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One new bithiophene derivative, 5-(but-3-en-1-yn-1-yl)-5′-(methoxymethyl)-2,2′-bithiophene (1), along with twelve known compounds, senecioester (2), tiglinsaureester (3), 5-acetoxymethyl-2′-(but-3-en-1-yn-1-yl)-2,5′-bithiophene (4), 5-(4-isovaleroyloxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2′-bithiophene (5), 5-hydroxymethyl-(2,5′:2′,5′′)-terthienyl tiglate (6), 5-hydroxymethyl-(2,5′:2′,5′′)-terthienyl agelate (7), 5- hydroxymethyl-2,5′:2′,5′′-terthiophene dimethylacrylate (8), 5-methoxymethyl-2,2′:5′,2′′-terthiophene (9), α-terthiophene (10), 1,3,8,9-tetrahydroxycoumestan 3-sulfate (11), demethylwedelolactone (12), and wedelolactone (13) were isolated from the methanol extract of aerial parts of Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. All isolated compounds were evaluated for the protective ability on the HepG2 cells. At the concentration of 100 μM, compounds 11-13 showed the highest hepatoprotective effects, with HepG2 cell viability ranging from 38.68% to 48.54%. Bithiophenes showed higher hepatoprotective cell viability than terthiophenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lemon balm postdistillation waste extracts are abundant source of rosmarinic acid. • Antioxidant, antibacterial and anticholinesterase effects are pronounced. • Deodorized lemon balm leaves extracts possess the hepatoprotective effect. • Herbal-drug interaction with midazolam was recorded in rotarod performace test. • Lemon balm leaves extract reduce the levels of anxiety in experimental animals. Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae (lemon balm) leaves, essential oil and extracts have a long tradition of use. This aromatic plant is cultivated worldwide and there is a growing demand for its mass production. The aim of this study was to chemically characterize lemon balm postdistillation waste such are deodorized leaves, decoction remaining after the hydrodistillation of essential oil and stems and to determine whether waste extracts possess pharmacological activities comparable to standard lemon balm extract. The potential usage of postdistillation waste would be important for both ecological and economic reasons. Prepared waste extracts were chemically characterized regarding total phenolics and flavonoids and using high performance liquid chromatography for quantification of specific phenolic compounds. Antioxidant effect was examined ex vivo on liver homogenate of experimental animals. Pharmacodynamic studies included rotarod performance, tail suspension, elevated plus maze and novel object recognition tests and potential interactions between examined lemon balm extracts and midazolam, fluoxetine and diazepam. Rosmarinic acid was determined as a dominant compound in all investigated extracts ranging from 15.82 to 42.98 mg/g of dried extracts. Ex vivo , hepatoprotective effect of deodorized leaves extract was confirmed. Examined lemon balm extracts influenced the metabolism of midazolam without interacting with fluoxetine or diazepam, nor expressing the antidepressant effect or influencing the memory of treated animals. However, anxiolytic effect of lemon balm extracts was recorded. Postdistillation waste of lemon balm could be used as a potential source for pharmaceutical industry for the isolation of pharmacologically active compounds and production of herbal medicinal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatoprotection is a critical area for research due to limitations of synthetic drugs and their side effects in the treatment of liver diseases. Natural compounds, particularly those derived from herbs with hepatoprotective therapeutical potential are serving as a best alternative for the same indication. Cassia auriculata, used traditionally in Indian folk medicine, has having a promising pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective effects. Objectives: Present study aimed to evaluate using antioxidant activity to find out hepatoprotective compounds present in C. auriculata leaf extract and its solvent fractions through in vitro, in vivo experiments and LCMS analysis. Materials and Methods: The DPPH assay was employed to assess in vitro antioxidant activity, while cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective effects against H2O2-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cell lines were investigated. Furthermore, the hepatoprotective activity of the most active Column fraction was evaluated against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. LCMS analysis was utilized to identify bioactive compounds in the most active Column fraction and correlations between antioxidant activity and phenolic, tannin and flavonoid contents were also explored. Results: The findings of the present study suggest that most active Column fraction from C. auriculata possess significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, making them promising candidates for further investigation as potential therapeutic agents for liver diseases. Conclusion: This study aims to bridge the gap in understanding the correlation between antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of C. auriculata extract and its fractions through rigorous experimental investigations. Overall, the present study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of natural compounds in liver disease management, paving the way for further research and development in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new iridoid glycosides, piasezkiiosides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from aqueous extract of the whole plant of Rehmannia piasezkii. Their structures were established from the spectroscopic data, chemical transformation, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 exhibited weak hepatoprotective activity against APAP-induced HepG2 cell damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S. canadensis L. and S. virgaurea L. are the most common species of Solidago L. in Europe and with a long tradition of use in medicine for various therapeutic purposes: diseases of the urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, diabetes, allergies and antiseptic purposes. Therefore, the research of species of the Solidago genus, which have a rich content of natural BACs, and the development of new effective medicinal products of plant origin are relevant. The aim. The method of work is the phytochemical and pharmacological study of extracts of the Canadian goldenrod herb, obtained by ethanol solutions of various concentrations, for the innovative perspective of creating new medicines based on them with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were extracts of herb from Canadian goldenrod, obtained using purified water, 40 %, 70 % and 90 % ethanol. Phytochemical study of the extracts was performed by TLC and spectrophotometry. Study of acute toxicity, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity of extracts was carried out according to standard methods. Research results. A study of the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activity of extracts of herb from Canadian goldenrod obtained with different solvents. It was established that extracts of herb from Canadian goldenrod show anti-inflammatory activity. The most pronounced antiexudative activity is shown by the extract of the Canadian goldenrod herb (extractant - 40 % ethanol), reducing the degree of swelling by 24.77 %. Herb extracts from from Canadian goldenrod in acute toxic liver damage show moderate hepatoprotective activity, which is somewhat inferior to the comparative drug "Silibor". A more intense and effective effect on the hepatobiliary system was shown by the extract of the Canadian goldenrod herb (extractant - 40 % ethanol). Conclusions. The perspective of creation based on herb of Canadian goldenrod new drugs with hepatoprotective activity. The most promising substance turned out to be an extract of herb from Canadian goldenrod obtained with a 40 % ethanol solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To solve the problem of complex and safe pharmacological correction of metabolic disorders, including hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and liver lesions is currently very important. With this in mind, the new derivatives of cyanothioacetamide with a dihydropyridine framework, with a potential effect on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and the functioning of the liver are of great interest. Materials and Methods: To conduct an experiment, three samples were selected from an extensive library of new cyanothioacetamide derivatives, which, according to in silico studies, proved promising towards the positive effect