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1. Conceptual Design of BabyIAXO, the intermediate stage towards the International Axion Observatory

Author

Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Cuendis, S. Arguedas, Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., De Sousa, P. T. C. Borges, Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrián, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M. M., Cogollos, C., Dafní, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Döbrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Galán, J., Gascón, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Houdy, T., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovcic, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakic, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzón, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mertens, S., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Oster, S., Da Silva, H. P. Pais, Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., Kate, H. H. J. ten, Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., and Yanes-Díaz, A.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

This article describes BabyIAXO, an intermediate experimental stage of the International Axion Observatory (IAXO), proposed to be sited at DESY. IAXO is a large-scale axion helioscope that will look for axions and axion-like particles (ALPs), produced in the Sun, with unprecedented sensitivity. BabyIAXO is conceived to test all IAXO subsystems (magnet, optics and detectors) at a relevant scale for the final system and thus serve as prototype for IAXO, but at the same time as a fully-fledged helioscope with relevant physics reach itself, and with potential for discovery. The BabyIAXO magnet will feature two 10 m long, 70 cm diameter bores, and will host two detection lines (optics and detector) of dimensions similar to the final ones foreseen for IAXO. BabyIAXO will detect or reject solar axions or ALPs with axion-photon couplings down to $g_{a\gamma} \sim 1.5 \times 10^{-11}$ GeV$^{-1}$, and masses up to $m_a\sim 0.25$ eV. BabyIAXO will offer additional opportunities for axion research in view of IAXO, like the development of precision x-ray detectors to identify particular spectral features in the solar axion spectrum, and the implementation of radiofrequency-cavity-based axion dark matter setups., Comment: 77 pages, 49 figures. Prepared for submission to JHEP. Third version after referees comments

Published
2020

4. Characterization of carbon thin films as an overcoating candidate material for the optics of NewATHENA

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, Paredes-Sanz, D., Svendsen, S., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Gellert, N. C., Jegers, A. S., Henriksen, P. L., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Collon, M., Krumrey, M., Skroblin, D., Christensen, F. E., O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, Paredes-Sanz, D., Svendsen, S., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Gellert, N. C., Jegers, A. S., Henriksen, P. L., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Collon, M., Krumrey, M., Skroblin, D., and Christensen, F. E.

Published
2023

7. Immune checkpoint blockade in experimental bacterial infections.

Author

Henriksen, Nicole L., Jensen, Peter Ø., and Jensen, Louise K.

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors designed to reinvigorate immune responses suppressed by cancer cells have revolutionized cancer therapy. Similarities in immune dysregulation between cancer and infectious diseases have prompted investigations into the role of immune checkpoints in infectious diseases, including the therapeutic potential of immune checkpoint blockade and drug repurposing. While most research has centered around viral infections, data for bacterial infections are emerging. This systematic review reports on the in vivo effect of immune checkpoint blockade on bacterial burden and selected immune responses in preclinical studies of bacterial infection, aiming to assess if there could be a rationale for using immunotherapy for bacterial infections. Of the 42 analyzed studies, immune checkpoint blockade reduced the bacterial burden in 60% of studies, had no effect in 28% and increased the bacterial burden in 12%. Findings suggest that the effect of immune checkpoint blockade on bacterial burden is context-dependent and in part relates to the pathogen. Further preclinical research is required to understand how the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint blockade is mediated in different bacterial infections, and if immune checkpoint blockade can be used as an adjuvant to conventional infection management strategies. • Immune checkpoint blockade can reduce the bacterial burden of various infections. • The efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in bacterial infections is pathogen dependent. • Further research is essential for clinical translation of immune checkpoint blockade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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8. Conceptual design of BabyIAXO, the intermediate stage towards the International Axion Observatory

Author

Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Arguedas Cuendis, S., Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., Borges De Sousa, P. T. C., Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrián, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M. M., Cogollos, C., Dafní, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Döbrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Galán, J., Gascón, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Houdy, T., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovčić, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakić, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzón, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mertens, S., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., Ortiz de Solórzano, A., Oster, S., Pais Da Silva, H. P., Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., ten Kate, H. H. J., Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., Yanes-Díaz, A., collaboration, The IAXO, Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Arguedas Cuendis, S., Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., Borges De Sousa, P. T. C., Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrián, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M. M., Cogollos, C., Dafní, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Döbrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Galán, J., Gascón, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Houdy, T., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovčić, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakić, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzón, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mertens, S., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., Ortiz de Solórzano, A., Oster, S., Pais Da Silva, H. P., Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., ten Kate, H. H. J., Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., Yanes-Díaz, A., and collaboration, The IAXO

