, G.S.C. Silva, F.F. Roxo, 01 Feb 2020., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Silva, G. S. C. (2020) A new species of Phenacorhamdia Dahl 1961 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from the Paranapanema River basin, southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4890 (2), 275 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4890.2.8"]}

Phenacorhamdia cabocla Rocha, Ramos & Ramos, 2018: 355, fig. 1. Paratype s: 1 lot, 8 specimens — NUP 16300, 8, 41.3–43.5 mm SL: Brazil, Maranhão, Santa Filomena, rio Atalaia, rio Parnaíba basin, 09°04’30”S, 45°55’35.5”W, Gerpel team, 01 Aug 2013., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Rocha, Y. G. P. C., Ramos, T. P. A. & Ramos, R. T. C. (2018) Phenacorhamdia cabocla, a new heptapterid from the Parnaiba River basin, Northeastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae). Zootaxa, 4402 (2), 353 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4402.2.7"]}

Imparfinis lineatus (Bussing, 1970). Pigmy Catfish; Barbudito. Distribution: Global: Middle America; southern Costa Rica, Pacific drainages; Costa Rica: Tr (Pacific), 80��� 980 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: End, EN. References: Bussing (1987: 103, as Nannorhamdia lineata ���synonym; 1998: 144, as N. lineata ���synonym; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2013: 993; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630

The knowledge of the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna continues to grow given the discovery of new taxa, the recognition of taxa resurrected from synonymy and the corroboration of new country records and new range extensions. Moreover, recent advances in the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and status of many supraspecific groups have led to numerous taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. Given this, the purpose of this paper is to update the known composition, distribution and clasification of the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna taking as reference the most recent list for the country published by Angulo et al. (2013). A total of 23 new country records (i.e., species; distributed in 17 families and 21 genera), 33 new range extensions (distributed in 20 families and 30 genera) and several nomenclatural changes are reported, illustrated and discussed here. An updated and annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of the country (including data for a total of 283 species, 13 of which are exotic, distributed in two classes, 27 orders, 55 families and 136 genera) is also provided.

Rhamdia laticauda (Kner, 1858). Filespine Chul��n; Barbudo, Pinga de Padre, Chul��n, Bagre, Barbudo de Barbas Cortas. Distribution: Global: North America; from central Mexico to western Panama, Atlantic and Pacific drainages; Costa Rica: LN, RF, SJ, SC, Sa, To, Pa, Ma, Si (Atlantic), Te, Be, Ba, Ta, Pi, Tr and Co (Pacific), 35���1350 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Bussing (1966: 236, as Rhamdia rogersi (Regan 1907) and Rhamdia underwoodi Regan 1907 ���synonyms; listed, information on distribution), Bussing (1987: 109, as R. rogersi ���synonym; 1998: 154, as R. rogersi ���synonym; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2013: 993; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630

Rhamdia guatemalensis (G��nther, 1864). Pale Catfish, Guatemalan Catfish; Barbudo, Pinga de Padre, Chuch��n, Chul��n, Bagre, Fil��n, Jul��n, Barbudo de Guatemala o Guatemalteco. Distribution: Global: North, Central and South America; from southern Mexico to eastern Colombia, Atlantic and Pacific drainages; Costa Rica: LN, RF, SJ, SC, Sa, To, Pa, Ma, Si (Atlantic), Ni, Te, Be, Ba, Ta, Pi, Tr and Co (Pacific), 0��� 680 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Bussing (1966: 236, as Rhamdia heteracantha Regan 1907, Rhamdia nasuta Meek 1909 and Rhamdia wagneri (G��nther 1868)���synonyms; listed, information on distribution), Bussing (1987: 107; 1998: 148; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2013: 993; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630

Family Heptapteridae Gill, 1861. Three-Barbeled Catfishes; Barbudos de Agua Dulce. 3 G, 5 S., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630

Pimelodella chagresi (Steindachner, 1876). Chagres Catfish; Barbudo, Arrechito, Pical��n. Distribution: Global: Central and South America; from souther Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela, Atlantic and Pacific drainages; Costa Rica: Tr and Co (Pacific), 20��� 660 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, NE. References: Bussing (1966: 209; brief description and information on distribution), Bussing (1987: 105; 1998: 146; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2013: 993; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630

The Siluriformes, popularly known as catfishes, are probably the vertebrate group with the highest diversity of venomous animals, even though only approximately a hundred venomous catfishes are reported to date. Venomous catfishes might present a delivery system apparatus, formed by an unbranched ray at the leading edge of pectoral and dorsal fins (spine), which can be stiffened and pungent, while venom glands can be present at the surface of such spines and/or the axillary region. This work investigated the presence, morphology and distribution of glands and pectoral-fin delivery apparatus in the heptapterid Brachyrhamdia genus. Pectoral-fin spine external morphology was compared across all valid species in the genus, histological sections of the pectoral-fin spine and axillary regions of B. heteropleura and B. marthae were produced, and dissections of the pectoral girdle region of the mentioned species were analyzed. The histological sections confirmed the presence of pectoral-fin glands at the surface of the pectoral-fin spine of Brachyrhamdia species, and cellular morphology indicates these glands are probably venomous. Also, we found a piriform gland at the axillary region, whose cell morphology is like the reported for other catfishes. However, we cannot currently confirm or deny axillary gland participation in the venom delivery apparatus. This work constitutes the first report of venom glands in Brachyrhamdia, and the first description of Heptapteridae axillary glands.

This article is a redescription of Pimelodella longipinnis, an enigmatic catfish previously known only from its holotype and with uncertain type locality. The species is redescribed based on recently collected materials from streams of the Mata Atlântica bioregion, in Santos municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Pimelodella longipinnis is assigned to a putatively monophyletic group, the Pimelodella leptosoma-group, diagnosed by the presence of a supraoccipital process not reaching the anterior nuchal plate, with a gap of ca. 20-25% of the supraoccipital process total length, and whose tip notably surpasses the midpoint of the complex vertebra in dorsal view. We also present a list of fish species described from a shipping sent to the American Museum of Natural History from the former Museu Paulista (now Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo), of which P. longipinnis was part.