on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as towards the protective effect on the liver. To study the compounds in vivo, metabolic disorders were simulated in Wistar rats by long -term alimentary and subsequent dexamethasone loads. The pharmacological efficacy of new compounds AZ-383, AZ-257, AZ-020 (administered in a dose of 1 mg/kg for 14 days) was assessed in comparison with metformin (300 mg/kg for 14 days) and vildagliptin (8 mg/kg for 14 days) by determining the biochemical indicators of blood (ALT, AST, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose), morphological and morphometric studies of the liver sections, and the study of immunohistochemical indicators of hepatocyte proliferation. The experimental results were statistically processed using the recognized methods of mathematical statistics. When processing the experimental data, the average arithmetic (AA) was determined. The statistical significance of the compared options was determined on the basis of the Student's t-test, with the critical value of the Student's t-test equal to 2.101 and the significance level a = 0.05. Results: The study shows that all the new compounds studied in the experiment - AZ-383, AZ-257, AZ-020 - have hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective properties, which manifested in the reduced levels of liver biochemical markers of blood, which had increased after simulating metabolic disorders, in the reduced concentration of total cholesterol and triglycerides in blood, in the normalization of liver microarchitecture, as well as in the proliferative activity of hepatocytes. Discussion: The hepatoprotective and hypolypidemic properties of the new derivatives of cyanothioacetamide with a dihydropyridine framework, which were determined while conducting the experiment, can be accounted for by their effects on the biotargets, identified for AZ-383, AZ-257, and AZ-020 in silico. According to the results, the most pronounced hepatoprotective activity was found in AZ-383 (intragastrically, 1 mg/kg for 14 days). The Ki-67 proliferation index under the influence of this compound was registered at the level of 1.48±0.03%, which exceeds this indicator in the control animals and proves a significant hepatoprotective activity of AZ-383. Conclusion: The results show good prospects and high efficacy of the new studied cyanothioacetamide derivatives, such as AZ-383, AZ-257, AZ-020 (in a dose of 1 mg/kg), in terms of comprehensive correction of metabolic disorders. Further study is needed for this class of compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new flavonolignan, sonyamandin (1), along with other known compounds was isolated from the aerial parts and seeds extracts of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) collected from Jordan. The known ones are ursolic acid (2), oleanolic acid (3), maslinic acid (4), oleic acid (5), β-sitosterol (6), β-, sitosteryl glucoside (7), apigenin (8), kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (9), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glycoside (10), isosylibin A (11), isosylibin B (12), and silybin B (13). The absolute stereochemistry of 1 was confirmed by 2D NMR and CD analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented material describes the results of the purposeful search for the novel hepatoprotective agents among synthetic sulfur-containing pteridines. The studied compounds were obtained using previously described synthetic procedures. SwissADME and ProTox-II services, as well as a docking study were used to predict the compounds` pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and toxicity. The effects of sulfur-containing pteridines on lipid peroxidation in vitro and GSH/GSSG levels in vivo were studied for evaluation of their hepatoprotective potential. In silico procedures allowed us to exclude the compounds with inappropriate ADME parameters and high predicted toxicity. Molecular docking of the obtained compounds towards the active site of CYP-enzyme allowed us to clarify the specifics of ligand-enzyme interactions and predict cytochrome-inhibiting activity of the studied agents. The antioxidant activity of the studied compounds was evaluated in vitro using the linoleic acid peroxidation model. It has been found that sulfur-containing pteridines inhibit the peroxidation of linoleic acid. The structure – antioxidant activity relationships were evaluated and discussed as well. Additionally, it has been estimated that antioxidant properties of the studied pteridines directly correlate with their hydrophilicity and number of functional groups with exchangeable proton in molecules. In vivo studies showed that some of the studied sulfur-containing pteridines reduced severity of the hepatotoxic effects caused by the administration of carbon tetrachloride. (3-(7-Hydroxy-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropteridin-6-yl)propanoyl)alanine has been identified as the most active hepatoprotective agent. The above mentioned compound significantly increases the content of GSH and decreases the level of GSSG compared with non-treated experimental pathology, which reliably affirms its hepatoprotective activity. The hepatoprotective activity of the studied compounds is likely associated with their ability to increase the level of GSH, inhibit lipid peroxidation and decrease prooxidant compounds levels. The obtained results attest the reasonability of further search for hepatoprotective agents among sulfur-containing pteridine derivatives.

Introduction: The present research describes the utilization of natural deep eutectic solvent in combination with ultrasound for the extraction of milk thistle polyphenols. The extracts obtained under different conditions were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activities and hepatoprotective activities in Albino mice (in vivo). Methods: The extraction parameters involving liquid-to-solid ratio (S/L), ethanol-to-natural deep eutectic solvent ratio (EtOH/DES), extraction time (t), and ultrasound treatment time were investigated and optimized to enhance the recovery of bioactives, their phenolic content, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and radical scavenging capacity (RSC). Results and discussions: The extraction of milk thistle polyphenols using glucose/citric acid (1:1)-based natural deep eutectic liquid coupled with ultrasound for 1.0min under an S/L of 6.2, EtOH/DES 9, and extraction time of 120.8min offered 35.89 ± 2.29 g/100 g of crude extracts, which were three-fold higher than that by conventional solvent extraction (CSE). Each gram of milk thistle extracts thus obtained comprised 377.93 ± 6.17mg GAE of TPC and exhibited 298.70 ± 3.06 μmol TEAC and 93.16 ± 0.58 percent inhibition of DPPH free radicals. In addition, the administration of milk thistle extracts obtained as given above at 25 mg/Kg body weight in Albino mice significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the liver function parameters at the end of treatment (7 days). Conclusion: Overall, it was observed that NaDES in combination with medium-level ultrasound energy (700 watt) might work as a sustainable choice to enhance the recovery of bioactive phenolics from milk thistle powder without compromising their antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is an efficient and eco-friendly technology that rapidly extracts valuable compounds from natural materials. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to determine the optimal extraction conditions for Gastrodiae Rhizoma using SWE (GRP-S). The optimum conditions were found to be 161 °C extraction temperature, 41 min extraction time, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1.55 mg/mL. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental yield of GRP-S was 66.32% ± 0.10% (n = 3), demonstrating a significant increase compared to hot water reflux extraction (HWE) in the extraction yield of polysaccharides. Characterization studies employing SEM, FT-IR, and HPAEC-PAD confirmed the differences between GRP-S and GRP-H (GRP obtained by HWE). Furthermore, both GRP-S and GRP-H exhibited a significant ability to protect HepG2 cells from ethanol-induced damage, with GRP-S showcasing a superior effect. The widespread adoption of SWE technology can lead to high GRP content in extracts and promote the green and sustainable development of natural products extraction processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is a well-known dietary source of high nutritional and therapeutic value due to its high content of bioactive phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids and flavonoids. In addition to polyphenolic compounds, beetroot is the richest source of betalains. These compounds impart beetroot a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and anti-depressant activities. Suitable extraction techniques and proper supplementations can enhance the contents of these bioactive compounds and bioactivities, respectively. The objective of the present review is to comprehensively address the bioactive compounds and quantitative analysis of their involvement in the biological activities of beetroot, as reported in the literature (2003–2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new polysaccharide (SPT1) was isolated from Sabia parviflora Wall. ex Roxb., and the structure was identified by GPC, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, SEM and AFM. The results showed that the average molecular weight (Mn) of SPT1 was 4.057 × 103 Da, and it was composed of α-glucose with a connection mode of 1→6. The SEM showed that the particle size of SPT1 was 1–200 μm and there were small gaps between the crystals. SPT1 was mainly spherical aggregates in AFM, each aggregate was 0.550–0.983 μm long, 1.059–2.275 μm wide and 208–450 nm high. Furthermore, its liver-protective and PTP1B inhibitory activities were evaluated, and the results showed that SPT1 exhibited moderate effects of liver-protective and PTP1B inhibitory activity. The above results provided experimental evidence for the folk application of S. parviflora in the treatment of hepatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the extraction of biomass-derived reducing sugars from sugarcane bagasse and their dehydration to fatty acids. The fatty acids were esterified to bioactive fatty acid esters using a catalyst. The contents of the active extracts were analyzed by spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, TGA, ED-XRF, and GC-MS). Applying in silico molecular modeling study, the compounds' possible bioactivity was examined. The compounds were explored for their hepatoprotective potential against selected targets: TNFa (PDB ID: 6MKB), TNF receptor (PDB ID: 1XU2), and GSH reductase (PDB ID: 2LV3). From the results of the docking analysis, compound A was identified to have a binding energy of - 6.4 kcal/mol, -5.4 kcal/mol, and -4.8 kcal/mol against the target proteins respectively. Assessed for their drug-likeness and bioavailability, all compounds were found to follow the Lipinski rule of five, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge criteria. None of the molecules violated more than one of Lipinski's rules of five. In this regard, the compounds showed good drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic scores, suggesting their potential to be highly bioavailable and active oral drugs with low toxicity. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the bioactive compounds can be used as hepatoprotective agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pericarp of Herpetospermum pedunculosum (HPP) has traditionally been used for treating jaundice and hepatitis. However, the specific hepatoprotective components and their safety/efficacy profiles remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize the total cucurbitacins (TCs) extracted from HPP and evaluate their hepatoprotective potential. As a reference, Hu-lu-su-pian (HLSP), a known hepatoprotective drug containing cucurbitacins, was used for comparison of chemical composition, effects, and safety. Molecular networking based on UHPLC-MS/MS identified cucurbitacin B, isocucurbitacin B, and cucurbitacin E as the major components in TCs, comprising 70.3%, 26.1%, and 3.6% as determined by RP-HPLC, respectively. TCs treatment significantly reversed CCl4-induced metabolic changes associated with liver damage in a dosedependent manner, impacting pathways including energy metabolism, oxidative stress and phenylalanine metabolism, and showed superior efficacy to HLSP. Safety evaluation also showed that TCs were safe, with higher LD50 and no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) values than HLSP. The median lethal dose (LD50) and NOAEL values of TCs were 36.21 and 15 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively, while the LD50 of HLSP was 14 mg/kg BW. In summary, TCs extracted from HPP demonstrated promising potential as a natural hepatoprotective agent, warranting further investigation into synergistic effects of individual cucurbitacin components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical composition is a critical factor for determining the efficacy of any traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and can be used as an indicator of commercial quality. To develop a new strategy for discovering potential quality markers (Q-markers) of TCM by integrating ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Q-extractive orbitrap/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Extractive Orbitrap/MS), chemometric analysis, and network pharmacology, using Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (S. chinensis) as an example. The chemical profiling of S. chinensis was performed using UPLC-Q-Extractive Orbitrap/MS, followed by identification of hepatoprotective Q-markers through a comprehensive understanding of chemometric analysis and virtual target prediction of network pharmacology. Six compounds were considered potent candidates for Q-markers, which were identified as schisandrol A (6), angeloylgomisin H (10), schisantherin A (17), schisantherin B (18), schisandrin A (23), and schisandrin C (26). All Q-markers exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity, as evidenced by in vitro experiments. Subsequently, a method for simultaneous quantification was established and employed to analyse seven batches of S. chinensis. Therefore, the integrated approach of UPLC-Q-Extractive Orbitrap/MS, chemometrics, and network pharmacology proved to be an effective strategy for the discovery of Q-markers that can assist in assessing the overall chemical consistency of samples and provide a basis for quality evaluation of the material basis of S. chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, three homogeneous fractions, PSP-N-b-1, PSP-N-b-2, and PSP-N-c-1, were obtained from an aqueous extract of Polygonatum using DEAE cellulose column chromatography, CL-6B agarose gel chromatography, and Sephadex G100 chromatography. Their monosaccharide compositions and molecular weights were analyzed. The results revealed that PSP-N-b-1, PSP-N-b-2, and PSP-N-c-1 are primarily composed of six monosaccharides: Man (mannose), GlcA (glucuronic acid), Rha (rhamnose), GalA (galacturonic acid), Glc (glucose), and Ara (arabinose), with molecular weights of 6.3 KDa, 5.78 KDa, and 3.45 KDa, respectively. Furthermore, we observed that Polygonatum polysaccharides exhibited protective effects against CCL4-induced liver damage in HepG2 cells in vitro, operating through both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Our research findings suggest that Polygonatum polysaccharides may emerge as a promising option in the development of hepatoprotective drugs or functional foods with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicinal plants standardization is more concerning for its regulatory aspects based on safety, quality, and efficacy. Nyctanthes arbor-tristris is an Indian-origin medicinal plant that is used for numerous acute and chronic diseases. Due to the lack of an ethnopharmacological perspective based on biomolecular mechanisms, this study is associated to explore quality-based standardization and biomolecular mechanism of Nyctanthes arbor-tristris phytochemicals as a therapeutic application regimen in liver disease and associated complications. Materials and Methods: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and iron chelating effect of prepared extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristris was examined for antioxidant effect. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (LC–MS) qualitative and quantitative analysis was conducted to unravel metabolites of Nyctanthes arbor-tristris. Network pharmacology as well as insilico docking analysis were performed to examine molecular interaction of ligands and targeted genes that regulate liver malfunction. Results: The results revealed that Nyctanthes arbor-tristris significantly (p < 0.05) scavenge DPPH free radicals and iron chelating effect and thus exhibited an antioxidant effect. HPTLC and LC–MS analysis showed several major and minor metabolites Nyctanthes arbor-tristris the content of naringenin, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid was found to be 1.662 ± 0.027, 4.411 ± 0.201, and 4.846 ± 0.154, respectively. Network pharmacology and insilico docking analysis revealed the multi-targeted therapeutic effect of metabolites identified in Nyctanthes arbor-tristris against liver disease and associated pathophysiology's via regulation in the expression of several genes such as nitric oxide synthase (NOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukins (ILs), toll-like receptors (TLRs) and serum aminotransferase. Conclusion: The study concludes that Nyctanthes arbor-tristris play a multi-mechanistic and therapeutic action against liver-associated distortion and functional inability against oxidative and inflammatory stress, hepatocytes fibrosis, and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical investigation on the aerial parts of Salvia deserta led to the isolation of eight new pentacyclic triterpenoids including three oleanane- (1 − 3) and five ursane-type (4 − 8) triterpenoids, whose structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculation. Weak immunosuppressive potency was observed for compounds 1, 2, and 4 − 8 via inhibiting the secretion of cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced macrophages RAW264.7 at 20 μM. In addition, compounds 1, 2, and 4 − 6 exhibited moderate protective activity on t-BHP-induced oxidative injury in HepG2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities is of the most concern in food safety and quality. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of 80% methanolic leaf extract of Annona senegalensis against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced toxicity in rats. A. senegalensis has shown to inhibit genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in vitro. The rats were divided into six groups including untreated control, aflatoxin B1 only (negative control); curcumin (positive control; 10 mg/kg); and three groups receiving different doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg) of A. senegalensis extract. The rats received treatment (with the exception of untreated group) for 7 days prior to intoxication with aflatoxin B1. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine were measured. Hepatic tissues were analysed for histological alterations. Administration of A. senegalensis extract demonstrated hepatoprotective effects against aflatoxin B1 -induced toxicity in vivo by significantly reducing the level of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and regenerating the hepatocytes. No significant changes were observed in the levels of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine for the AFB1 intoxicated group, curcumin+AFB1 and Annona senegalensis leaf extract (ASLE)+AFB1 (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]) treated groups. Annona senegalensis is a good candidate for hepatoprotective agents and thus its use in traditional medicine may at least in part be justified. Contribution: The plant extract investigated in this study can be used in animal health to protect the organism from toxicity caused by mycotoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to appraise extracts of Cleome simplicifolia (Cambess.) Hook. f. and Thomson leaves for chemical integrant and biological activities. In this study, different extracts of leaves were estimated for qualitative phytochemical screening, identification of functional groups, mineral content, and phyto-compounds and assessed for in vitro antioxidant and in vivo acute toxicity and hepatoprotective activity antagonistic toward paracetamol-intoxicated Wister albino rats. The results of the qualitative phytochemical assessment of the leaf extracts (acetone, methanol, and distilled water) exhibited the occurrence of useful metabolites. A Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the occurrence of O-H, N-H, C=C, S=O, C-O, C-N, C-Cl, and C-Br at 3367.14, 2920.79, 2850.32, 1631.04, 1384.59, 1168.64, 1063.78, 824.78, and 615.25 cm−1 wavelengths, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray showed the existence of carbon, oxygen, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, and calcium elements in the leaf, respectively. Thereafter, a gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis unveiled the diverse volatile compounds in the methanolic leaf extracts, namely n-Heptyl acrylate—18.87%, undecane—17.49%, 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-, (E)—11.40%, Neophytadiene—11.02%, n-Hexadecanoic acid—10.78%, Glafenin—10.09%, Decane—7.45%, Phytol—6.0%, Benzene, (1-methyldodecyl)—3.48%, and 4-Cyclohexyl-1-butanol—3.41%, respectively. An analysis of in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay of methanolic leaf extract revealed elevated levels of antioxidant ability at 20 (46.18%), 40 (53.83%), 60 (66.64%), 80 (74.03%), and 100 (85.05%) μg/mL. In addition, in vivo acute toxicity determination proved that the methanolic leaf extract was innocuous and caused no mortality at 72 mg, 78 mg, or 82 mg/kg b.wt. doses. The methanolic leaf extracts' in vivo hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol revealed significant efficacy at 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. via reduction of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and cholesterol (serum blood biochemical markers) followed by an enhancement in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione (liver antioxidants) with lipid peroxidation depletion compared with the normal group rats. From the investigated study, it was concluded that the C. simplicifolia leaf are a potential source for the isolation of biologically active phyto-compounds and have the ability to prevent liver damage by paracetamol induction, where the hepatic restoration ability is indexed to its in vivo and in vitro antioxidant ability, which might be the result of its chemical constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ampelopsis grossedentata is a valuable medicinal and edible plant, which is often used as a traditional tea by the Tujia people in China. A. grossedentata has numerous biological activities and is now widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. In this study, two new flavonoids (1–2) and seventeen known compounds (3–19) were isolated and identified from the dried stems and leaves of A. grossedentata. These isolated compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic data including mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All isolates were assessed for their α-glucosidase inhibitory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities, and their structure–activity relationships were further discussed. The results indicated that compound 1 exhibited effective inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, with an IC50 value of 0.21 μM. In addition, compounds 1–2 demonstrated not only potent antioxidant activities but also superior hepatoprotective properties. The findings of this study could serve as a reference for the development of A. grossedentata-derived products or drugs aimed at realizing their antidiabetic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe present research describes the utilization of natural deep eutectic solvent in combination with ultrasound for the extraction of milk thistle polyphenols. The extracts obtained under different conditions were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activities and hepatoprotective activities in Albino mice (in vivo).MethodsThe extraction parameters involving liquid-to-solid ratio (S/L), ethanol-to-natural deep eutectic solvent ratio (EtOH/DES), extraction time (t), and ultrasound treatment time were investigated and optimized to enhance the recovery of bioactives, their phenolic content, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and radical scavenging capacity (RSC).Results and discussionsThe extraction of milk thistle polyphenols using glucose/citric acid (1:1)-based natural deep eutectic liquid coupled with ultrasound for 1.0 min under an S/L of 6.2, EtOH/DES 9, and extraction time of 120.8 min offered 35.89 ± 2.29 g/100 g of crude extracts, which were three-fold higher than that by conventional solvent extraction (CSE). Each gram of milk thistle extracts thus obtained comprised 377.93 ± 6.17 mg GAE of TPC and exhibited 298.70 ± 3.06 μmol TEAC and 93.16 ± 0.58 percent inhibition of DPPH free radicals. In addition, the administration of milk thistle extracts obtained as given above at 25 mg/Kg body weight in Albino mice significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the liver function parameters at the end of treatment (7 days).ConclusionOverall, it was observed that NaDES in combination with medium-level ultrasound energy (700 watt) might work as a sustainable choice to enhance the recovery of bioactive phenolics from milk thistle powder without compromising their antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential.

