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The enteric nervous system is affected by inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Gut microbiota ferment dietary fibers and produce short-chain fatty acids, such as Butyrate, which bind to G protein-coupled receptors, such as GPR41, and contribute to maintaining intestinal health. This work aimed to study the GPR41 in myenteric neurons and analyze the effect of Butyrate in mice submitted to experimental ulcerative colitis. The 2, 4, 6 trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) was injected intrarectally in C57BL/6 mice (Colitis). Sham group received ethanol (vehicle). One group was treated with 100mg/kg of Sodium Butyrate (Butyrate), and the other groups received saline. Animals were euthanized 7 days after colitis induction. Analyzes demonstrated colocalization of GPR41 with neurons immunoreactive (-ir) to nNOS and ChAT-ir, and absence of colocalization of the GPR41 with GFAP-ir glia. Quantitative results demonstrated losses of nNOS-ir, ChAT-ir, and GPR41-ir neurons in Colitis group, and Butyrate treatment attenuated neuronal loss. The number of GFAP-ir glia increased in Colitis group, whereas Butyrate reduced the number of these cells. In addition, morphological alterations observed in Colitis group were attenuated in Butyrate group. The presence of GPR41 in myenteric neurons was identified and the treatment with Butyrate attenuated the damage caused by experimental ulcerative colitis.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of thousands of small ganglia arranged in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses, which can be negatively affected by Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis - inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). IBDs are complex and multifactorial disorders characterized by chronic and recurrent inflammation of the intestine, and the symptoms of IBDs may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and weight loss. The P2X7 receptor has become a promising therapeutic target for IBDs, especially owing to its wide expression and, in the case of other purinergic receptors, in both human and model animal enteric cells. However, little is known about the actual involvement between the activation of the P2X7 receptor and the cascade of subsequent events and how all these activities associated with chemical signals interfere with the functionality of the affected or treated intestine. In this review, an integrated view is provided, correlating the structural organization of the ENS and the effects of IBDs, focusing on cellular constituents and how therapeutic approaches through the P2X7 receptor can assist in both protection from damage and tissue preservation.

With the limitations imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, new technologies were used as methods to continue teaching and learning activities. This scenario brought forth the need to develop online tools for teaching. Therefore, this research aimed to develop a digital platform linking the knowledge about the central nervous system (CNS) anatomy from feline, equine, and sheep models. The platform was produced from the analysis of a collection of mesoscopic slides made from the sequenced cross-section of the CNS of a feline, an equine, and a sheep. All sections were analysed and stained using the Paul-Wiegert modified technique. The platform was organized in four modules: (1) Neuroanatomy of the Central Nervous System; (2) Neuroanatomy of Feline; (3) Neuroanatomy of Equine; and (4) Neuroanatomy of sheep. For each module, an explanatory document in PDF was developed, as well as video lectures and a descriptive atlas identifying the structures present in the encephalon and in the cervical part of the spinal cord. Even though there are numerous online platforms that allow the study of veterinary anatomy of different species and organs, the veterinary neuroanatomy platform presented here is the first platform that conjointly addresses the CNS anatomy of felines, equines, and sheep. Future research applying this platform as an aid to the study of neuroanatomy by students, teachers, and veterinary professionals should validate its use as a complementary tool for teaching and learning animal neuroanatomy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Computed Tomography to study the anatomy of the eye and the vestibulocochlear organ of the wild birds. For this purpose, formaldehyde-embalmed specimens of a toucan and of a blue-and-yellow macaw were submitted to a whole-body scan by a 64 slice-Multidetector CT yielding 0,7mm-thick transversally oriented images. These were reconstructed by specific software that produced additional images in dorsal, transversal, and sagittal planes, as well as three-dimensional images, which were obtained by two techniques: Maximum Intensity Projection and Volume Rendering. Our study found that the eye bulbs in the orbit occupy a proportionally large space in the skull, highlighting the important role that vision plays in these animals. CT provided gross anatomic information about the size and shape of the eye, such as lenses and scleral rings of these birds. Regarding the vestibulocochlear organ, CT was less likely to identify the inner ear structures, especially the ones of the membranous labyrinth. The bony semicircular canals were clearly seen and in the middle ear, thecolumellawas identified. Our results demonstrate that the vestibulocochlear organ of birds is less complex than that of mammals, although, as expected, the semicircular canals are very well developed, being adapted to the accurate balance present in these animals.CT can be used as a good technique to evaluate eye and ear structures on these birds, and can be useful to study them in vivofor pathological conditions or for comparisons between different species.