The wide distribution of the Neotropical freshwater catfish Rhamdia offers an excellent opportunity to investigate the historical processes responsible for modeling South America’s hydrogeological structure. We used sequences from cis-Andean and Mesoamerican Rhamdia species to reconstruct and estimate divergence times among cis-Andean lineages, correlating the results with known geological events. Species delimitation methods based on distance (DNA barcoding and BIN) and coalescence (GMYC) approaches identified nine well-supported lineages from the cis-Andean region from sequences available in the BOLD dataset. The cis-Andean Rhamdia lineages diversification process began in Eocene and represented the split between cis-Andean and Mesoamerican clades. The cis-Andean clade contains two principal groups: Northwest clade (MOTUs from Amazon, Essequibo, Paraguay, and Itapecuru basins) and Southeast clade (Eastern Brazilian shield basins (Parana, Uruguay, Iguacu, and Sao Francisco) plus eastern coastal basins). The diversification of the cis-Andean Rhamdia lineages results from vicariance and geodispersion events, which played a key role in the current intricate distribution pattern of the Rhamdia lineages. The wide geographical distribution and large size of the specimens make it attractive to cultivate in different countries of the Neotropical region. The lineages delimitation minimizes identification mistakes, unintentional crossings by aquaculture, and reduces natural stocks contamination.

Two new species of heptapterid catfish genus Cetopsorhamdia are described from close localities in western Brazil, at Chapada dos Parecis, an area with extremely high level of endemism. One species is from the upper Rio Madeira system, Rondônia State, and the other from the upper Rio Tapajós system, Mato Grosso State. The two species are diagnosed, among several other features, by their markedly distinctive color patterns, with the former having well-defined quadrangular marks in trunk flanks while the latter bearing irregular, vertical bars along the trunk. The monophyly of Cetopsorhamdia is discussed, with two putative synapomorphies being proposed to support the genus. Potentially informative morphological characters to resolve the internal relationships of the genus are presented and discussed. Despite the striking external differences between the two species herein described, they are found to likely form a clade.

Bockmann, Flávio A., Reis, Roberto E. (2021): Two new, remarkably colored species of the Neotropical catfish genus Cetopsorhamdia Eigenmann & Fisher, 1916 (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) from Chapada dos Parecis, western Brazil, with an. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (Pap. Avulsos Zool., S. Paulo) 61: 1-33, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.56, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.56

Species of Monogenoidea (Platyhelminthes) are in its majority ectoparasites of marine and freshwater fishes. Many species of the group can promote great economic losses to fish production systems worldwide. The present study describes a new species, Gyrodactylus lilianae n. sp., from the body surface, fins and barbels of a captive South American catfish, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from southern Brazil. The new species is morphologically similar to Neotropical species of Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 from Siluriformes from which it differs most conspicuously by the morphology of the hook with a pronounced convex heel, somewhat depressed, slightly pointed toe, and a small distal bulb. The identity of the new species is also strongly supported by phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 mitochondrial gene (cox2) sequences and the rDNA fragment ITS1-5.8-ITS2. Infections with the new species in captive R. quelen juveniles were considered the main causative agent of observed mortalities. Tissue damage caused by G. lilianae n. sp. apparently facilitated the occurrence of secondary infections by protists (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) and bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila).

The Neotropical species complex Rhamdia quelen is composed of at least six mitochondrial lineages. Three of these occur in sympatry in several regional basins, which encompass La Plata basin, Patos-Merin basin system and the coastal lagoons draining to SW Atlantic Ocean. Based on both mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci markers, this study aims to investigate the genetic diversity pattern and the reproductive isolation among R. quelen mitochondrial lineages. Past hybridisation and introgression were evidenced among at least two mitochondrial lineages. The ancestral structure recovered in this study was divided into two groups, which could have diverged in the last marine regression. The recent population structure of R. quelen species complex is mostly recovered following the geographic distribution pattern. We delimited seven management units, three inhabiting riverine environments and four associated to different coastal lagoons. Lagoon populations, unlike the riverine ones, would have diverged in a scenario with null or restricted gene flow and small size population, possibly related to bottleneck events. Population genetic structure should be considered for conservation legislation, fishery management and aquaculture regulation. Additionally, the present genetic structure could aggravate the impact of specimen translocation and escapees from aquaculture farms.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-26T06:17:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-04-28 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Center for Scientific Computing (NCC/GridUNESP) of the Sao Paulo State University Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Heptapteridae is composed of 228 valid species allocated in 24 genera, making it the most diverse family within superfamily Pimelodoidea, a clade endemic to the Neotropical freshwaters. Heptapterids are widely distributed from southern Mexico to the Pampas of Argentina and occupy a variety of habitats generally in small- to medium-sized rivers. To evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of Heptapteridae, we used a matrix with 1,319 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from the genome from 56 specimens spanning 42 species and 24 genera of Heptapteridae and 19 related siluriform taxa. Maximum likelihood, Bayesian and coalescent-based analyses strongly supported the monophyly of Heptapteridae and confirmed previous hypotheses of a sister relationship between Heptapteridae and Conorhynchos conirostris. We provide the evidence to recognize two subfamilies: (1) Rhamdiinae (Goeldiella, Rhamdella, Rhamdia, Brachyrhamdia, Pimelodella) and (2) Heptapterinae; with two tribes: Brachyglaniini new tribe (Gladioglanis, Myoglanis, Brachyglanis and Leptorhamdia) and Heptapterini (Mastiglanis, Chasmocranus, Cetopsorhamdia, Pariolius, Phenacorhamdia, Nemuroglanis, Imparfinis, Taunayia, Rhamdioglanis, Acentronichthys, Rhamdiopsis and Heptapterus). Inside Heptapterini, we recognize five subclades and provide putative morphological synapomorphies. This paper represents the first molecular hypothesis of intergeneric and interspecific relationships helping to better delineate heptapterid taxa. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Museu Zool, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Biol, Fac Filosofia Ciencias & Letras Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Programa Posgrad Biol Comparada, Fac Filosofia Ciencias & Letras Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil Drexel Univ, Dept Ichthyol, Acad Nat Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Univ Estadual Londrina, Ctr Ciencias Biol, Museu Zool, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2015/00691-9 FAPESP: 2016/11313-8 FAPESP: 2016/50375-9 FAPESP: 2016/19075-9 FAPESP: 2014/26508-3 CNPq: 440621/2015-1 CNPq: 312687/2018-4 CNPq: 200159/2020-8 CNPq: 306054/2006-0