Published
2021

9. Axion search with BabyIAXO in view of IAXO

Author

Galan, Javier, Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Arguedas Cuendis, S., Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., Borges De Sousa, P. T. C., Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrian, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M.M., Cogollos, C., Dafni, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Dobrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Gascon, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz-Gutierrez, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovčić, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakić, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzon, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., Ortiz de Solórzano, A., Oster, S., Pais Da Silva, H. P., Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M. R.D., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., ten Kate, H. H. J., Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., Yanes-Díaz, A., Galan, Javier, Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Arguedas Cuendis, S., Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., Borges De Sousa, P. T. C., Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrian, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M.M., Cogollos, C., Dafni, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Dobrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Gascon, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz-Gutierrez, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovčić, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakić, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzon, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., Ortiz de Solórzano, A., Oster, S., Pais Da Silva, H. P., Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M. R.D., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., ten Kate, H. H. J., Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., and Yanes-Díaz, A.

Abstract

Axions are a natural consequence of the Peccei-Quinn mechanism, the most compelling solution to the strong-CP problem. Similar axion-like particles (ALPs) also appear in a number of possible extensions of the Standard Model, notably in string theories. Both axions and ALPs are very well motivated candidates for Dark Matter, and in addition, they would be copiously produced at the sun’s core. A relevant effort during the last decade has been the CAST experiment at CERN, the most sensitive axion helioscope to-date. The International Axion Observatory (IAXO) is a large-scale 4th generation helioscope. As its primary physics goal, IAXO will look for solar axions or ALPs with a signal to background ratio of about 5 orders of magnitude higher than CAST. Recently the IAXO collaboration has proposed and intermediate experimental stage, BabyIAXO, conceived to test all IAXO subsystems (magnet, optics, detectors and sun-tracking systems) at a relevant scale for the final system and thus serve as pathfinder for IAXO but at the same time as a fully-fledged helioscope with record and relevant physics reach in itself with potential for discovery. BabyIAXO was endorsed by the Physics Review committee of DESY last May 2019. Here we will review the status and prospects of BabyIAXO and its potential to probe the most physics motivated regions of the axion & ALPs parameter space.

Published
2021

10. The effect of deposition process parameters on thin film coatings for the Athena X-ray optics

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., S'jegers, A., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Schönberger, W., Langer, A., O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., S'jegers, A., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Schönberger, W., and Langer, A.

Abstract

The thin film coating technology for the European Space Agency mission, Advanced Telescope for High-Energy Astrophysics (Athena) has been established. The X-ray optics of the Athena telescope is based on Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) technology which is enhanced by the thin film coatings deposited on the reflective surface of the SPO plates. In this work, we present a literature study of the coating process parameter space and provide an overview of the thin film properties with a focus on micro roughness, chemical composition and wear resistance when deposited under various process conditions. We determined, that the thin film density depends strongly on the mobility of the adatoms on the substrate surface. Some coating process parameters, which have a significant impact on the adatom mobility are the discharge voltage, the working gas pressure and the substrate temperature.

Published
2021

11. Compatibility of iridium thin films with the silicon pore optics technology for Athena

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Svendsen, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Massahi, S., Henriksen, P. L., Gellert, N. C., S'jegers, A., Christensen, F. E., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Collon, M., Ferreira, I., Shortt, B., Bavdaz, M., O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Svendsen, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Massahi, S., Henriksen, P. L., Gellert, N. C., S'jegers, A., Christensen, F. E., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Collon, M., Ferreira, I., Shortt, B., and Bavdaz, M.

Abstract

The development of high-quality thin film coatings for the Athena X-ray optics is progressing, following the commissioning of an industrial scale coating facility. The assembly of silicon pore optics into mirror modules for the Athena telescope requires wet-chemical exposure of coated mirror plates to prepare bonding areas for stacking, as well as an annealing step to improve bond strength. It is therefore critical to evaluate how these post-coating processes could affect the mirror coating performance and stability. We present X-ray reflectometry characterization of iridium thin films deposited on photoresist patterned Silicon Pore Optics plates to investigate the compatibility with the stacking process steps for the manufacturing of the Athena optics.