The P2X7 receptor participates in several intracellular events and acts with the pannexin-1 channel. This study examined the effects of probenecid (PB) and brilliant blue G (BBG), which are antagonists of the pannexin-1 channel and P2X7 receptor, respectively, on rat ileum enteric glial cells after on ischemia and reperfusion. The ileal vessels were occluded for 45 min with nontraumatic vascular tweezers, and reperfusion was performed for periods of 24 h and 14 and 28 days. After ischemia (IR groups), the animals were treated with BBG (BG group) or PB (PB group). The double-labeling results demonstrated the following: the P2X7 receptor was present in enteric glial cells (S100β) and enteric neurons positive for HuC/D; enteric glial cells exhibited different phenotypes; some enteric glial cells were immunoreactive to only S100β or GFAP; and the pannexin-1 channel was present in enteric glial cells (GFAP). Density (in cells/cm

SUMMARY: Clinically, avian medicine still finds it very difficult to treat wild patients due to the lack of reliable information about their anatomy and physiological parameters that make comparative analyzes possible. Considering that computed tomography (CT) is one of the most viable alternatives in radiography of the head, we describe the comparative anatomy of the beak in the Ara ararauna and the Ramphastos toco through this imaging modality and macroscopy analysis, providing additional information about their conformation and topography for clinical exams. Adult specimens of each were dissected after the CT and beaks were removed for macroscopic analyses. The macroscopic and tomographic findings for both species confirm the similarities in beak morphology and the dietary peculiarities of each.The CT scan proved to be a useful tool to visualize internal structures of the skull through a detailed virtopsy of regions that are difficult to access by the usual necropsy with a scalpel.

Considering Suidae Familie as a perfect and viable experimental biomedical model for research applied to human medicine, it has been sought to describe the comparative anatomy of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscles between boars and domestic swine. Heads of Sus scrofa scrofa and Sus scrofa domesticus were dissected. The digastric muscle presented only one muscle belly as anatomical component of a tendinous origin in the jugular process of the occipital bone, and muscle insertion in the midventral edge of the caudal two thirds of the body of the mandible. Thus, its function is fundamentally associated with the lowering and the retracting of the mandible which, by the way, can deliver greater muscle power at lesser energy expense. For the stylohyoid muscle, the tendinous origin was in the laterocaudal edge of the dorsal third of the stylohyoid bone. The muscle insertion - primarily, was in the lateral and caudal edges from the mid third portion up to the ventral extremity of the thyrohyoid bone, and secondarily as a laterolateral aponeurotic blade which would unite, in a bilateral manner, an insertion that was common to the sternohyoid, the geniohyoid, and the mylohyoid muscles in a median ventral region. This morphology were similar to the two specimens studied expanding the information available, which were completely unknown for the suidae until the moment.

Whilst considering the need anesthetic techniques supported by species-specific morphology, it has been sought to describe the morphometry of the Hoary Fox's infraorbital foramen with aims at correlating its topography with points of anatomic reference in the skull, thereby providing subsidy for a more effective local anesthetic block in that species. Four skulls of Lycalopex vetulus had been used, from which all of the measurements in each antimere were performed. The infraorbital foramen was located at the maxilla bone, dorsally-wise from the third upper pre-molar tooth, and, from the ventral end of its caudal margin, it would stand apart from the alveolar margin of that bone by 4.19 mm, in average; from the orbital margin at the level of the lacrimal foramen by 14.10 mm; from the dorsal end of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone by 37.10 mm; from the rostral end of the alveolar margin of the first upper incisor tooth by 38.54 mm; and, from the caudal end of the nuchal crest by 100.53mm - at the level of the median sagittal plane; as it also presented a sagittal axis of 5.21 mm in average. It is suggested that, for the Hoary Fox, the needle be introduced by 4.19 mm in contact with the maxilla bone, in a perpendicular fashion, and in a ventral-dorsal orientation from the alveolar margin of the same - whilst using, as an anatomic reference, the diastema that exists between the third and the fourth upper pre-molar teeth. Keywords: anesthesiology; applied morphology; veterinary dentistry