In this study, the authors present a comprehensive checklist of cave-dwelling populations of Rhamdia from the Sierra de Zongolica (SdZ) in Veracruz, Mexico, including two new records, based on permanent and verifiable evidence in the form of voucher specimens. The authors use phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of voucher-derived comparative cytochrome b data to shed light on the evolutionary history of these populations. The results of this study, while preliminary, suggest that hypogean forms of Rhamdia from the SdZ are cave-adapted populations of the more widespread and epigean species R. laticauda.

Phenacorhamdia roxoi, new species Figs. 1, 4a,b,c; Table 1 Phenacorhamdia tenebrosa ��� Azevedo-Santos, Pelicice & Henry, 2020 [inventory]. Holotype. MZUSP125819, 63.8 mm SL, S��o Paulo State, Botucatu Municipality, C��rrego Hortel��, Pardo River, Paranapanema River, Upper Paran�� River basin, -22.941178��, -48.584397��, 25 May 2019, J. Lima, L. Reia, G.S.C. Silva. Paratypes. All from Brazil, S��o Paulo State, Paranapanema River basin, Upper Paran�� River basin: LBP 1994, 11, 24.1��� 83.7 mm SL, (3 c&s, 42.9��� 83.7 mm SL), Botucatu, C��rrego Hortel��, -22.941178��, -48.584397��, 16 Dec 2003, C. Oliveira. LBP 2719, 1, 84.7 mm SL, Botucatu, Ribeir��o da Quinta, -23.108528��, -48.505028��, 26 Apr 2005, R. Devid��. LBP 3512, 1, 66.1 mm SL, Botucatu, C��rrego Hortel��, -22.941178��, -48.584397��, 17 may 2008, R. Devid��. LBP 3596, 4, 54.4��� 74.1 mm SL, Botucatu, C��rrego Hortel��, -22.941178��, -48.584397��. LBP 5092, 2, 41.2��� 45.2 mm SL, Itatinga, C��rrego dos veados, 25 may 2007, R. Paiva. LBP 8247, 2, 48.0��� 53.3 mm SL, S��o Miguel Arcanjo, Ribeir��o Guararema, -23.996944��, -48.015833��, 20 Feb 2009, C.H. Zawadzki, C.A.M. Oliveira. LBP 24478, 1, 57.8 mm SL, Botucatu, Riacho da Mata, -22.923333��, -48.544722��, 11 Jul 2016, P.S. Manoel, S.C. Almeida, H.A. Rodrigues. LBP 28707, 4, 41.6��� 55.8 mm SL, same data as holotype. LBP 29850, 2, 57.7��� 68.6 mm SL, (1 c&s, 54.6 mm SL), Botucatu, C��rrego Hortel��, -22.923333��, -48.544722��, 01 Feb 2020, G.S.C. Silva, F.F. Roxo. LBP 29534, 1, 39.3 mm SL, Angatuba, Rio Itapetininga, -23.544250��, -48.311583��, 18 Aug 2020, V. M. Azevedo-Santos. MZUSP 125820, 2, 45.2 ��� 52.8 mm SL, same data as holotype. NUP 22697, 2, 44.2��� 56.2 mm SL, Botucatu, C��rrego Hortel��, -22.923333��, -48.544722��, 01 Feb 2020, G.S.C. Silva, F.F. Roxo. Diagnosis. Phenacorhamdia roxoi differs from its congeners, by having of 45���46 vertebrae (vs. 38��� 39 in P. nigrolineata; 39 in P. taphorni; 41 in P. tenebrosa; 41��� 43 in P. anisura, P. boliviana, and P. somnians; 44 in P. cabocla; 47��� 48 in P. provenzani; 53��� 55 in P. tenuis). The new species can be easily distinguished from P. unifasciata by having an entirely dark-brown body (vs. yellowish body, with a wide dark band along the upper side) and eight branched rays in upper lobe of caudal fin (vs. six). Additionally, P. roxoi differs from P. hoehnei, P. macarenensis and P. nigrolineata by the presence of seven branched rays in pectoral fin (vs. 5��� 6 in P. hoehnei; six in P. macarenensis and P. nigrolineata). It is further distinguished by the presence of 8 branched anal-fin rays (vs. six in P. macarenensis and 9��� 10 in P. provenzanoi); and by having the first basal radial inserted at the 13th vertebrae (vs. 12th in P. tenebrosa). Description. Morphometric and meristic data are summarized in Table 1. Small-sized (maximum 84.7 mm of SL). Head depressed, dorsally covered by skin with small papillae. Snout short and rounded in dorsal view. Dorsal profile of head straight from snout tip to occipital region. Eye not free rim, dorsally, anterior of midpoint of head. Mouth small. Premaxillary teeth arranged in rectangular patch with 11-12 irregular rows of small conical teeth. Lower jaw longer than upper jaw. Dentary teeth arranged in a rectangular patch with small conic and tubular teeth. Maxillary barbel reaching base of third pectoral-fin ray base, when depressed. Mental barbels not reaching pectoralfin base when adpressed.Anterior and posterior nares tubular. Branchiostegal membranes free joined to isthmus only at anterior point, with seven or eight rays. Four to five gill rakers along anterior border of first ceratobranchial. In dorsal view, body elongated and compressed at caudal peduncle (Figure 1b). Greatest body width at cleithral region, progressively narrowing anteriorly towards snout tip and posteriorly towards caudal fin. In lateral view, body depressed and convex in shape from end of head to dorsal-fin origin; slightly concave from dorsal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin; straight from adipose-fin origin to caudal peduncle. In lateral view, ventral profile straight and descending from snout tip to opercular region; slightly convex from opercular region to pelvic-fin origin; straight from that point to anal-fin origin; slightly concave from that point to lower procurrent caudal-fin ray origin. Precau-dal vertebrae 16(1)���17(3) (nine supporting pleural ribs), caudal vertebrae 29(1)���30(3), total vertebrae 45(1)���46(3). First hemal spine on vertebra 16(1)���17(3). Hemal spine of vertebrae 26(1)���27(3) to 30(1)���32(3) bifid. Neural and hemal spines of posterior vertebrae, nearly parallel to vertebral column, inclined less than 20��. Pectoral fin with one simple ray and seven branched rays (20). First ray soft and longest. Distal margin of pectoral fin convex. Pelvic fin with i,5 rays. First pelvic ray shortest, second and third branched rays longest. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to dorsal fin origin. Dorsal-fin with i,6 rays. Dorsal-fin margin convex, its second and third branched rays longest. Unbranched dorsal-fin ray slightly convex. First basal radial inserted at neural spine of vertebrae 13th�� (4), and last basal radial anterior to neural spine of vertebra 19 (4). Adipose-fin origin at vertical through fifth ray of anal fin. Anal fin with v,8 rays. Anal supported by 10 basal and 11 distal radials. Caudal skeleton with parhypural + hypurals 1 and 2 in ventral caudal plate; dorsal caudal plate with hypurals 3 and 4 fused, hypural 5 free, and a uroneural fused to compound centrum. Caudal fin forked with eleven (2) or twelve (2) dorsal procurrent rays; i,8+8,i principal rays; eleven (2) or twelve (2) ventral procurrent rays. Lower lobe of caudal fin longer (mean 28.2% of SL) than upper lobe (mean 23.4% of SL). TABLE. 1. Morphometric data of Phenacorhamdia roxoi n.sp. and P. tenebrosa. SD = standard deviation. N: number of specimens Laterosensory canal of head with simple tubes ending in single pores. Supraorbital sensory canal usually with five branches and pores: s1, s2, s3, s6 and s8. Supraorbital pore 1 medially adjacent to anterior nares. Supraorbital s2 and infraorbital i2 fused (forming complex s2+i2) at midway between anterior and posterior nares, S3 inside posterior nares, at notch of cutaneous membrane. s4 and s5 pore absent. Pore S6 fused at midline of the cranium, opening in a single pore (s6+s6). Pore s6+s6 absent in eleven individuals. The s8 at the posterior surface of the frontal. Infraorbital laterosensory canal with six branches pores: i1, i2, i3, i4, i5 and i6, with i2 fused to s2. Infraorbital pore i1 adjacent to anterior nares, between nares and maxillary barbel; i2+s2 posterior to maxillary barbel base. i3 at vertical through anterior orbit. i4 at vertical through posterior orbit. i5 posterior to eye. The pore i6 located behind the orbit. Preoperculomandibular canal with 12 lateral-line branches and pores: pm 1 in the medial portion of dentary; pm2, pm3 and pm4 aligned anteriorly to inner and outer mental barbel. Pore pm5 above to outer mental barbel base. Pore pm6 just behind to pm5. Pore pm7 and pm8 at vertical through anterior and posterior orbit respectively. Four pores in the preopercle region; pm9, pm10, pm11+po1, and po2. Color in alcohol. Background color of dorsal and lateral region of head and trunk dark brown. Abdominal portion of body whitish. Ventral portion of head yellowish. Fin rays yellowish, and interradial membranes hyaline. Adipose-fin base dark brown, with distal margin hyaline. Barbels dark brown (Fig. 1 and 4a,b,c). Distribution. Phencorhamdia roxoi is known from tributaries to Paranapanema River basin (Fig. 2). The typelocality is at C��rrego Hortel��, other sites are Riacho da Mata, Ribeir��o da Quinta, C��rrego dos Veados, Rio Itapetininga and Ribeir��o Guararema. Habitat. Phenacorhamdia roxoi was collected in shallow, clear waters and fast-flowing currents, with an underlying substrate of rock. The fishes collected were associated with pebbles (Fig 3). The new species is found in syntopy with Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan 1908), Cambeva diabola (Bockmann, Casatti & de Pinna 2004), Neoplecostomus cf. botucatu Roxo, Oliveira & Zawadzki 2012 and Piabarchus stramineus (Eigenmann 1908). Etymology. The species name roxoi honors F��bio Fernandes Roxo of Laborat��rio de Ictiologia de Botucatu, Setor Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, in recognition by its contributions on the knowledge of Neotropical Ichthyology. F��bio also helped to collect part of type series of the new species., Published as part of Silva, Gabriel S. C., 2020, A new species of Phenacorhamdia Dahl 1961 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from the Paranapanema River basin, southeastern Brazil, pp. 275-282 in Zootaxa 4890 (2) on pages 276-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4890.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4301914, {"references":["Azevedo-Santos, V. M., Pelicice, F. M. & Henry, R. (2020) Knowing biodiversity: Fishes from the Guarei River, a tributary of the Jurumirim reservoir, Paranapanema River, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 20 (3), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2020 - 1031","Regan, C. T. (1908) Descriptions of new loricariids fishes from South America. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 4, 795 - 800. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1907. tb 06957. x","Roxo, F. F., Oliveira, C. & Zawadzki, C. H. (2012) Three new species of Neoplecostomus (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Upper Rio Parana basin of southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 3233, 1 - 21.","Eigenmann., C. H. (1908) Preliminary descriptions of new genera and species of tetragonopterid characins. (Zoological Results of the Thayer Brazilian expedition). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 52 (6), 91 - 106."]}

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:46:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-02 A new species of Phenacorhamdia is described from Paranapanema River, Upper Paraná River basin, southeastern Brazil. The new species is distinguished from congeners by the combination of following characters 45-46 vertebrae; an entirely dark-brown body; nine pleural ribs; eight branched rays in upper lobe of caudal fin; seven branched rays in pectoral fin; 13 anal-fin rays with 9-10 branched; first basal radial inserted at the 13th vertebrae and eight branchiostegal rays. Laboratório de Ictiologia Setor de Zoologia Campus de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista IBB/UNESP Laboratório de Ictiologia Setor de Zoologia Campus de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista IBB/UNESP