Global aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities is of the most concern in food safety and quality. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of 80% methanolic leaf extract of Annona senegalensis against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced toxicity in rats. A. senegalensis has shown to inhibit genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in vitro. The rats were divided into six groups including untreated control, aflatoxin B1 only (negative control); curcumin (positive control; 10 mg/kg); and three groups receiving different doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg) of A. senegalensis extract. The rats received treatment (with the exception of untreated group) for 7 days prior to intoxication with aflatoxin B1. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine were measured. Hepatic tissues were analysed for histological alterations. Administration of A. senegalensis extract demonstrated hepatoprotective effects against aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in vivo by significantly reducing the level of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and regenerating the hepatocytes. No significant changes were observed in the levels of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine for the AFB1 intoxicated group, curcumin+AFB1 and Annona senegalensis leaf extract (ASLE)+AFB1 (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]) treated groups. Annona senegalensis is a good candidate for hepatoprotective agents and thus its use in traditional medicine may at least in part be justified. Contribution: The plant extract investigated in this study can be used in animal health to protect the organism from toxicity caused by mycotoxins.

In this study, a high-molecular-weight Pueraria lobata polysaccharide (PLP) with a molecular weight of 273.54 kDa was degraded by ultrasound, and the ultrasonic degradation kinetics, structural characteristics and hepatoprotective activity of ultrasonic degraded PLP fractions (PLPs) were evaluated. The results showed that the ultrasonic treatment significantly reduced the Mw and particle size of PLP, and the kinetic equation of ultrasonic degradation of PLP followed to the midpoint fracture model (the fist-order model). The monosaccharide composition analysis, FT-IR, triple helix structure and XRD analysis all indicated that the ultrasound degradation did not destroy the primary structure of PLP, but the thermal stability of degraded fractions improved. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that the surface morphology of PLP was altered from smooth, flat, compact large flaky structure to a sparse rod-like structure with sparse crosslinking (PLP-7). The degraded PLP fractions (0.5 mg/mL) with lower Mw exhibited better antioxidant activities and protective effects against palmitic acid-induced hepatic lipotoxicity, which may be due to the increased exposure of active groups such as hydroxyl groups of PLP after ultrasound. Further investigation showed that PLPs not only increased Nrf2 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation, thereby activating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, but also enhanced HO-1, NQO-1, γ-GCL gene expressions and promoted superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, which protected hepatocytes against PA-induced oxidative stress and lipotoxicity. Overall, our research might provide an in-depth insight into P. Lobata polysaccharide in ameliorating lipid metabolic disorders, and the results revealed that ultrasonic irradiation could be a promising degradation method to produce value-added polysaccharide for use in functional food.

Objectives: Liver damage is becoming a more severe problem around the world. Unfortunately, there is still a great need for clinically effective pharmacological therapy for liver injury. The investigation aimed to assess the favorable outcome of butin hepatoprotective efficacy against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-produced liver damage in experimental rats. Methods: A single dose of D-GalN 400 mg/kg b. wt. was injected intraperitoneally, 24 hr prior to scarification of rats to cause liver damage. The liver injury was assessed biochemically, investigating parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total-bilirubin, -albumin and -protein. Butin (25 and 50 mg/kg b. wt.) was managed for 21st days and at the end of the experimental period, normal control, D-GalN control, and butin treatment group rats for further biochemical as well as histopathological consideration. Results: Butin pretreatment significantly attenuated D-GalN-induced hepatocytes damage by reducing hepatic markers and its ability in attenuating oxidative damage (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and MPO. Histopathological assessment of the liver and biochemical estimation confirmed the hepatoprotective effects of butin. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that butin protects experimental rats against D-GalN-induced liver injury by modulating lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokine. Current research will give preliminary experimental evidence for butin, and possible therapeutic effects in liver disorders.

Background: Plant-based fermented foods rich in lactic acid bacterial metabolites, antioxidants, and phytochemicals, can promote recovery from ethanol-induced liver damage by restoring liver antioxidant levels and suppressing liver inflammation, and improving certain metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus. Methods: In the present study, the protective effects of nutraceutical-enriched lactic acid-fermented Amla beverage on chronic alcohol-induced biochemical modulations and diabetes in Wistar rats were investigated. Results: The hepatoprotective studies showed that the fermented beverage was able to reverse the damage caused to the liver with ethanol administration in terms of liver index, liver enzymes (AST, ALT), serum enzymes (g-GT), and serum TG, TCH, hepatic TG, LPO levels, antioxidants (GSH, TSOD, CAT, GSH-Px). Along similar lines, in the hypoglycemic studies, the fermented beverage evidently improved body weight, and fasting blood glucose levels, reducing fasting HbAlc levels, improving C-peptide and GLP-1 levels, and alleviating renal dysfunction and lipid metabolism compared with diabetic rats. All these outcomes were supported by histological observations within the liver and pancreas. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the consumption of fermented Amla beverage may have a protective effect against chronic alcohol-induced toxicity and diabetes. The effects of fermented Amla beverage may be attributed to antioxidant activity, flavonoids, bioactive compounds produced by LAB and their metabolites, which help to counteract free radicals induced by ethanol and in reducing glucagon levels, enhancing glucose utilization, leading to a decrease in blood glucose. The results show that fermented Amla beverage has positive effects in reducing the detrimental effect of alcohol and diabetes.