Published
2021

12. Hands-on project aimed at technical education:Realizing a DC magnetron sputtering system

Author

Hahlweg, Cornelius F., Mulley, Joseph R., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Avngaard, Michael H., Christensen, A. B., Haugbølle, D. T., Jensen, K. W., Mejnertz, I. F., Selsner, J. S., Westermann, M. J., Fléron, R., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Jegers, A., Hahlweg, Cornelius F., Mulley, Joseph R., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Avngaard, Michael H., Christensen, A. B., Haugbølle, D. T., Jensen, K. W., Mejnertz, I. F., Selsner, J. S., Westermann, M. J., Fléron, R., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., and Jegers, A.

Abstract

We present a teaching concept which combines theory, experimental work, project management and organization. As part of the Earth and Space Physics and Engineering education at DTU Space, a group of first year undergraduate students were given the task to design, build and test a DC magnetron sputtering system within a very limited budget and time frame. The teaching concept is designed to promote the students' autonomous learning, and a major part of the project was to teach the students how to develop group dynamics successfully. The students successfully managed to build a direct current magnetron sputtering system wherein a plasma glow was produced. The system can be used for depositing thin film coatings, an enabling technology for numerous applications.

Published
2021

13. Impact of annealing on performance of X-ray mirror coatings for Athena

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Henriksen, P. L., Ferreira, D. D.M., Massahi, S., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Christensen, F. E., Jegers, A. S., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Collon, M., Handick, E., Cibik, L., Krumrey, M., Gollwitzer, C., Ferreira, I., Shortt, B., Bavdaz, M., O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Henriksen, P. L., Ferreira, D. D.M., Massahi, S., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Christensen, F. E., Jegers, A. S., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Collon, M., Handick, E., Cibik, L., Krumrey, M., Gollwitzer, C., Ferreira, I., Shortt, B., and Bavdaz, M.

Abstract

As part of the manufacturing process of mirror modules for the Athena X-ray telescope, Silicon Pore Optics plates are assembled into mirror module stacks. The plates that form each stack are held together by direct bonding, relying on van der Waals forces and covalent bonds for adhesion. One way to increase the strength of the covalent bonds is through annealing of the mirror stacks. It is of critical importance to the mission to ensure compatibility between the reflective coating and any post-coating processing of the plates. We present our findings of the impact of annealing on the X-ray re ectance of coated mirrors relevant for the Athena mission. These are Ir single layers, as well as Ir/B4C, Ir/SiC, and Ir/C bilayers. We investigate the effect on the performance of the coatings after annealing at atmospheric pressure and at a low vacuum using X-ray reflectometry. B4C is found to suffer degradation from annealing under atmospheric conditions but not when annealed in vacuum. All other materials investigated are robust to atmospheric annealing.

Published
2021

16. Axion search with BabyIAXO in view of IAXO

Author

Galan, Javier, primary, Abeln, A., additional, Altenmüller, K., additional, Arguedas Cuendis, S., additional, Armengaud, E., additional, Attié, D., additional, Aune, S., additional, Basso, S., additional, Bergé, L., additional, Biasuzzi, B., additional, Borges De Sousa, P. T. C., additional, Brun, P., additional, Bykovskiy, N., additional, Calvet, D., additional, Carmona, J. M., additional, Castel, J. F., additional, Cebrian, S., additional, Chernov, V., additional, Christensen, F. E., additional, Civitani, M.M., additional, Cogollos, C., additional, Dafni, T., additional, Derbin, A., additional, Desch, K., additional, Díez, D., additional, Dinter, M., additional, Dobrich, B., additional, Drachnev, I., additional, Dudarev, A., additional, Dumoulin, L., additional, Ferreira, D. D. M., additional, Ferrer-Ribas, E., additional, Fleck, I., additional, Gascon, D., additional, Gastaldo, L., additional, Giannotti, M., additional, Giomataris, Y., additional, Giuliani, A., additional, Gninenko, S., additional, Golm, J., additional, Golubev, N., additional, Hagge, L., additional, Hahn, J., additional, Hailey, C. J., additional, Hengstler, D., additional, Henriksen, P. L., additional, Iglesias-Marzoa, R., additional, Iguaz-Gutierrez, F. J., additional, Irastorza, I. G., additional, Iñiguez, C., additional, Jakovčić, K., additional, Kaminski, J., additional, Kanoute, B., additional, Karstensen, S., additional, Kravchuk, L., additional, Lakić, B., additional, Lasserre, T., additional, Laurent, P., additional, Limousin, O., additional, Lindner, A., additional, Loidl, M., additional, Lomskaya, I., additional, López-Alegre, G., additional, Lubsandorzhiev, B., additional, Ludwig, K., additional, Luzon, G., additional, Malbrunot, C., additional, Margalejo, C., additional, Marin-Franch, A., additional, Marnieros, S., additional, Marutzky, F., additional, Mauricio, J., additional, Menesguen, Y., additional, Mentink, M., additional, Mescia, F., additional, Miralda-Escudé, J., additional, Mirallas, H., additional, Mols, J. P., additional, Muratova, V., additional, Navick, X. F., additional, Nones, C., additional, Notari, A., additional, Nozik, A., additional, Obis, L., additional, Oriol, C., additional, Orsini, F., additional, Ortiz de Solórzano, A., additional, Oster, S., additional, Pais Da Silva, H. P., additional, Pantuev, V., additional, Papaevangelou, T., additional, Pareschi, G., additional, Perez, K., additional, Pérez, O., additional, Picatoste, E., additional, Pivovaroff, M. J., additional, Poda, D. V., additional, Redondo, J., additional, Ringwald, A., additional, Rodrigues, M. R.D., additional, Rueda-Teruel, F., additional, Rueda-Teruel, S., additional, Ruiz-Choliz, E., additional, Ruz, J., additional, Saemann, E. O., additional, Salvado, J., additional, Schiffer, T., additional, Schmidt, S., additional, Schneekloth, U., additional, Schott, M., additional, Segui, L., additional, Tavecchio, F., additional, ten Kate, H. H. J., additional, Tkachev, I., additional, Troitsky, S., additional, Unger, D., additional, Unzhakov, E., additional, Ushakov, N., additional, Vogel, J. K., additional, Voronin, D., additional, Weltman, A., additional, Werthenbach, U., additional, Wuensch, W., additional, and Yanes-Díaz, A., additional