Mastiglanis aff. asopos Brazil: Amazonas State: ANSP 196198, 1, 50.79 mm SL, Pur��s River, upstream from the confluence with the Amazon River, Beruri. ANSP 196199, 1, 32.2���34.2 mm SL, Amazonas River, upstream from the Pur��s River mouth, Anori. MCP 24207, 1, 47.2 mm SL, Amazon River between Madeira River mouth and Itacoatiara, Itacoatiaria. MCP 24468, 1, 49.1 mm SL, Amazon River, 30 km upstream from Itacoatiara, Itacoatiara. Mato Grosso State: ANSP 187247, 99, 22.9���33.7 mm SL, tributary of Cristalino River, Araguaia River, 42 km northwest from Cocalinho, MT-326 road, Corixao do Meio. MCP 33060, 1, 28.8 mm SL, arroyo Tatu, MT-423 road to a 14 km west from Cl��udia, Cl��udia. MCP 33692, 1, 38.7 mm SL, Ferro River, road between Novo Mato Grosso and Nova Ubirat��, 25 km to southwest from Novo Mato Grosso, Nova Ubirat��. MCP 40305, 1, 34.3 mm SL, Tr��s stream, 30 km to south from Posto da Mata, BR 158 between Posto da Mata and Al�� Brasil, Posto da Mata. Par�� State: ANSP 194592, 2, 25.5���30.1 mm SL, Bacaj��i River, upstream from the confluence with Xingu River, Altamira. ANSP 198692, 4, 23.6���34.7 mm SL, Xingu River, Boa Esperan��a, 40 km southwest from Altamira, Altamira. ANSP 198739, 30, 25.8���47.6 mm SL, Xingu River, 45 km southwest from Altamira, Altamira. ANSP 198795, 2, 24.6���35.6 mm SL, Bacaja�� River, tributary to Xingu River, Altamira. ANSP 199569, 4, 29.5���39.2 mm SL, Xingu River, 44 km south-west from Altamira, Altamira. ANSP 199648, 2 25.1���31.3 mm SL, Iriri River, 8 km upstream from the confluence with the Xingu River, Altamira. MCP 26882, 1, 40.5 mm SL, Igarap�� S��o Joaquim, road between S��o Domingos do Capim and Bel��m-Bras��lia (BR 010), tributary of Guam�� River, S��o Domingos Capim. MCP 51554, 1, 52.9 mm SL, Amazon River, Sitio Pajau, Santar��m. ROM 103716, 1, 35.0 mm SL, Iriri River, tributary of Xingu River, Uruar��. ROM 103743, 14, 20.4���26.7 mm SL, r��o Iriri, tributary from Xingu River, Uruar��. Rond��nia State: MCP 35970, 60, 22.0��� 46.8 mm SL, Igarap�� S/N, tributary of Madeira River, BR-364 road, 51 km southwest from, Jaci Paran��. Guyana: Potaro-Siparuni Region: ANSP 175773, 1, 45.0 mm SL, pool isolate to 40 minutes from the main channel from Essequibo River, 15 minutes upstream from Maipuri camp, Siparuni VIII-2. ANSP 175774, 2, 34.9���35.9 mm SL, Essequibo River, 1.5 hours upstream from Maipuri camp. ANSP 177253, 4, 26.1���56.8 mm SL, Essequibo River, Essequibo. ROM 91460, 3, 28.7���45.6 mm SL, Imbaima stream, Potaro River, Essequibo River basin. ROM 91488, 1, 25.4 mm SL, Little Wailang stream, Potaro River, Essequibo River basin. ROM 97143, 1, 23.7 mm SL, Konawaruk River, Konawaruk-Essequibo River basin. ROM 97198, 1, 36.9 mm SL, Konawaruk River, Konawaruk-Essequibo River basin. Alto Demerara-Berbice Region: ANSP 177251, 17, 21.3���60.5 mm SL, Burro Burro River, Deer stream upstream from Dogs falls, Demerara. ANSP 179730, 2, 24.7���38.8 mm SL, Essequibo River, Kurukupari. Alto Takutu-Alto, Essequibo River: ANSP 179731, 1, 57.9 mm LE, Ireng River, Takutu-Branco-Negro River basin, 6.9 km southwest from Karasabai village. ANSP 179732, 25, 26.6���53.7 mm SL, Rupununi River, Kwatamang, 4 km southeast from Annai. ANSP 179733, 7, 36.9���66.8 mm SL, Takutu River, Negro River, 2.75 km west from Saint Ignatius. ANSP 179734, 1, 52.0 mm SL, Ireng River, Takutu-Branco-Negro River basin, 6.9 km southwest from Karasabai village. ANSP 179735, 7, 33.5���64.0 mm SL, Rupununi River, Karanambo ranch. ANSP 180748, 5, 29.6���50.5 mm SL, Araquai stream, Rupununi River, 77.3 km southeast from Lethem. ANSP 180950, 2, 31.1���31.6 mm SL, Takutu River, Branco-Negro River basin, 3.77 km southwest from Lethem. ANSP 197720, 2, 32.8���33.3 mm SL, Manari River, Takutu-Branco River basin, 10.2 km northeast from Lethem. ANSP 202247, 14, 36.4���66.7 mm SL, Takutu River, Branco-Negro River basin, 3.77 km southeast from Lethem. Cuyuni-Mazaruni Region, Essequibo River basin: ROM 69508, 3, 27.0��� 38.3 mm SL, Mazaruni River. ROM 84034, 1, 25.6 mm SL, Semang River, Mazaruni River. ROM 84078, 1, 41.8 mm SL, Mazaruni River. ROM 86202, 26, 23.6���35.7 mm SL, Rupununi River. ROM 86402, 9, 28.8���54.3 mm SL, Rupununi River. ROM 97623, 7, 23.7���36.6 mm SL, Eping stream, Mazaruni River. ROM 97654, 2, 24.7���36.4 mm SL, Mazaruni River. ROM 101655, 3, 34.1���34.7 mm SL, Mazaruni River. ROM 101765, 11, 25.3���43.1 mm SL, Mazaruni River. ROM 101798, 47, 25.7���44.9 mm SL, Ku-rupung River, tributary of Mazaruni River. ROM 101878, 1, 40.8 mm SL, Kurupung River, tributary of Mazaruni River. ROM 101900, 4, 27.0��� 38.1 mm SL, Mazaruni River. ROM 102059, 1, 26.5 mm SL, Mazaruni River. ROM 102095, 16, 26.9���40.7 mm SL, Mazaruni River. ROM 102141, 1, 39.0 mm SL, Meamu stream, Mazaruni River. ROM 102183, 3, 26.7���40.6 mm SL, Eping stream, Mazaruni River. Venezuela: Bol��var State: ANSP 160405, 1, 43.1 mm SL, Orinoco River confluence with Caura River, near to Puerto Las Majadas. ANSP 166955, 1, 41.0 mm SL, ca��o Chuapor��o confluence with Caura River, Caura River. ANSP 166956, 2, 42.2���47.2 mm SL, Caura River, 1/ 2 miles upstream from Jabillal. ANSP 166958, 4, 34.6���41.7 mm SL, Nichare River, La Raya beach, 15-20 minutes upstream from the confluence with the Caura River. Amazonas State: Orinoco River basin: ANSP 160629, 134, 28.7���55.3 mm SL, Sipapo River, 3-4 km upstream from Pendare. ANSP 182259, 2, 50.4���54.1 mm SL, Ventuari River, beach in Picua village, 34 km from Macuruco, 104 km to east from San Fernando de Atabapo. ANSP 182653, 1, 32.0 mm SL, Manapiare River, Ventuari River, 20 km northwest from San Juan de Manapiare. ANSP 182789, 3, 39.8���46.6 mm SL, Manapiare River, Ventuari River, 10 km northwest from San Juan de Manapiare. ANSP 182973, 1, 31.8 mm SL, Manapiare River, Ventuari River, 17 km northwest from San Juan de Manapiare. ANSP 191332, 1, 50.8 mm SL, Ventuari River, upstream from the end of the extensive rocky rapid, 1 km upstream from Salto Tencua, 227 km southeast from Puerto Ayacucho, Manapiare. ANSP 191406, 2, 32.1���32.7 mm SL, ca��o Parhuella, upstream from bridge of Ruta 12 road, 35 km northeast from Puerto Ayacucho, Atures. ANSP 202203, 2, 41.4���56.5 mm SL, Cataniapo River, bridge main crossing and down-stream from confluence with Orinoco River, 5.6 km south from Puerto Ayacucho. ANSP 206024, 1, 28.3 mm SL, Guapuchi River, Ventuari River, 105.5 km to east from San Fernando de Atabapo. ROM 94413, 3, 40.3���46.3 mm SL, Cataniapo River., Published as part of Faustino-Fuster, Dario R. & Ortega, Hern��n, 2020, A new species of Mastiglanis Bockmann 1994 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from the Amazon River basin, Peru, pp. 323-336 in Zootaxa 4820 (2) on pages 334-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4397729