Objective. The present paper aims to investigate the role of computed tomography as an imaging technique of diagnosis in the identification of the os cordis in ovine, and also how this anatomical structure is morphotopographically characterized in macro and microscopic contexts, seeking to contribute for its functional understanding. Materials and method. The heart of a young male ovine had been donated to the Laboratory of Animal Anatomy of the Surgery Department of the FMVZ/USP, first being subject to a post-mortem examination by means of the cardiac “shedding” (transverse cross sectioning of the heart). A tomographic examination of the anatomic specimen was carried out, as well as the dissection and histological analysis of the collected sample. Results. The results indicate the presence of an osseous structure of 6.39 mm in length, located in the aortic valve of the heart, next to a ring comprised by three valve flaps, tendinous cords, and papillary muscles. The histological findings consist of fibrous connective tissue, cancellous bone tissue, and calcified hyaline cartilage wherein the cardiomyocytes are attached. Conclusions. It is concluded that computed tomography, even though seldom applied to animals of zootechnical interest, poses as an effective tool for the visualization of the os cordis in lambs., Objetivo.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar el papel de la tomografía computarizada como una técnica de diagnóstico por imagen en la identificación del hueso cardíaco en el ovino, y también cómo esta estructura anatómica se caracteriza morfotopográficamente en contextos macro y microscópicos con el objetivo de contribuir a la comprensión funcional de la misma. Materiales y método.El corazón de un ovino macho joven fue donado al Laboratorio de Anatomía Animal del Departamento de Cirugía de la FMVZ/USP, después de haber sido sometido a un examen post-mortem a través de una “defoliación” cardíaca (sección transversal del corazón). Se realizó un examen tomográfico de la muestra anatómica, así como la disección y el análisis histológico de la muestra recolectada. Resultados.Los resultados indican la presencia de una estructura ósea de 6,39 mm de longitud, ubicada en la válvula aórtica del corazón junto a un anillo que consta de tres válvulas, cuerdas tendinosas y músculos papilares. Los hallazgos histológicos consisten en tejido conectivo fibroso, tejido óseo esponjoso y cartílago hialino calcificado, al que están unidos los cardiomiocitos. Conclusiones.Se concluye que la tomografía computarizada, aunque todavía se aplica poco a animales de interés zootécnico, se muestra como una herramienta eficaz para la visualización del hueso cardíaco en cordero.

The wild boar is broadly distributed in several parts of the world by man, with the exception of Antarctica. It is known that the facial artery and its branches are responsible for maintaining the blood supply of structures related to chewing, swallowing, and the production of saliva. The aim of this study is to describe the origin and distribution of the right and left facial arteries of the boar in the context of foraging. The facial arteries of this boar species originated from the external carotid artery in all specimens and were distributed in the pharyngeal, glandular, and muscular branches as well as the branches to the mandibular lymph nodes. The anastomotic branches of the facial artery with the buccal and mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery were also identified. This feature shows that the region of allocation of the facial artery in these animals requires a large network for irrigation, which contributes to the functional efficacy as well as the modus viventis of this animal. O javali encontra-se amplamente distribuído pelo homem em diversas partes do mundo, com exceção da Antártica. É sabido que a artéria facial e seus ramos são responsáveis por manter o suprimento sanguíneo das estruturas relacionadas com a mastigação, deglutição e produção de saliva. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se descrever as origens e distribuições das artérias faciais direita e esquerda do javali. As artérias faciais deste suídeo originaram-se da artéria carótida externa em todos os espécimes e distribuíram-se em ramos faríngeo, glandulares, musculares e ramos para linfonodos mandibulares. Ramos anastomóticos da artéria facial com a bucal e com o ramo milo-hioideo da artéria alveolar inferior foram identificados. Essa característica demonstra que a região de alocação da artéria facial nesses animais necessita de um expressivo contingente para irrigação, colaborando muito com sua eficácia funcional, bem como com o modus viventis deste animal.