Published
2021
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17. Investigation of boron carbide and iridium thin films, an enabling technology for future x-ray telescopes

Author

Massahi, S., primary, Christensen, F. E., additional, Ferreira, D. D. M., additional, Svendsen, S., additional, Henriksen, P. L., additional, Vu, L. M., additional, Gellert, N. C., additional, Jegers, A. S., additional, Shortt, B., additional, Bavdaz, M., additional, Ferreira, I., additional, Collon, M., additional, Landgraf, B., additional, Girou, D., additional, Sokolov, A., additional, and Schoenberger, W., additional

Published
2020
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18. Example telescope simulations with the AstroX telescope toolbox for McXtrace

Author

Knudsen, E. B., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Willendrup, P. K., and Ferreira, D. D. M.

Abstract

We present a number of example studies of telescope optics using the latestversion of the AstroX add on toolbox for McXtrace. Among which are first, abenchmark study of effective area and vignetting for the Chandra X-rayObservatory. Second, a convenient way of building a telescope model (in this caseNuSTAR) with many similar optical elements scripted using a python module. Thislends itself well to be included in online notebooks and/or for teaching. Third, weshow a new AstroX module for lobster eye optics, and fourth, a study of theproposed solar axion telescope BabyIAXO.

Published
2020

21. Status of the Ir and Ir/SiC coating development for the Athena optics

Author

Svendsen, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Massahi, S., Jafari, A., Henriksen, P. L., Gellert, N. C., Vu, L. M., Christensen, F. E., Shortt, B., Landgraf, B., Girou, D. A., Collon, M., Cibik, L., Handick, E., Krumrey, M., Svendsen, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Massahi, S., Jafari, A., Henriksen, P. L., Gellert, N. C., Vu, L. M., Christensen, F. E., Shortt, B., Landgraf, B., Girou, D. A., Collon, M., Cibik, L., Handick, E., and Krumrey, M.

Abstract

The Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics (Athena) is a Cosmic Vision L-class mission of the European Space Agency selected for launch in the early 2030s1. The observatory features a single X-ray telescope with a 12 m focal length. The focusing Wolter-I optics is based on Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) technology2. The Athena science objectives require a high performance in the 0.3-12 keV range which is obtained with X-ray reflective thin films.

Published
2020

22. Investigation of boron carbide and iridium thin films, an enabling technology for future x-ray telescopes

Author

Massahi, S., Christensen, F. E., Ferreira, D. D. M., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Vu, L. M., Gellert, N. C., Jegers, A. S, Shortt, B., Bavdaz, M., Ferreira, I., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, David Alain, Sokolov, A., Schoenberger, W., Massahi, S., Christensen, F. E., Ferreira, D. D. M., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Vu, L. M., Gellert, N. C., Jegers, A. S, Shortt, B., Bavdaz, M., Ferreira, I., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, David Alain, Sokolov, A., and Schoenberger, W.

