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Background: Adequate identification and testing of people at risk for HIV is fundamental for the HIV care continuum. A key strategy to improve timely testing is HIV indicator condition (IC) guided testing. Aim: To evaluate the uptake of HIV testing recommendations in HIV IC-specific guidelines in European countries. Methods: Between 2019 and 2021, European HIV experts reviewed guideline databases to identify all national guidelines of 62 HIV ICs. The proportion of HIV IC guidelines recommending HIV testing was reported, stratified by subgroup (HIV IC, country, eastern/western Europe, achievement of 90-90-90 goals and medical specialty). Results: Of 30 invited European countries, 15 participated. A total of 791 HIV IC guidelines were identified: median 47 (IQR: 38-68) per country. Association with HIV was reported in 69% (545/791) of the guidelines, and 46% (366/791) recommended HIV testing, while 42% (101/242) of the AIDS-defining conditions recommended HIV testing. HIV testing recommendations were observed more frequently in guidelines in eastern (53%) than western (42%) European countries and in countries yet to achieve the 90-90-90 goals (52%) compared to those that had (38%). The medical specialties internal medicine, neurology/neurosurgery, ophthalmology, pulmonology and gynaecology/obstetrics had an HIV testing recommendation uptake below the 46% average. None of the 62 HIV ICs, countries or medical specialties had 100% accurate testing recommendation coverage in all their available HIV IC guidelines. Conclusion: Fewer than half the HIV IC guidelines recommended HIV testing. This signals an insufficient adoption of this recommendation in non-HIV specialty guidelines across Europe.

The ionosphere of Venus is a weakly ionized plasma layer embedded in the planet's upper atmosphere. Planetary ionospheres provide an excellent opportunity to study how our variable Sun affects the planets in our solar system. Because ionospheres are reservoirs from which atmospheric species can be lost to space, studying how ionospheres respond to changes in solar activity can help us understand how planetary atmospheres have evolved since their formation. While variations of the main and lower ionospheric peaks of Venus have been well studied, the behavior of the ionosphere above the altitude of the greatest electron density has not been fully constrained. To investigate the behavior of this region, we use electron density profiles obtained by the Venus Radio Science experiment aboard Venus Express. An increase in the response of the electron density to increasing solar irradiance with increasing altitude above the peak is readily apparent in these data. By using a one-dimensional photochemical equilibrium model to investigate the factors that drive the variations of the ionosphere of Venus, we find that changes in the composition of the underlying neutral atmosphere are responsible for the observed increase in ionospheric response with altitude.

Interruption of blood supply (ischaemia) results in tissue injury. However, most damage occurs as blood rapidly returns (reperfusion), generating reactive oxygen species (e.g. superoxide) and causing damage to DNA and other cellular components. Along with superoxide, increased nitric oxide (NO) levels ensue. NO, normally present in low concentrations, at higher concentrations may cause cellular damage. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment suppresses NO production in vivo. Mongolian gerbils underwent transient global ischaemia via bilateral carotid ligation with, or without, FIBO (2 atm) and allowed to recover for 2 or 24 hrs. Brain tissue was analyzed for heat shock protein 70 (HSP7O), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNAs. ODC mRNA levels decreased 50% when HBO was given before ischaemia, compared to ischaemia alone. iNOS mRNA was lower when HBO was provided before, versus after, ischaemia insult. HSP7O mRNA was increased for all treatments, compared to the sham control. HBO appears to impact the mRNA levels of ischaemia-related genes and likely the production of NO and radical species. These results are relevant to cases of ischaemic injury, as well as to operational exposures of personnel to radical producing chemicals in non-isobaric conditions.