O sistema linfático é responsável, de modo geral, pela defesa do organismo pois protege o corpo contra macromoléculas exógenas e endógenas, além de microrganismos invasores. Alterações inflamatórias, de origem infecciosa ou tóxica, são vistas com grande frequência nos linfonodos. As linfadenites podem estar associadas à drenagem de uma determinada área inflamada do organismo, ser decorrentes da lesão primária dos linfonodos ou ocorrer como parte de uma doença multicêntrica. A linfadenite caseosa é uma doença importante em caprinos e ovinos, caracterizada pela formação de abcessos em linfonodos superficiais e, em menor frequência, em linfonodos internos e órgãos, considerada crônica, debilitante e infecto-contagiosa. Variações anatômicas são diferenças morfológicas entre organismos da mesma espécie. Nesse contexto, variações anatômicas relacionadas à linfonodos superficiais podem representar grande importância na ovinocaprinocultura.

Cancer is the main cause of death among pet animals. FeLV, the feline leukemia virus, increases the odds of domestic felines’ developing lymphoma or leukemia 62 fold. The cardiac lymphoma is a rare neoplasia and little is known about it in Veterinary Medicine. Therefore, it has been sought to report a case of cardiac lymphoma in a two-year-old, FeLV-positive feline patient, who presented dyspnea, lack of appetite, progressive loss of weight, and apathy. By means of supplementary examination, the presence of a mass attached to the heat would be verified, and lymphoma was diagnosed upon histopathological examination. It is thus concluded that this neoplasia was associated to the feline leukemia virus and that, in spite of the supplementary examinations’ having been utterly important for a correct diagnosis, the lack of an early definition aggravated the clinical picture of the patient and hindered the implementation of specific treatment. O câncer é a principal causa de morte nos animais de companhia. O FeLV, vírus da leucemia felina, aumenta em 62 vezes a chance de felinos domésticos infectados desenvolverem linfoma ou leucemia. O linfoma cardíaco é uma neoplasia rara, e na Medicina Veterinária pouco se sabe sobre ele. Portanto, objetivou-se relatar um caso de linfoma cardíaco em um paciente felino de dois anos de idade e soropositivo para FeLV, que apresentava dispneia, inapetência, emagrecimento progressivo e apatia. Através dos exames complementares foi verificada a presença de uma massa aderida ao coração, diagnosticando-se linfoma a partir do histopatológico. Conclui-se então, que esta neoplasia foi associada ao vírus da leucemia felina e que, apesar dos exames complementares terem sido extremamente importantes para um correto diagnóstico, a sua não definição precoce agravou o quadro clínico do paciente e dificultou a implantação de um tratamento específico.