Abstract

We present an experimental examination of iridium and boron carbide thin-film coatings for the purpose of fabricating x-ray optics. We use a combination of x-ray reflectometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to model the structure, composition, density, thickness, and micro-roughness of the thin films. We demonstrate in our analyses how the two characterization techniques are complementary, and from this we derive that an overlayer originating from atmospheric contamination with a thickness between 1.0–1.6 nm is present on the surface. The magnetron sputtered iridium films are measured to have a density of 22.4g/cm3. The boron carbide film exhibits a change in chemical composition in the top ∼2nm of the film surface when exposed to the ambient atmosphere. The chemical reaction occurring on the surface is due to an incorporation of oxygen and hydrogen present in the ambient atmosphere. Lastly, we present a correlation between the absorption edges and the emission lines exhibited by the thin films in an energy range from 50–800 eV and the impact on the reflectivity performance due to contamination in thin films.

Published
2020

23. Balancing of residual stress in thin film iridium by utilizing chromium as an underlayer

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Massahi, S., Vu, L. M., Ferreira, D. D.M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Henriksen, P. L., Svendsen, S., Jegers, A. S., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Massahi, S., Vu, L. M., Ferreira, D. D.M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Henriksen, P. L., Svendsen, S., Jegers, A. S., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., and Bavdaz, M.

Abstract

As part of the thin film development for the Athena X-ray telescope and X-ray optics in general, we investigated the residual stress in iridium and chromium thin films deposited using direct current magnetron sputtering. Residual stresses in thin films can affect the performance and adhesion properties of the fabricated thin film coated X-ray optics. We characterized the thin films using X-ray reflectometry to determine the thin film thicknesses and stylus profilometry to determine the residual film stresses. To counterbalance the compressive stress identified in the iridium thin films, we introduced a chromium thin film layer for which the residual stress is tensile beneath the iridium film. However, chromium thin films are known to exhibit a grainy growth resulting in a high surface roughness which was also observed in this work. In this paper, we evaluated the effect on the iridium surface roughness when introducing a chromium underlayer and discussed the effect on the X-ray optics performance.

Published
2020

24. Balancing of residual stress in thin film iridium by utilizing chromium as an underlayer

Author

Massahi, S., Vu, L. M., Ferreira, D. D.M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Henriksen, P. L., Svendsen, S., Jegers, A. S., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Massahi, S., Vu, L. M., Ferreira, D. D.M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Henriksen, P. L., Svendsen, S., Jegers, A. S., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., and Bavdaz, M.

Abstract

The demand for X-ray optics increases and so do their performance requirements. Iridium (Ir) thin film coatings have proven to be very robust and exhibit excellent reflective properties within the X-ray regime. However, the residual stress in Ir thin films is high and studies show that thin film Ir coatings with a thickness of 10–30 nm exhibit residual compressive stress1 as illustrated in Figure 1.

Published
2020

25. Qualification and performance of the Low-Energy X-ray Reflectometer (LEXR)

Author

Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Vu, L. M., Jegers, A. S., Shortt, B., Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Vu, L. M., Jegers, A. S., and Shortt, B.

Abstract

With a number of upcoming spaceborne and ground-based observatories equipped with X-ray telescopes that rely on high throughput at low energies, it is crucial to characterize these optics at the relevant energies to obtain a detailed understanding of their behavior and performance. DTU Space has commissioned a state-of-the-art Low-Energy X-ray Reflectometer (LEXR) with the purpose of studying thin-film performance of especially low-Z X-ray coatings.

Published
2020

26. Qualification and performance of the Low-Energy X-ray Reflectometer (LEXR)

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Vu, L. M., Jegers, A. S., Shortt, B., den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Vu, L. M., Jegers, A. S., and Shortt, B.

Abstract

A state-of-the-art Low-Energy X-ray Reflectometer (LEXR) is in operation at DTU Space with the main purpose of characterizing coatings for the Advanced Telescope for High-ENergy Astrophysics (ATHENA), a selected Lclass ESA mission. In particular, soft materials are difficult to characterize at higher energies so the 1.487 keV beamline compliments our existing 8.048 keV reflectometer, allowing for a more complete understanding of thinfilm X-ray characteristics. Documenting and qualifying the as-deposited coatings for X-ray telescope optics is of crucial importance, both to ensure that the effective area requirements are met, but also to quantify any temporal evolution in coating characteristics as well as the impact of manufacturing process parameters on mirror performance. It is notably relevant in the case of ATHENA, as there is a desire to enhance the low-energy performance by using a low-Z material overcoating on top of the Ir coating. We report on the commissioning and qualify the performance of the as-built 1.487 keV reflectometer as well as discuss measurement repeatability and system limitations