Mastiglanis yaguas, new species (Figures 1 A���C, 2, 3, 4; Table 1) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F33BDFEC-872C-45D0-BCF8-700D28CDC999 Mastiglanis sp.: Hidalgo & Ortega-Lara, 2011: 98, 103, 106, 221, 227, 229, 324 (species list). Mastiglanis sp1.: Faustino-Fuster, 2019: 11���17, Table 1. Fig.: 1���7 (taxonomic revision). Mastiglanis sp5.: Almeida, 2019: 71���75. Fig. 22 (taxonomic revision). Holotype. MUSM 66612, 49.1 mm SL. Peru, Loreto Department, Putumayo Province, Yaguas District, Putumayo River basin, Yaguas River, 2��43���5.31���S; 70��31���42.12���W, 29 November 2010, M. Hidalgo & A. Ortega-Lara. Paratypes. All from Peru: Nanay Province, Iquitos District, Nanay River: ANSP 167653, 1, 43.1 mm SL, beach downstream from Nina Rumi community, 3��44���0.00���S; 73��19���60.00���W, 8 September 1990, Dan & Pat Fromm; ANSP 167654, 1, 37.9 mm SL, beach downstream from Nina Rumi community, 3��44���0.00���S; 73��19���60.00���W, 8 Sep. 1990, Dan & Pat Fromm; ANPS 167715, 5, 30.3���37.2 mm SL, beach downstream from Minchana community, 3��53'0.00"S; 73��27'0.00"W, 10 September. 1990, Dan & Pat Fromm; ANSP 178449, 7, 37.0��� 55.4 mm SL, beach in Pampachica, 3��45'9.00"S; 73��16'60.00"N, 2 August 2001, M. Sabaj, M. Littmann, N. Lovejoy, C. Skelton, K. Elkin, M. Thomas & J. Stewart; ANSP 180407, 20, 37.5���52.7 mm SL, beach upstream from Santa Clara community, 3��46'45.00"S; 73��22'6.00"W, 14 August 2003, M. Sabaj, N. Salcedo & B. Sidlauskas; ANSP 181127, 6, 40.0��� 43.4 mm SL, beach in Pampachica, 3��45'9.00"S; 73��16'60.00"N, 21 August 2005, M. Sabaj & C. P��rez; ANSP 182474, 7, 38.6���47.7 mm SL, beach in Pampachica, 3��45'9.00"S; 73��16'60.00"N, 7 Aug. 2005, M. Sabaj, C. Perez, M. Arce & A. Bullard; ANSP 182565, 1, 41.7 mm SL, beach in Pampachica, 3��45'9.00"S; 73��16'60.00"N, 3 August 2005, M. Sabaj, C. P��rez, A. Bullard, C. DoNascimiento, O. Castillo, S. Snyder; ANSP 182750, 1, 46.8 mm SL, beach upstream from confluence with the Amazonas River, 3��42'49.00"S; 73��16'43.00"W, 15 August 2005, M. Sabaj, C. DoNascimiento & O. Castillo; ANSP 191830, 5, 29.7���46.6 mm SL, beach upstream from Pampachica, 3��45'10.00"S; 73��16'60.00"W, 6 August 2010, M. Sabaj, B. Sidlauskas, C. Phillips, J. Tiemann & E. Correa. Loreto Department, Putumayo Province, Yaguas District: FMNH 140321, 3 (all xr), 41.5���47.1 mm SL; MCP 54155, 1, 43.3 mm SL; MUSM 61686, 5 (1 c&s), 42.7���51.3 mm SL; UFRGS 27250, 1, 38.0 mm SL, collected with the holotype. MUSM 61545, 1, 38.2 mm SL, Yaguas River, 2��43���5.31���S; 70��31���42.12���W, 27 November 2010, M. Hidalgo & A. Ortega-Lara. Diagnosis. Mastiglanis yaguas differs from all its congeners by having eight branched anal-fin rays (vs. seven), longer pelvic fin, exceeding the origin of the adipose fin (21.2���26.1% SL) (vs. not exceeding the adipose-fin origin 17.7���19.1% SL in M. asopos and 16.0���18.4 % SL in M. durantoni), 39 vertebrae (vs. 37���38 vertebrae in M. asopos and 38 in M. durantoni), anterior process on posteriormost neural spines (vs. lacking of anterior process), process at symphysial region of premaxilla absent (vs. present), posterior fontanel two times wider than anterior fontanel (vs. one and a half), anterior process of premaxilla short (vs. long). Additionally M. yaguas is differentiated from M. asopos by having more epibranchial gill rakers (2 vs. 0), more ceratobranchial gill rakers (13 vs. 11), slender body (body width 12.9���14.9% SL vs. 15.6���17.2% SL), deeper head (59.5���67.9% HL vs. 38.5���47.8% HL), narrow head (44.7���50.9% HL vs. 57.9���70.9% HL), wider interorbital distance (30.3���36.4% HL vs. 22.3���24.6% HL), larger eye (21.4���24.7% HL vs. 18.6���20.5% HL), and wider posterior inter-narial distance (10.3���14.2% HL vs. 7.7���9.1% HL). Description: Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Body slightly elongated, elliptical in anterior cross section at level of dorsal-fin origin, then gradually compressed along caudal peduncle (Figure 1). Dorsal profile of body more convex than ventral profile; dorsal profile convex from snout tip to last dorsal-fin ray; almost straight from last dorsal-fin ray to adipose-fin origin, and slightly convex from adipose-fin origin to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile of head slightly convex from snout tip to gill opening. Ventral profile of body slightly convex from gill opening to pelvic-fin origin, nearly straight from pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin, and slightly convex to caudal peduncle. Anus and urogenital pore close to each other. Head short, narrow, depressed, and trapezoidal in dorsal view (Figure 1B). Anterior nostril near to upper lip and posterior nostril slightly closer to anterior edge of eye than to anterior nostril. Distance between anterior nostrils greater than distance between posterior nostrils, nostrils arranged as vertices of trapezoid. Mouth subterminal, with snout projected beyond lower jaw. Barbels very long, tapering distally. Maxillary barbel origin dorsally to upper lip and lateral to anterior nostrils, reaching half of adipose fin when adpressed along body axis. Mental barbel origin between anterior edge of lower jaw and gular fold. Outer mental barbel longer than inner mental barbel, tip reaching pelvic-fin origin when adpressed along body axis. Inner mental barbel origin closer to gular fold, tip surpassing pectoral-fin origin when adpressed along body axis. Eye large; horizontally elliptical; slightly anterior at midpoint between tip of snout and edge of opercular membrane; dorsal region slightly covered by skin, lens visible and pupil rounded. Branchiostegal rays seven (1). Gill rakers on first ceratobranchial 13 (1) (including one on angle formed with epibranchial), and two (1) on first epibranchial. Dorsal fin with i+6 (11) rays; triangular; first dorsal-fin ray unbranched, with stiffened proximal region, approximately as long as first branched ray, and distal region soft and long, surpassing half-length of adipose fin when adpressed; followed by six branched rays; dorsal-fin origin anterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. First