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Undernutrition during pregnancy in adolescence confers a high risk of maternal morbidity and adverse birth outcomes, particularly in low‐resource settings. In a secondary analysis, we hypothesized that younger undernourished pregnant adolescents (<18 years) would benefit more than undernourished pregnant adults (>20 years) from the intervention of supplementary food and anti‐infective treatments. The original trial in Sierra Leone enrolled 236 younger adolescents (<18 years), 454 older adolescents (aged 18–19 years), and 741 adults (≥20 years), all with a mid‐upper arm circumference ≤23 cm. Younger adolescents had lower final fundal height as well as smaller newborns (−0.3 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.3, −0.2; p < 0.001) and shorter newborns (−1.1 cm; 95% CI, −1.5, −0.7; p < 0.001) than adults. The intervention's effect varied significantly between maternal age groups: adults benefited more than younger adolescents with respect to newborn birth weight (difference in difference, 166 g; 95% CI, 26, 306; interaction p = 0.02), birth length (difference in difference, 7.4 mm; 95% CI, 0.1, 14.8; interaction p = 0.047), and risk for low birth weight (<2.5 kg) (interaction p = 0.019). The differences in response persisted despite adjustments for maternal anthropometry, the number of prior pregnancies, and human immunodeficiency virus status. Older adolescents similarly benefited more than younger adolescents, though differences did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, newborns born to younger adolescent mothers had worse outcomes than those born to adult mothers, and adults and their newborns benefited more from the intervention than younger adolescents. Key messages: We performed secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial of a combined nutrition and anti‐infective intervention for undernourished pregnant women, investigating the effect of maternal age on maternal and newborn outcomes and response to the intervention.Despite achieving similar gestational weight gain, younger adolescent mothers (<18 years) had newborns with lower birth weights, lengths, and mid‐upper arm circumferences, as well as higher proportions of low birth weight and stunted newborns when compared with adult mothers (≥20 years).Younger adolescent mothers also derived less benefit from the combined intervention than adult mothers with respect to the rate of weight gain during pregnancy, infant birth weight, length, and rate of low birth weight (<2.5 kg).Further work is needed to identify interventions that benefit undernourished pregnant adolescents and their newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]