Published
2020

28. Installation and commissioning of the silicon pore optics coating facility for the ATHENA mission

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Massahi, S., Christensen, F. E., Ferreira, D. D. MDella Monica F, Jafari, A., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D.A., Langer, A., Schönberger, W., Wellner, T., Krumrey, M., Cibik, L., O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Massahi, S., Christensen, F. E., Ferreira, D. D. MDella Monica F, Jafari, A., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D.A., Langer, A., Schönberger, W., Wellner, T., Krumrey, M., and Cibik, L.

Published
2019

29. X-ray reflectometry of a platinum coating as reference sample for the ATHENA coating development

Author

Stephen L. O'Dell, Giovanni Pareschi, Jafari, A., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Svendsen, S., Vu, L. M., Henriksen, P. L., Shortt, B., Krumrey, M., Cibik, L., Handick, E., Ferreira, D. D. M., Stephen L. O'Dell, Giovanni Pareschi, Jafari, A., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Svendsen, S., Vu, L. M., Henriksen, P. L., Shortt, B., Krumrey, M., Cibik, L., Handick, E., and Ferreira, D. D. M.

Abstract

X-ray reflectivity (XRR) characterization of X-ray mirrors is an essential step for designing space telescopes and instruments. We report on production and characterization of platinum thin films coated onto a at thick glass substrate for evaluating measurement results obtained using several XRR systems. The main objective of this study is to compare the XRR results measured using facilities at the Technical University of Denmark, DTU Space, and BESSY II for the Advanced Telescope for High-ENergy Astrophysics (ATHENA) mission funded by the European Space Agency, ESA. This sample will be used as a reference sample for testing and calibrating similar measurements at relevant X-ray facilities. This information demonstrates the stable performance of the platinum mirror as a reference sample. Also, the overlayer effect on mirror performance is investigated.

Published
2019

30. LEXR: A low-energy X-ray reflectometer for characterization of ATHENA mirror coatings

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Svendsen, S., Jafari, A., Shortt, B., O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Svendsen, S., Jafari, A., and Shortt, B.

Abstract

Qualification of coating performance at the low-energy range of the Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA) is important to ensure that the mirror coatings satisfy the performance criteria required to meet ATHENA's science objectives. We report on the design, implementation, and expected performance of a state-of-the-art Low-Energy X-ray Reflectometer (LEXR) acquired with the purpose of qualifying the soft energy X-ray performance of mirror coatings for ATHENA. The reflectometer components are housed in a vacuum chamber and utilizes a microfocus Al source with custom made Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors and W/Si monochromator to produce a collimated beam of 1.487 keV photons. The system has been designed with source interchangeability, allowing reconfiguration to an 8.048 keV reflectometer using a Cu source or other energies with sources such as Fe, Mg, etc. Several mirror samples can be mounted on a motorized stage, and a 2D CCD camera is used to obtain spatially resolved detection.

Published
2019

31. Performance and time stability of Ir/SiC X-ray mirror coatings for ATHENA

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Svendsen, S., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Christensen, F. E., Jafari, A., Henriksen, P. L., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Krumrey, M., Cibik, L., Schubert, A., Handick, E., Shortt, B., O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Svendsen, S., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Christensen, F. E., Jafari, A., Henriksen, P. L., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Krumrey, M., Cibik, L., Schubert, A., Handick, E., and Shortt, B.

Abstract

Excellent X-ray reflective mirror coatings are key in order to meet the performance requirements of the ATHENA telescope. The baseline coating design of ATHENA was initially formed by Ir/B4C but extensive studies have identified critical issues with the stability of the B4C top layer which shows strong evolution over time and appears incompatible with the industrialization processes required for the production of mirror modules. Motivated by the need for a compatible top layer material to improve the telescope performance at low energies and based on simulated performance, a SiC top layer has been selected as the best substitute to B4C. We report the latest development of Ir/SiC bilayer coatings optimized for ATHENA and the characterization of coating performance and stability.

Published
2019

37. Iridium thin-film coatings for the BabyIAXO hybrid X-ray optic

Author

Henriksen, Peter L., Ferreira, Desiree D. M., Massahi, Sonny, Civitani, Marta C., Basso, Stefano, Vogel, Julia, Armendariz, Jaime R., Knudsen, Erik B., Irastorza, Igor G., and Christensen, Finn E.