The heart of a domestic swine is similar to that of a human regarding anatomy, blood perfusion, and distribution of nurturing arteries. In addition to the similarities, its low cost compared with other species is also one of the reasons these animals have been increasingly used in medical schools and in clinical, surgical, and pharmacological studies. Therefore, we aimed to identify the origin and distribution of the right and left coronary arteries of boars, emphasizing the configuration and macroscopic representativity of their branches while characterizing a possible dominance concerning the type of circulation and the potential use of this animal as an experimental model, hence boars are the ancestors of the domestic pigs. The left coronary artery has bifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch and circumflex branch; or it has trifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch, the oblique branch, and into the left circumflex branch. The right coronary artery has originated the marginal branches to the right ventricle and the right circumflex branch, which has branched out in the subsinuous interventricular branch. Anastomoses have stood out among the paraconal and subsinuous interventricular branches – where a right dominant coronary artery occurred – and between the right and left circumflex branches. We concluded that the morphology and the distribution of the coronary arteries of boars resemble those of a human and, thus, our results are useful for the conception of experimental hemodynamics and possible use as process models. O coração dos suínos domésticos apresenta semelhanças ao dos humanos mediante a anatomia, perfusão sanguínea e configuração da distribuição de suas artérias nutridoras. Tendo um menor custo para sua aquisição quando comparado a outras espécies, e dada sua similaridade apresentada, o uso desses animais nas escolas de medicina, em estudos clínicos, cirúrgicos e farmacológicos tem aumentado. Portanto, objetivou-se identificar a origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias direita e esquerda de javalis com ênfase na configuração e representatividade macroscópica dos ramos derivados das mesmas, caracterizando uma possível dominância quanto ao tipo de circulação e o potencial uso deste suídeo como modelo experimental, visto que são considerados ancestrais dos suínos domésticos. A artéria coronária esquerda bifurcou-se e deu origem aos ramos interventricular paraconal e circunflexo esquerdo, ou trifurcouse nos ramos interventricular paraconal, oblíquo e circunflexo esquerdo. Já a artéria coronária direita deu origem aos ramos marginal para o ventrículo direito e circunflexo direito que, por sua vez, ramificou-se no ramo interventricular subsinuoso. Foram evidenciadas anastomoses entre os ramos interventriculares paraconal e subsinuoso, e entre os ramos circunflexos direito e esquerdo e, conforme tal origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, a forma de dominância coronariana foi predominantemente direita. Conclui-se que a morfologia e distribuição das artérias coronárias de javalis se assemelham à do homem e, desse modo, nossos resultados são úteis para sua concepção da hemodinâmica experimental, e possível utilização como modelos processuais.

Background: Local anesthesia blockage at equines claudication diagnosis besides favoring the beginning of the therapy and relieving patient’s pain, it allows the identification of the specific affected region and its origin, however, if it is done incorrectly (by improper volume of anesthetics application and/or mistakenly nerve identification due to the lack of anatomic referential) it may cause inflammation, infection or even tissue necrosis. The aim was describing anatomically lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves in equines to improve diagnostic anesthetic block techniques on four metacarpophalangeal articulation joints of the specie.Materials, Methods & Results: A number of 20 thoracic limbs from 10 equines of indeterminate breed were used to be fixated in 10% phormaldehyde and with a marked arterial system by water solution of red dyed latex. The structures were identified by dissection, and their denomination bases on Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (N.A.V.) by the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature. The study had been approved by the Board of Ethics in Animal Use of the University Center of Patos de Minas (UNIPAM), protocol n° 18/17. The lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves have been observed in all of the specimens originated from the deep branch of lateral palmar nerve, immediately distal to the intercarpal articulation. After its origin, the first nerve stretched ipsilaterally from the common trunk, whilst the second nerve positioned counter-lateral manner after superficially crossing the interosseus muscle. Both penetrated at the level of the mid third of the referred muscle and the metacarpal bone III and, assumed respectively a parallel medial position to the metacarpal bone IV and lateral to the metacarpal II, being intimately associated to the palmar face of the metacarpal bone III. Distally, those nerves emerged from a palmar position to a lateral and medial to the distal extremity of the metacarpal bones, corresponding and adjacent to the metacarpophalangeal articulation palmar recession, where they had finally ramified to partially innervate the associated articular capsule and the subcutaneous tissue of the region.Discussion: The lateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves present similar origin and disposition to the above described, however, besides largely mentioned in literature, we point out here as recommended by N.A.V., no use of terms like axial and abaxial as position indicators for equine. As a part of block anesthetic diagnosis of four metacarpophalangeal articulation points, it is hereby suggested for the studied nerves desensitization, should be palpated the distal extremities of the metacarpal bones IV and II. After the identification, using thumb located from the extremity at proximal direction way, introduce the needle bilaterally for 1.5 cm downright between the above mentioned metacarpal bones and the interosseus muscle, being these latter and the flexor muscle tendons drawn in the palmar direction. Thus, it becomes valid to affirm that the technique of four-point diagnostic anesthetic block of the metacarpophalangeal articulation has been perfected for equines, and that it will limit the chances of false results on account of misplaced puncturing of nearby structures, such as, for example, the synovial recesses, mentioned as the location of the utmost gravity, hence septic synovitis may come in play.