pterygiophore of dorsal fin inserted between bifid neural spines of vertebrae 6���7 (4). Pectoral fin with i+9 (11) rays; triangular; proximal region of first ray stiffened, approximately as long as first branched ray, distal region soft and filamentous, reaching vertical through half-length of adipose fin when adpressed; second ray of pectoral fin (first branched ray) almost as long as third ray (second branched ray) followed by branched rays decreasing moderately in length. Pelvic fin with i+5 (11) rays; rounded distal margin; first pelvic-fin ray, completely flexible and slightly shorter than second and third rays (first and second branched rays, respectively); origin of pelvic-fin anterior to vertical through half-length of body standard length, and between the verticals through fourth and fifth dorsal-fin branched rays; tip of adpressed pelvic-fin reaching vertical through anal-fin origin. Anal fin with iii+8 (11) rays (Figure 6 A���B); triangular in lateral profile; short (9.5���11.9% of SL). Anal-fin base origin anterior to vertical through adipose-fin origin, and reaching the vertical through half-length of adipose-fin when adpressed. First pterygiophore of anal-fin inserted between hemal spines of vertebrae 22���23 (3) or 23���24 (1). Adipose fin slightly long (21.6���27.1 % of SL), convex in lateral profile; distance from last dorsal-fin ray to adi-pose-fin origin shorter than adipose-fin base length. Adipose-fin origin posterior to vertical through body midpoint (excluding caudal fin), posterior region of adipose fin slightly posterior to vertical through anal-fin tip. Caudal fin bifurcated, dorsal and ventral lobes of same size. Dorsal caudal-fin lobe with seven (11) branched rays; ventral caudal-fin lobe with eight (11) branched rays. Caudal fin with 45 total rays; with 22 (1) rays on dorsal lobe and 23 (1) rays on ventral lobe. Dorsal caudal plate (hypurals 3, 4 and 5) with eight (4) rays; ventral caudal plate (parhypural plus hypurals 1 and 2) with nine (4) rays (Figure 4). Total vertebrae 39 (4). First complete hemal spine on vertebra 14 (4). 13 (4) pre-caudal vertebrae (including five vertebrae of Weberian apparatus) followed by 26 (4) caudal vertebrae. Posteriormost vertebrae 6���9 with anterior neural process; and last 2���3 vertebrae (except on pu1 + u1) with anterior hemal process (Figure 4). Six (1) or seven (3) ribs. Laterosensory canals of head with simple tubes ending in single pores. Supraorbital canal with seven branches: s1, s2, s3, s4, s6, s7 and s8; each one opening into its own pore, except branch s2 (fused with i2 into complex s2+i2 pore). Infraorbital canal with six branches i1, i2, i3, i4, i5 and i6; each one opening into its own pore, except branch i2 (fused with branch s2 into complex s2 + i2 pore). Preoperculomandibular canal with 10 branches; pm1, pm2, pm3, pm4, pm5, pm7, pm8, pm9, pm10 and pm11, all opening into its own pore except branch pm11, fused with branch po1 (into complex po1 + pm11 pore). Postotic canal with three branches; po1, po2 and po3, each one opening into its own pore except branch po1 (po1 + pm11 pore). Lateral line complete and continue until caudal fin base. Color in alcohol. Body overall pale cream, with dark brown chromatophores distributed indistinctly on lateral region of body and head; ventral surface unpigmented (Figure 1). Narrow and indistinct lateral strip, dark brown, clearer on posterior region, extending from adipose-fin origin to caudal-fin base. Dorsal region with six conspicuous blotches of dark brown chromatophores: first posterior to supraoccipital process, second anterior to dorsal-fin origin, third posterior to last dorsal-fin ray, fourth between last dorsal-fin ray and adipose-fin origin, fifth at adipose-fin origin, and sixth located at end of adipose-fin base. Dorsal surface of head (supraoccipital) covered with dark brown chromatophores fading laterally, and ventral surface pale. Maxillary barbel, outer mental barbel, and inner mental barbel slightly pigmented with dark brown chromatophores dorsally; and unpigmented ventrally. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal-fin rays lightly pigmented with light brown chromatophores, inter-radial membranes hyaline. Adipose fin with dark brown chromatophores irregularly distributed, more concentrated at proximal region than distal region (hyaline). Geographic distribution. Mastiglanis yaguas is distributed in the Yaguas River, tributary of the Putumayo river basin, and in the Nanay River tributary of the western Amazon River; in Putumayo and Maynas provinces, Loreto department, Peru, Upper Amazon basin. (Figure 5). Etymology. The species name, yaguas, is in reference to the Yaguas National Park (Parque Nacional Yaguas) in northeastern Peru; created recently as a conservation area to protect the flora and fauna, and the hidden Amazon biodiversity. The name is treated as a noun in apposition., Published as part of Faustino-Fuster, Dario R. & Ortega, Hern��n, 2020, A new species of Mastiglanis Bockmann 1994 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from the Amazon River basin, Peru, pp. 323-336 in Zootaxa 4820 (2) on pages 325-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4397729, {"references":["Hidalgo, M. H. & Ortega-Lara, A. (2011) Fishes. In: Pitman, N., Vriesendorp, C., Moskovits, D., von May, R., Alvira, D., Wachter, T., Stotz, D. F. & del Campo, A., (Eds.), Peru: Yaguas-Cotuhe. Rapid Biological and Social Inventories Report 23. The Field Museum, Chicago, The Field Museum, Chicago, pp. 98 - 108 + 221 - 230 + 308 - 329.","Almeida, M. A. (2019) Revisao taxonomica e descricao da musculatura cefalica do genero Mastiglanis Bockmann, 1994 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae). Unpublished MSc Dissertation, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 130 pp.","Bockmann, F. A. (1994) Description of Mastiglanis asopos, a new pimelodid catfish from northern Brazil, with comments on phylogenetic relationships inside the subfamily Rhamdiinae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 107 (4), 760 - 777."]}