Abstract

Reflective coatings are an essential feature of X-ray telescopes. Their overall performance relies heavily on substrate compatibility and how well they conform to the optics assembly processes. We use X-ray reflectometry (XRR) to demonstrate the compatibility of shaping flat substrates coated with iridium, and show that specular and nonspecular reflectance before and after shaping is on par with traditional hot-slumped coated substrates. From 1.487 and 8.048keV measurements, we find that the substrates have rms roughness of 0.38nm and magnetron sputtered iridium deposits with rms surface roughness of 0.27−0.35nm. A hydrocarbon overlayer from atmospheric contamination is present with a thickness of 1.4–1.6nm and a density of 1.2−1.6g/cm^3. Both the traditional hot slumped and the flat substrates undergoing post-coating shaping have a similar characteristic surface morphology and are equally well-suited for use with X-ray optics. Finally, we demonstrate by simulation the improved effective area achieved by using a low-Z overlayer, and illustrate the performance of a hybrid optic coated with optimized bilayers for a Primakoff axion spectrum emitted by the sun.

Published
2021

40. Lignocellulose Conversion via Catalytic Transformations Yields Methoxyterephthalic Acid Directly from Sawdust

Author

Pedersen, Simon S., Batista, Gabriel M. F., Henriksen, Martin L., Hammershøj, Hans Christian D., Hopmann, Kathrin H., and Skrydstrup, Troels

Abstract

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) polyester represents the most common class of thermoplastic polymers widely used in the textile, bottling, and packaging industries. Terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, both of petrochemical origin, are polymerized to yield the polyester. However, an earlier report suggests that polymerization of methoxyterephthalic acid with ethylene glycol provides a methoxy-polyester with similar properties. Currently, there are no established biobased synthetic routes toward the methoxyterephthalic acid monomer. Here, we show a viable route to the dicarboxylic acid from various tree species involving three catalytic steps. We demonstrate that sawdust can be converted to valuable aryl nitrile intermediates through hydrogenolysis, followed by an efficient fluorosulfation–catalytic cyanation sequence (>90%) and then converted to methoxyterephthalic acid by hydrolysis and oxidation. A preliminary polymerization result indicates a methoxy-polyester with acceptable thermal properties.

Published
2023
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41. Activated HER-receptors in predicting outcome of ER-positive breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy.

Author

Larsen, Mathilde S., Bjerre, Karsten, Lykkesfeldt, Anne E., Giobbie-Hurder, Anita, Lænkholm, Anne-Vibeke, Henriksen, Katrine L., Ejlertsen, Bent, and Rasmussen, Birgitte B.

Subjects
ESTROGEN receptors, HER2 protein, HEALTH outcome assessment, BREAST cancer patients, BREAST cancer treatment, HORMONE therapy, PHOSPHORYLATION
Abstract

Abstract: The four human epidermal growth factor receptors (HER1-4) are involved in growth stimulation and may play a role in endocrine resistance. The receptors form dimers, leading to activation by mutual phosphorylation. Our purpose was to explore the role of the activated receptors (pHER1, pHER2, pHER3) in endocrine treated breast cancer in terms of co-expression and association with disease-free survival (DFS) in 1062 patients with ER-positive tumors. Furthermore, HER2 amplification was evaluated. We found positive associations between the phosphorylated receptors. pHER1 and pHER3 were co-expressed with one or two of the other activated receptors in 85% and 89% of tumors, respectively, whereas pHER2 was co-expressed with the other activated receptors in 54% of tumors. Except for HER2, which was associated with poor prognosis, none of the remaining markers were associated with DFS. However, frequent co-expression indicates a role of the other HER-family members in activation of HER2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2012
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45. ATP release and effects in pancreas

Author

Novak, Ivana, Amstrup, Jan, Henriksen, Katrine L., Hede, Susanne E., and Sørensen, Christiane E.