Javalis mantidos em criatórios comerciais utilizam os dentes caninos como mecanismo de defesa e ataque a fim deexpressar seus instintos naturais, o que pode resultar em fraturas dentárias e da mandíbula propriamente dita. Desta forma,propiciar a dessensibilização local do nervo alveolar inferior é essencial para a execução de procedimentos terapêuticosna cavidade oral destes animais. Logo, objetivou-se realizar a morfometria do forame mandibular desta espécie a fimde correlacioná-lo com as estruturas mandibulares, inferindo, também, sobre a forma mais segura de realização dareferida técnica nos espécimes. Para tanto, foram utilizadas seis hemimandíbulas de Sus scrofa scrofa jovens, a partirdas quais foram realizadas as mensurações propostas. Em média, a margem lateral do processo condilar distanciou-se142,43 mm da raiz do dente incisivo medial inferior; o eixo longitudinal do corpo da mandíbula mediu 22,3 mm aonível do diastema existente entre o quarto dente pré-molar e o primeiro dente molar inferiores; e o forame mandibular, apartir do extremo caudal de sua margem ventral, posicionou-se a 26,6 mm da margem ventral do ângulo da mandíbulaneste nível, 34,92 mm da margem medial do processo condilar, e 38,63 mm do extremo dorsal da margem caudal doprocesso coronóide. Na falta de diferenças estatisticamente significantes, e observando que o acidente ósseo estudadoposicionou-se no ramo da mandíbula, indica que o procedimento proposto deva ser realizado a partir da introdução daagulha em sentido oblíquo rostroventral por 2,0 cm e angulada a 60º com o referencial anatômico criado pela delimitaçãomedial obtida pelo apoio do dedo polegar na margem lateral do ramo da mandíbula, ventralmente ao arco zigomático,preservando as estruturas próximas e definindo-se uma metodologia anestésica inédita para os Javalis. Boars kept on commercial farms use their canine teeth as a mechanism of defense and attack in order to express theirnatural instincts, which could result in fractures of the teeth and jaws. Thus, utilizing local desensitization of the inferioralveolar nerve is crucial for executing therapeutic procedures in the oral cavities of those animals. Then, the goal is tocarry out the morphometry of the mandibular foramen of that species, correlating it with the mandibular structures,while doing so in the safest manner for the animals. For that purpose, six hemimandibles of young-aged Sus scrofascrofa were used, from which the proposed measurements were taken. On average, the lateral margin of the condylarprocess stood 142.43 mm away from the root of the lower medial incisive tooth. The longitudinal axis of the body of themandible measured 22.3 mm at the level of the diastema that exists between the fourth lower premolar tooth and thefirst lower molar tooth. The mandibular foramen, from the caudal limit of the ventral margin, would be positioned at26.6 mm from the ventral margin of the angle of the mandible in that level, 34.92 mm away from the medial margin ofthe condylar process, and 38.63 mm away from the dorsal limit from the caudal margin of the coronoid process. The lackof statistically significant differences, and observing that the osseous accident under scrutiny had been positioned inthe ramus of the mandible, indicated that the proposed procedure should be performed from the introduction of theneedle in an oblique and rostrodorsal direction for 2.0 cm, and angulated at 60º with the anatomic reference createdby the medial demarcation obtained via the support of the thumb on the lateral margin of the ramus of the mandible,ventrally to the zygomatic arch, all while preserving neighboring structures and establishing an unheard-of anestheticmethodology for boars.