Mastiglanis is a genus of heptapterid catfish represented by two valid species. These freshwater species are widely distributed along the Amazon, Orinoco, and Maroni River basins. However, a taxonomic review of specimens collected in the Putumayo and Nanay rivers, Amazon River basin in Peru revealed a new species of Mastiglanis. A morphological analysis was completed for morphometric (36 measurements) and meristic (20 counts) data. Osteological counts and descriptions were made from clear and stained specimens and x-rays images. The new species of Mastiglanis differs from M. asopos and M. durantoni by having a long pelvic fin, short snout, eight branched anal-fin rays, and a higher number of vertebrae and gill rakers. The distribution of the new species is restricted to the upper Amazon River basin.

Mastiglanis aff. durantoni Surinam: ANSP 189106, 2, 40.8-55.2 mm SL, Litanie River, confluence with Marowini River, upstream from Konya Kondre, Sipalawini., Published as part of Faustino-Fuster, Dario R. & Ortega, Hern��n, 2020, A new species of Mastiglanis Bockmann 1994 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from the Amazon River basin, Peru, pp. 323-336 in Zootaxa 4820 (2) on page 335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4397729

A new species of Pimelodella is described from western Andean tributaries of the Orinoco River basin. The new species differs from all congeners by a unique set of characters that includes long maxillary barbel, surpassing the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin; relatively short adipose fin (32.8–36.4 of SL); 40–42 total vertebrae; posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine with 12–18 retrorse dentations along basal two thirds; laterosensory canal foramina of dentary and preopercle large and externally conspicuous; a brown faint and narrow midlateral stripe extending from the pseudotympanum, fading posteriorly along the caudal peduncle, and ending as a spot at the caudal-fin base; and dorsal-fin base darkly pigmented, from spinelet to posteriormost interradial membrane. Taxonomic status of P. pallida and presence of P. cruxenti in Colombia are also discussed.

Cortés-Hernández, Miguel Ángel, Donascimiento, Carlos, Ramírez-Gil, Hernando (2020): A new species of Pimelodella Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from the Orinoco River basin. Zootaxa 4808 (3): 491-506, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4808.3.5