Abstract

ATP and other nucleotides are released from various cells, but the pathway and physiological stimulus for ATP release are often unclear. The focus of our studies is the understanding of ATP release and signaling in rat exocrine pancreas. In acinar suspension mechanical stimulation, hypotonic shock and, most importantly, cholinergic stimulation released 5–20nM ATP into the medium, as monitored by luminescence of the luciferin/luciferase reaction. ATP release was visualized at the single acinus level as luciferin consumption detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The estimated ATP concentrations were higher, about 10µM, around acinar cells after cholinergic stimulation. Fluorescence of quinacrine and MANT‐ATP indicated that some ATP is stored in secretory granules. Pancreatic acini have transcripts for P2X1, P2X4, P2Y2, and P2Y4receptors, but measurements of Ca2+signals in isolated acini using Fura‐2 and CLSM revealed that only about 15% of acini respond to extracellular ATP or UTP. Hence, in acini only a few P2 receptors are functional and the distribution seems heterogenous. In contrast, pancreatic ducts have transcripts for P2Y2, P2Y4, P2X4, and P2X7receptors that consistently increase intracellular Ca2+. Patch‐clamp studies show that P2Y2/P2Y4receptors inhibit K+channels, and thus downregulate secretion. P2X4/P2X7channels stimulate Na+/Ca2+influx and may upregulate secretion by yet unknown mechanisms. Taken together, our studies show that pancreatic acini release ATP, primarily in response to cholinergic stimulation, and thus ATP may be a paracrine mediator between pancreatic acini and ducts. Drug Dev. Res. 59:128–135, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Published
2003
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46. Calibration, Specificity and Trueness of a Postheparin Plasma Lipoprotein Lipase Assay

Author

Henriksen, Finn L., Petersen, Per H., Beck-Nielsen, Henning, and Hørder, Mogens

Abstract

AbstractMeasurement of lipoprotein lipase activity in postheparin plasma is generally accompanied by moderate within-run variation Cvw-R(﹤10％) and higher between-run variation Cvb-R(5–25％). A calibration system was introduced in order to improve the reproducibility of measurements and to compare lipoprotein lipase activities from different days. Every day a calibration curve for lipoprotein lipase activity was constructed. Fifteen calibration curves designed over 2 years, show linearity over the whole biological spectrum and a considerable reduction of between-run variation in lipoprotein lipase activity, from 42％ to 5.3％ as estimated from two control postheparin plasma samples. The lipoprotein lipase calibration system is an easy and very cheap arrangement, which makes it possible to compare lipoprotein lipase activities achieved over years. When the lipoprotein lipase control values are compared with reference lipoprotein lipase samples determined in other lipase laboratories, the calibration-control system becomes an important tool for reducing analytical bias.The article reviews the original analytical criteria of catalytic measurement of lipoprotein lipase activity and describes the implementation of the calibrationcontrol system.We describe a model for reduction of the analytical variability in the measurement of lipoprotein lipase activity. Other standardization efforts need to be made in the future, especially to define the reference material for calibration.

Published
2001
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50. Abstract 12519: Electrocardiographic Findings and Arrhythmias in Patients With Familial ST-Depression Syndrome

Author

Christensen, Alex H, Vissing, Christoffer, Villumsen, Sofie, Pietersen, Adrian, Tfelt-hansen, Jacob, Jensen, Thomas, Olesen, Morten, Pehrson, Steen, Henriksen, Finn L, Sandgaard, Niels, Iversen, Kasper, Jensen, Henrik, and Bundgaard, Henning

Abstract

Background:The recently reported Familial ST-depression syndrome is a distinct inherited cardiac disease entity characterized by persistent, non-ischemic ST-depressions and risk of arrhythmias and heart failure. We aimed at further characterizing the features associated with the syndrome.Methods:Retrospective analysis of demographics, electrocardiographic, arrhythmic and imaging data from families with Familial ST-depression syndrome in Denmark.Results:Forty affected individuals (43% men; mean age at diagnosis 49.1 years) from 14 apparently unrelated families with ≥2 affected members were included. Pedigree analyses were consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance in all families. The ST-depressions were most pronounced in leads V4, V5, and II and persisted over time (mean follow-up 9.3 years), i.e. no temporary normalization was seen. The ECG phenotype seemed to develop in pre-puberty. Exercise accentuated the ST-depressions with a maximum difference between rest/stress (mean) of -117μV in lead V5. Six (15%) patients developed ventricular arrhythmias or (aborted) sudden cardiac death, seven (18%) were diagnosed with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤50%, and 10 (25%) developed atrial fibrillation. Seven patients had at least one catheter ablation; five for supraventricular arrhythmias and two for ventricular arrhythmias. Males experienced more arrhythmic endpoints than females (Figure, p<0.01). Surprisingly, in some of the patients the ECG phenotype was tolerated for decades before events occurred.Conclusions:We identified 14 families with the novel syndrome showing autosomal dominant inheritance. The phenotype was associated with arrhythmias, aborted sudden cardiac death, or heart failure in about half of the cases. Families with Familial ST-depression syndrome should undergo cascade screening like in other inherited arrhythmia syndromes.

Published
2021
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