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Abstract Background From June to November 2005, 18 cases of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease (LD) were reported in Rapid City South Dakota. We conducted epidemiologic and environmental investigations to identify the source of the outbreak. Methods We conducted a case-control study that included the first 13 cases and 52 controls randomly selected from emergency department records and matched on underlying illness. We collected information about activities of case-patients and controls during the 14 days before symptom onset. Environmental samples (n = 291) were cultured for Legionella. Clinical and environmental isolates were compared using monoclonal antibody subtyping and sequence based typing (SBT). Results Case-patients were significantly more likely than controls to have passed through several city areas that contained or were adjacent to areas with cooling towers positive for Legionella. Six of 11 case-patients (matched odds ratio (mOR) 32.7, 95% CI 4.7-∞) reported eating in Restaurant A versus 0 controls. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from four clinical specimens: 3 were Benidorm type strains and 1 was a Denver type strain. Legionella were identified from several environmental sites including 24 (56%) of 43 cooling towers tested, but only one site, a small decorative fountain in Restaurant A, contained Benidorm, the outbreak strain. Clinical and environmental Benidorm isolates had identical SBT patterns. Conclusion This is the first time that small fountain without obvious aerosol-generating capability has been implicated as the source of a LD outbreak. Removal of the fountain halted transmission.

This qualitative study follows the two questions, how the factor of the generation, an educator in training belongs to, influences his or her general concept of how sustainability-related lessons should be conducted and how the factor of living in groups influences this as well. For this interviews with 206 students were held and their own educational approaches monitored. In conclusion, this study has three major findings. The first is the attempt to define the difference between the concept of environmental education and environmental instruction, as being different approaches to the same subject, with the latter being less participative and effective, according to this study. The second is, that there is apparently a generational gap between the Generations X, Y, and Z, concerning their approach on this subject. Apparently Education for Sustainable Development is becoming more and more implemented, with each generation. Finally, in-house living in everyday situations can make change towards sustainability happen with students and learners, but the other way is possible to. Considering this, learning in a group in an everyday situation might be a new approach for teacher training in Education for Sustainable Development.

This case study addresses the issue of climate change denial among students in their first year of vocational education. It was possible to shake the belief that man-made climate change was not happening, through letting students measure the potential of natural forest vegetation and compare their findings with those gathered by their peers nine years earlier. The comparison revealed that old forests had turned into ecosystems, which were adapted for dryer warmer climates. For education for sustainable development, forest education and biology lessons offer the opportunity to establish a long term project, in which peer-to-peer-learning over generations of students is possible, with a high rate of acceptance of the results generated by the former students.

Feedback can rarely enhance learning unless it is used; however, few studies have examined individual differences in students' engagement with feedback. The present study explored: (1) the extent to which personality variables and achievement goal orientation are associated with students' self-reported use of feedback; and (2) whether beliefs about feedback (utility, accountability, self-efficacy, and volition to implement feedback) mediate these associations. Students aged 16-18 (N = 746) completed self-report measures assessing each of these constructs. Self-reported feedback use was greater among students who scored high in mastery approach goals, performance approach goals, and conscientiousness. Controlling for academic achievement (which correlated weakly with self-reported feedback use), all of these associations were mediated by self-efficacy, and a subset of the associations were also mediated by the perceived utility of feedback and volition to implement feedback. Supporting students to feel competent in using feedback should be a key priority for interventions.

Aim: To map existing evidence and identify gaps in the literature concerning psychosocial impacts of being nil by mouth (NBM) as an adult. Design: A scoping review of the literature was undertaken using JBI guidance. A protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (osf.io/43g9y). Reporting was guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR). Methods: A comprehensive search of six databases (CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS and Web of Science) was performed for studies published up to February 2023, with no restriction to study type. A scope of the grey literature was also undertaken. Two authors independently assessed eligibility and extracted data. Descriptive statistical analysis and narrative synthesis were used, and patient and public involvement included in funding discussions. Results: A total of 23 papers were included in the review, consisting of 14 primary studies (7 qualitative and 7 quantitative) and 9 grey literature. Both global psychological distress and distress specific to being NBM (thirst, missing food and drink) were reported. Caregivers also experience distress from their family member being NBM. Furthermore, social impacts were reported for both patient and caregiver, primarily social isolation and subsequent low mood. Conclusion: Furthermore, research is needed to understand the prevalence of this population, how best to measure psychosocial impacts and to explore whether (and how) psychosocial impacts change over time. Advancement in this area would enable better service development to optimize care for this patient group. What is known about this topic?: Eating and drinking provides more than nutrition and hydration.A wide range of conditions can lead to recommendations for no longer eating and drinking (nil by mouth).Being nil by mouth (NBM) for short periods such as pre‐operative fasting causes distress; however, little is understood about impact on longer‐term abstinence from eating and drinking. What this paper adds?: Psychosocial consequences of being nil by mouth (NBM)have been investigated by both quantitative and qualitative studies.Being NBM impacts both patients and caregivers in various psychosocial aspects, including distress and social isolation.Several gaps remain, however, regarding ways to measure psychosocial impact of being NBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El rolado produce cambios en las fracciones orgánicas, que alteran la actividad biológica y la quema posterior produce pérdidas de carbono orgánico y disminución de la actividad microbiana. El objetivo fue cuantificar los cambios producidos en las fracciones orgánicas y en la actividad microbiana de un suelo del Caldenal pampeano, luego de rolado selectivo con y sin quema controlada. Los tratamientos estudiados fueron: testigo arbustiva, testigo graminoso-herbácea, rolado arbustiva, rolado graminoso-herbácea, rolado quemado-arbustiva y roladoquemado graminoso-herbácea. Para cada tratamiento se seleccionaron seis sitios y en cada uno se tomó una muestra compuesta de los 2,5 cm superficiales. Se determinó: carbono orgánico total y en fracción gruesa y fina; nitrógeno total; actividad promedio y biomasa bacteriana. El rolado aumentó el carbono total, la fracción fina y el nitrógeno respecto del testigo. Luego de la quema el carbono total y la fracción fina disminuyeron hasta no presentar diferencias con el testigo. La relación C:N disminuyó hasta valores menores al testigo luego de la quema. El rolado aumentó la respiración edáfica respecto del testigo y luego de la quema disminuyó hasta valores similares al testigo. La actividad deshidrogenasa y la respiración inducida por sustrato disminuyeron luego de la quema hasta valores significativamente menores al testigo. El rolado acumuló biomasa vegetal y generó un microambiente favorable para la actividad microbiana y la transformación de los residuos. La combustión de la materia orgánica ocasionó pérdidas de carbono total, donde la fracción fina fue la única afectada y disminuyó la actividad microbiana, especialmente en el suelo bajo combustible grueso. El rolado selectivo produjo cambios favorables en los parámetros estudiados y la quema en las condiciones realizada no produjo cambios negativos. Podría recomendarse la aplicación de estos manejos en suelos del Caldenal pero esta recomendación es parcial ya que es necesario un estudio integral de dicho ecosistema.

The following text was originally presented at the 2018 Institute of General Semantics Symposium at the Princeton Club in New York City. The work is an attempt to bring current [...]