Liver fibrosis refers to a complex inflammatory response caused by multiple factors, which is a known cause of liver cirrhosis and even liver cancer. As a valuable medicine food homology herb, saffron has been widely used in the world. Saffron is commonly used in liver-related diseases and has rich therapeutic and health benefits. The therapeutic effect is satisfactory, but its mechanism is still unclear. In order to clarify these problems, we planned to determine the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of saffron extract in preventing and treating liver fibrosis through network pharmacology analysis combined with in vivo validation experiments. Through UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS analysis, a total of fifty-six nutrients and active ingredients were identified, and nine of them were screened to predict their therapeutic targets for liver fibrosis. Then, network pharmacology analysis was applied to identify 321 targets for saffron extract to alleviate liver fibrosis. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that the putative targets of saffron for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis are mainly involved in the calcium signaling pathway, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, endocrine resistance, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis, and the cAMP signaling pathway. Based on the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mice model, we experimentally confirmed that saffron extract can alleviate the severity and pathological changes during the progression of liver fibrosis. RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis confirmed that saffron treatment can prevent the CCl4-induced upregulation of HIF-1α, VEGFA, AKT, and PI3K, suggesting that saffron may regulate AKT/HIF-1α/VEGF and alleviate liver fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocimum sanctum L. (Tulsi; Family: libiaceae), also known as "The Queen of herbs" or "Holy Basil," is an omnipresent, multipurpose plant that has been used in folk medicine of many countries as a remedy against several pathological conditions, including anticancer, antidiabetic, cardio-protective, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and adaptogenic actions. This study aims to assess O. sanctum L.'s hepatoprotective potential against galactosamine-induced toxicity, as well as investigate bioactive compounds in each extract and identify serum metabolites. The extraction of O. sanctum L as per Ayurveda was simultaneously standardized and quantified for biochemical markers: rutin, ellagic acid, kaempferol, caffeic acid, quercetin, and epicatechin by HPTLC. Hepatotoxicity was induced albino adult rats by intra-peritoneal injection of galactosamine (400 mg/kg). The quantified hydroalcoholic and alcoholic extract of O. sanctum L (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day) were compared for evaluation of hepatoprotective potential, which were assessed in terms of reduction in histological damage, change in serum enzymes such as AST, ALT, ALP and increase TBARS. Twenty chemical constituents of serum metabolites of O. sanctum were identified and characterized based on matching recorded mass spectra by GC-MS with those obtained from the library-Wiley/NIST. We evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of various fractions of hydroalcoholic extracts based on the polarity and investigated the activity at each phase (hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) in vitro to determine how they affected the toxicity of CCL4 (40 mM) toward Chang liver cells. The ethyl acetate fraction of the selected plants had a higher hepatoprotective activity than the other fractions, so it was used in vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). The ethyl acetate fraction contains high amounts of rutin (0.34% w/w), ellagic acid (2.32% w/w), kaempferol (0.017% w/w), caffeic acid (0.005% w/w), quercetin (0.038% w/w), and epicatechin (0.057% w/w) which are responsible for hepatoprotection. In comparison to standard silymarin, isolated bioactive molecules displayed the most significant hepatoprotective activity in Chang liver cells treated to CCl4 toxicity. The significant high hepatoprotection provided by standard silymarin ranged from 77.6% at 100 µg/ml to 83.95% at 200 µg/ml, purified ellagic acid ranged from 70% at 100 µg/ml to 81.33% at 200 µg/ml, purified rutin ranged from 63.4% at 100 µg/ml to 76.34% at 200 µg/ml purified quercetin ranged from 54.33% at 100 µg/ml to 60.64% at 200 µg/ml, purified epicatechin ranged from 53.22% at 100 µg/ml to 65.6% at 200 µg/ml, and purified kaempferol ranged from 52.17% at 100 µg/ml to 60.34% at 200 µg/ml. These findings suggest that the bioactive compounds in O. sanctum L. have significant protective effects against galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, chrysin loaded bilosomes were formulated, characterized and evaluated to enhance the hepatoprotective activity of drug. Accordingly, chrysin loaded bilosomes were prepared by applying the thin film hydration method; also, fractional factorial design was used to optimize the production conditions of nanoformulations. The prepared formulations were subjected to different methods of characterization; then the hepatoprotective activity of the optimized one was evaluated in the CCl4 hepatointoxicated mice model. Optimized chrysin loaded bilosomes showed a spherical shape with a particle size of 232.97 ± 23 nm, the polydispersity index of 0.35 ± 0.01, the zeta potential of −44.5 ± 1.27 mv, the entrapment efficiency of 96.77 ± 0.18%, the drug loading % of 6.46 ± 0.01 and the release efficiency of 42.25 ± 1.04 during 48 h. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging assay demonstrated the superiority of the anti-oxidant potential of chrysin loaded bilosomes, as compared to pure chrysin. This was in agreement with histopathological investigations, showing significant improvement in serum hepatic biomarkers of CCl4 intoxicated mice treated with chrysin loaded bilosomes, as compared with free chrysin. These results, thus, showed the potential use of bilosomes to enhance the hepatoprotective activity of chrysin via oral administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated four Cerrado plant species, i.e., Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers) A.C.Sm, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., Hancornia speciosa Gomes, and Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne, against acetaminophen toxicity using an in vitro assay with HepG2 cells. The activity against acetaminophen toxicity was evaluated using different protocols, i.e., pre-treatment, co-treatment, and post-treatment of the cells with acetaminophen and the plant extracts. HepG2 cell viability after treatment with acetaminophen was 39.61 ± 5.59% of viable cells. In the pre-treatment protocol, the extracts could perform protection with viability ranging from 50.02 ± 15.24% to 78.75 ± 5.61%, approaching the positive control silymarin with 75.83 ± 5.52%. In the post-treatment protocol, all extracts and silymarin failed to reverse the acetaminophen damage. In the co-treatment protocol, the extracts showed protection ranging from 50.92 ± 11.14% to 68.50 ± 9.75%, and silymarin showed 77.87 ± 4.26%, demonstrating that the aqueous extracts of the species also do not increase the toxic effect of acetaminophen. This protection observed in cell viability was accompanied by a decrease in ROS. The extracts' hepatoprotection can be related to antioxidant compounds, such as rutin and mangiferin, identified using HPLC-DAD and UPLC-MS/MS. The extracts were shown to protect HepG2 cells against future APAP toxicity and may be candidates for supplements that could be used to prevent liver damage. In the concomitant treatment using the extracts with APAP, it was demonstrated that the extracts do not present a synergistic toxicity effect, with no occurrence of potentiation of toxicity. The extracts showed considerable cytoprotective effects and important antioxidant characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbs used medicinally are a gift from nature to humans, helping to maintain, enhance, and protect our health in important ways. The current study investigates the phytochemical composition, FTIR spectral analysis, and hepatoprotective properties of Distimake dissectus (Jacq.) A.R. Simões & Staples. It is commonly called as ''alamo vine'' belonging to family Convolvulaceae, is a perennial herb, weed and climber native to the United States and distributed across the globe. Traditionally, it is used to snakebite, urinary infection, sprains, cold and scabies chest problems, anti-asthmatic, anti- hyperglycemic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic. Following a qualitative phytochemical extraction with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol, along with a hot continuous and successive extraction through a Soxhlet extractor. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, and glycosides, among other compounds, additionally the quantification of phytochemical content demonstrated the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and proanthocyanins content. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis revealed various characteristic peak values with various functional groups hydroxyl group, alkane, nitrile, alkyne, ester, aromatic, alkene groups and etc., The hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract was evaluated using the MTT assay, showing concentration-dependent inhibition of cancer cells. The study sheds light on the therapeutic qualities of Distimake dissectus and provides beneficial insights for pharmacology and drug development research. The discovery of hepatoprotective plant-based compounds in these plants may pave the way for the creation of novel therapeutic hepatoprotective agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical composition is a critical factor for determining the efficacy of any traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and can be used as an indicator of commercial quality. To develop a new strategy for discovering potential quality markers (Q-markers) of TCM by integrating ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Q-extractive orbitrap/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Extractive Orbitrap/MS), chemometric analysis, and network pharmacology, using Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (S. chinensis) as an example. The chemical profiling of S. chinensis was performed using UPLC-Q-Extractive Orbitrap/MS, followed by identification of hepatoprotective Q-markers through a comprehensive understanding of chemometric analysis and virtual target prediction of network pharmacology. Six compounds were considered potent candidates for Q-markers, which were identified as schisandrol A (6), angeloylgomisin H (10), schisantherin A (17), schisantherin B (18), schisandrin A (23), and schisandrin C (26). All Q-markers exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity, as evidenced by in vitro experiments. Subsequently, a method for simultaneous quantification was established and employed to analyse seven batches of S. chinensis. Therefore, the integrated approach of UPLC-Q-Extractive Orbitrap/MS, chemometrics, and network pharmacology proved to be an effective strategy for the discovery of Q-markers that can assist in assessing the overall chemical consistency of samples and provide a basis for quality evaluation of the material basis of S. chinensis.

Objective: Response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction process of steroidal glycosides from Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight by complex enzymatic method, and its effects on alcohol dehydrogenase activity and human hepatoma cell HepG2 were analyzed. Methods: Four experimental factors; enzymolysis duration, temperature, compound enzyme dose and pH were used as responses to a single-factor experiment of the Response Surface Methodology on the steroidal glycoside yields, using perennial C. auriculatum as the target material. The alcohol-induced hepatocyte damage model of HepG2 was used to investigate the contents of ALT, LDH, and GSH and changes in cell shape. Results: The results show that the optimum extraction conditions of steroidal glycoside enzyme were obtained at an enzymolysis duration of 100 min, a temperature of 46 ℃, enzyme dose of 1.30% and pH of 5.0. Consequently, the actual extraction rate of （2.80±0.04）% was achieved using the optimized process conditions, which was close to the expected value. Compared with the model group, it significantly suppresses the growth of ALT and LDH while increasing the amount of intracellular GSH, and the cell damage was restored. Conclusion: The compound enzyme method can effectively extract the steroidal glycosides of Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight; steroidal glycosides of C. auriculatum have hepatoprotective effect.

Ocimum sanctum L. (Tulsi; Family: libiaceae), also known as “The Queen of herbs” or “Holy Basil,” is an omnipresent, multipurpose plant that has been used in folk medicine of many countries as a remedy against several pathological conditions, including anticancer, antidiabetic, cardio-protective, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and adaptogenic actions. This study aims to assess O. sanctum L.’s hepatoprotective potential against galactosamine-induced toxicity, as well as investigate bioactive compounds in each extract and identify serum metabolites. The extraction of O. sanctum L as per Ayurveda was simultaneously standardized and quantified for biochemical markers: rutin, ellagic acid, kaempferol, caffeic acid, quercetin, and epicatechin by HPTLC. Hepatotoxicity was induced albino adult rats by intra-peritoneal injection of galactosamine (400 mg/kg). The quantified hydroalcoholic and alcoholic extract of O. sanctum L (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day) were compared for evaluation of hepatoprotective potential, which were assessed in terms of reduction in histological damage, change in serum enzymes such as AST, ALT, ALP and increase TBARS. Twenty chemical constituents of serum metabolites of O. sanctum were identified and characterized based on matching recorded mass spectra by GC-MS with those obtained from the library-Wiley/NIST. We evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of various fractions of hydroalcoholic extracts based on the polarity and investigated the activity at each phase (hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) in vitro to determine how they affected the toxicity of CCL4 (40 mM) toward Chang liver cells. The ethyl acetate fraction of the selected plants had a higher hepatoprotective activity than the other fractions, so it was used in vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). The ethyl acetate fraction contains high amounts of rutin (0.34% w/w), ellagic acid (2.32% w/w), kaempferol (0.017% w/w), caffeic acid (0.005% w/w), quercetin (0.038% w/w), and epicatechin (0.057% w/w) which are responsible for hepatoprotection. In comparison to standard silymarin, isolated bioactive molecules displayed the most significant hepatoprotective activity in Chang liver cells treated to CCl4 toxicity. The significant high hepatoprotection provided by standard silymarin ranged from 77.6% at 100 μg/ml to 83.95% at 200 μg/ml, purified ellagic acid ranged from 70% at 100 μg/ml to 81.33% at 200 μg/ml, purified rutin ranged from 63.4% at 100 μg/ml to 76.34% at 200 μg/ml purified quercetin ranged from 54.33% at 100 μg/ml to 60.64% at 200 μg/ml, purified epicatechin ranged from 53.22% at 100 μg/ml to 65.6% at 200 μg/ml, and purified kaempferol ranged from 52.17% at 100 μg/ml to 60.34% at 200 μg/ml. These findings suggest that the bioactive compounds in O. sanctum L. have significant protective effects against galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity.

The present study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and hepatoprotective efficacy of watercress extract against liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 (0.8 mL/kg, i.p) in an in vivo rat model. Four groups were included, each with five animals (n = 5): 1) Intact, 2) CCl4-induced for 4 weeks, 3) CCl4-induced for 8 weeks, and 4) CCl4-induced for 4 weeks followed by watercress extract treatment (600 mg/kg/day) until week 8. Tissue samples were analyzed using histological techniques (H&E, Sirius Red, Masson's trichrome stain), biochemical methods, and gene expression analysis of IL-1, IL-10, TGF-β, NRF2, Keap1, Acta2, Timp-2, MMP-13, and MMP-9. Watercress extract administration resulted in improvements by preventing steatosis and fibrosis. It also increased IL-10 expression in the liver and intestine. Additionally, the expression of fibrogenic markers such as TGF-β, Col 1α, Acta2, and Timp-2 was regulated. These results suggest that orally administered watercress extract prevents the progression of liver fibrosis.

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Recent studies have highlighted the necessity to thoroughly evaluate medicinal plants due to their therapeutic potential. The current study delves into the phytochemical profile, antioxidant capacity, and hepatoprotective effect of Andrographis paniculata. The investigation specifically targets its effectiveness in mitigating liver dysfunction induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in Wistar albino rats, aiming to uncover its promising role as a natural remedy for liver-related ailments. A. paniculata leaf extract was screened for phytoconstituents and antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects in Wistar albino rats against CCl4-induced liver dysfunction. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds in all extracts. The phenolic concentration ranged from 10.23 to 19.52 mg gallic acid per gram of the sample, while the highest flavonoid concentration was found in the ethanol fraction (8.27 mg rutin equivalents per gram). The antioxidant activity varied from 10.23 to 62.23. GC-MS analysis identified several phytochemicals including octadecanoic acid, stigmasterol, phenanthrenecarboxylic acid, and others. Effects of the ethanol extract of A. paniculata were evaluated in four groups of animals. Biochemical estimations of serum glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamine pyruvate transaminase, and serum bilirubin were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the CCl4-treated group. Treatment with 300 mg/kg b.w. of the ethanol extract of A. paniculata significantly (p < 0.05) decreased these serum enzymes. Lipid peroxidation levels in carbon tetrachloride-treated animals showed a substantial (p < 0.05) rise when compared to untreated animals, while the lipid peroxidation levels were considerably (p < 0.05) reduced after treatment with ethanol extract at 300 mg/kg b.w. Liver biochemical catalase activities were significantly reduced in the carbon tetrachloride-treated animals. The results of this study conclusively demonstrate that A. paniculata extracts are a rich source of phytochemicals and possess significant antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and hepatoprotective properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liver is an organ with several important biofunctions, for which there are very few effective and safe preparations that promote the functioning, protection, and regeneration of cells. Sufficiently safe preparations with hepatoprotective activity can be found in plants. The aim of our study was to investigate the chemical composition of an extract made from American cranberry (Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pursh) leaves and its amino-acids preparations as well as their possible hepatoprotective activity. Using the UPLC-MS/MS method, we identified 19 phenolic compounds (8 flavonoids (flavones and flavonols), 4 anthocyanins, 3 hydroxycinnamic acids, and 2 catechins). The prophylactic and therapeutic administration of the American cranberry-leaves extracts led to a decrease in the lipid-peroxidation process during a study of tetrachloromethane acute toxic damage in the liver of rats. As a result of animal studies, the most effective hepatoprotective activity was found in the extract preparations with valine and arginine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver problems are a worldwide concern, and conventional medicinal therapies are ineffective. Hence, safeguarding the healthy liver is vital for good health and well‐being. Infections due to virus, immune problems, cancer, alcohol abuse, and an overdose of drugs are some of the causes of liver diseases. Antioxidants derived from medicinal plants and conventional dietary sources can protect the liver from damages caused by oxidative stress system and various chemicals. Plants and plant‐derived phytochemicals are appealing hepatoprotective agents since they have less side effects and still there is a lot of interest shown in using herbal tonics for treating liver disorders. This review therefore primarily focuses on newly discovered medicinal plants and compounds produced from plants that fall under the classifications of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenolics, sterols, anthocyanins, and saponin glycosides, all of which have the potential to be hepatoprotective. Hosta plantaginea, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Daniella oliveri, Garcinia mangostana, Solanum melongena, Vaccinium myrtillus, Picrorhiza kurroa, and Citrus medica are some potential plants having hepatoprotective effects. We conclude that these phytochemicals and the plant extracts listed above are used in the future to treat a variety of liver diseases, additional research is still needed to develop safer and more potent phytochemical drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Heliciopsis terminalis (Kurz.) Sleum (family Proteaceae) is distributed in India, Mianma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and China. In Vietnamese traditional medicine, it is used as an antidote for detoxifying the liver and detoxifying alcohol, a contraceptive, and to treat infections. The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical constituents of the plant, as well as their in vitro hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. Methods: The dried powdered sample was ultrasonically extracted with MeOH, and the extract was fractionated by various chromatographic methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by NMR, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and CD spectral analysis, and then screened for their in vitro hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. Results: One new phenolic glycoside, named helitermioside (1), and eight known compounds (2-9) were isolated from the trunk and branches of H terminalis. All of the isolates were reported from H terminalis for the first time. Compound 6 showed antioxidant activity in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) lipid peroxidation inhibition assays, with an IC50 value of 61.16 ± 1.17 µg/mL, compared to that of Trolox (positive control), IC50 = 7.06 ± 0.11 µg/mL. At a concentration of 100 µg/mL, none of the isolates exhibited hepatocellular protective activity. Conclusion: Nine phenolic compounds (1–9) were recorded from H terminalis. Of these, compound 1 was new. Compound 6 exhibited moderate antioxidant activity in TBARS lipid peroxidation inhibition assays, but none of the compounds exhibited hepatocellular protective activity against CCl4-induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants used in traditional medicine may constitute an important source of new biologically active compounds. Acalypha indica is one of the weed plants that contain important medicinal values for human health applications. The present study was undertaken to assess the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha indica in goat liver slice culture against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to prove its efficacy against liver disorders CCl4 was used to induce hepatotoxicity in liver slice of goat. The cytotoxicity induced by CCl4 was estimated by quantifying the release of marker enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Also, the degree of hepatic damage was measured by estimating the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) of hepatocytes membrane lipids. The treatment of liver cells with CCl4 caused twice increase in LPO of cells besides release of LDH, ALT, AST, ACP and ALP by 6.55, 3.89, 3.31, 2.69 and 2.50 times, respectively as compared to untreated liver cells. Thus, a toxic effect of CCl4 was significantly reduced by the treatment of methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha indica, silymarin and quercetin. The free radical scavenging activity of plant extract was estimated by 2, 2- diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and IC50 is 65.12 ± 2.27 μg/mL. Qualitative analysis of flavonoid indicates the presence of flavonoids in plant extract. These results indicate that all concentration of plant extract of Acalypha indica, silymarin and quercetin protect the liver cells from CCl4 induced oxidative/free radical mediated damage in vitro. The hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Acalypha indica extract is due to the presence of flavonoids which have remarkable antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]