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Biogas, generated by anaerobic bacteria breaking down organic matter, presents an energy alternative. Sumbermulyo, a Banyuwangi village, relies on dragon fruit farming and goat herding, facing shortages of subsidized urea fertilizer and LPG. The solution: utilizing goat manure for methane gas, replacing LPG. This community service project introduces a biogas processing pilot in Sumbermulyo, producing liquid organic fertilizer for local use. A fixed dome concrete biogas digester is constructed on a farmer group's land in 14 days, with peak pressure at 1.06 atm. Chemical analysis shows 0.032% N, 0.009% P, 0.144% K for the test digester, and 0.044% N, 0.005% P, 0.195% K for the reference digester, offering a sustainable energy and fertilizer solution for the community.

The current research investigates the combustion characteristics of bioslurry fuel derived from the products of agricultural waste pyrolysis. The bioslurry fuel was prepared by mixing biochar and pyrolysis oil. The combustion characteristics of a suspended single droplet of the bioslurry were analysed. The results indicate that an increase in pyrolysis temperature (400–600°C) lead to higher concentrations of fixed carbon (56–60%), increased ash content (16–18%), and higher calorific values (25–32 MJkg−1). As the pyrolysis temperature rises, the biochar surface becomes more porous, lower volatile matter content and particle size. As biochar content increases, the bioslurry’s density, viscosity, and caloric value increase but stability index decreases. Higher biochar content in the bioslurry increases the ignition delay and burnout time while reducing the burning rate. The bioslurry fuel contained 30% biochar achieved a calorific value of 28 MJkg−1 and a viscosity of 600 cP, comparative to conventional fossil fuels. HighlightsUp to 30% BC can be added to pyrolysis oil to produce SF.Pyrolysis temperature increased FC, ash, and calorific value of biochar.Biochar surface appears more porous with increasing pyrolysis temperature.Biochar content affects bioslurry combustion characteristics.

AbstractBiomass derived from agricultural waste in Indonesia is abundant and has potential as a source of renewable energy feedstock. However, analysis is needed to determine the appropriate technology to convert potential biomass into consumable energy forms. This review summarises various data on Indonesia’s potential biomass that can be used as a renewable energy feedstock. Biomass and biochar characteristics are systematically discussed, including proximate and ultimate analysis. We then summarise various biochar production technologies based on the biomass used and their yields. The characteristics of biochar produced in both proximate and ultimate analysis and the conversion of biochar into slurry fuel as one of the consumable forms of renewable energy were discussed. Slurry fuel is a potential use of biochar as a liquid fuel. The challenges of developing potential biomass-based bio-slurry production in Indonesia and the future work that needs to be done are presented.

This paper aimed to comprehensively review the potential valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) into activated carbon and its potential application. Activated carbon is carbon processed through dual phases, including carbonization and activation. Firstly, this process converts biomass into carbon thermally with zero to little oxygen conditions. Next, the carbon needs to be activated to stimulate the formation of pores and reduce impurities. The activated carbon’s quality is influenced by the activation process, which can be done physically, chemically, or physiochemically. Activated carbon has an amorphous structure and abundant internal pore structure, thus increasing the surface area. In Indonesia, the quality of active carbon is regulated by Indonesian National Standards or SNI 06-370-1995. The factors influencing the activation step include activator agent type, activator agent concentration, activation ratio and time, etc. . Generally, activated carbon can be widely applied to various sectors, such as agriculture (i.e., slow-released fertilizer, fertilizer, etc.), waste treatment (i.e., adsorbent, activator in anaerobic digestion/AD, bioremediation, etc.), gas purification, ceramic membrane, etc. However, further in-depth investigation is required to determine potential scaling-up and commercialization.

Art paper made of betel nut husk fibre and paper waste is one example of an innovative product. Therefore, an analysis of the technical and financial feasibility of this innovation needed to be conducted. This research aimed to determine the technical and financial feasibility of the production business of art paper from betel nut husk fibre and paper waste. The technical aspect will focus on the technology utilized, primary raw material and additional raw material, production capacity, and any workforce involved in the business. Meanwhile, the financial aspect will emphasize the calculation of the Main Production Cost (MPC), Break Even Point (BEP), Business Efficiency (R/C Ratio), Payback Period (PP), Net Present Value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The calculation result of the feasibility analysis shows that Production Cost (HPP) is IDR 12,786.00, BEPunit is 9,271 paper sheet, BEP (IDR) is IDR 148,326,906.00, R/C Ratio is 1.56, PP will be for 2.2 years, NPV is IDR 2,078,713,958.00, and IRR is 68.36%. Based on this result, this business on betel nut husk fibre and paper-based waste art paper is considered worth running.

Kopi telah menjadi produk unggulan Kecamatan Pinogu dengan cita rasa yang khas dengan pengolahannya yang alami membuat kopi ini dikategorikan sebagai kopi organik sehingga memiliki nilai jual yang tinggi. Permasalahannya, proses pengeringan kopi dengan sinar matahari sering terkendala cuaca sehingga produk yang dihasilkan kurang maksimal. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikembangkan teknologi tepat guna berupa rumah pengering hybrid. Rancang bangun rumah pengering berbahan baja dan polikarbonat diharapkan dapat mempercepat waktu pengeringan. Hasilnya didapatkan efisiensi waktu pengeringan menjadi 5,6 kali lebih cepat daripada metode konvensional, dan juga dapat menghemat ruang, serta mampu mengeringkan kopi sebanyak 240 kg sekali proses. Selain itu, pengeringan menggunakan metode ini juga dapat mengurangi kontaminasi pada kopi, sehingga dapat meningkatkan kualitas kopi.

ABSTRACTNipa is one of the palm family, and 60% of the fruit is biomass waste. One of the utilizations of the waste is to be converted into activated carbon. In the present research, the nipa waste was pyrolyzed, and the biochar, a by-product of the pyrolysis process, was activated using HCl. The nipa’s fruit waste activated carbon (NWAC) was then experimentally used to remove the distinct odours of Noni and Mangosteen herbal drinks. The characteristics of the NWAC produced in this study have a water content of 15.08%, ash content of 8.77%, volatile matter of 8.51%, carbon content of 67.6%, yield of 95.49%, iodine adsorption of 966.98 mg/g, and surface area of 1066.39 m2/g. The characteristics of the Noni herbal drink after NWAC adsorption showed that the highest total dissolved solids of 6.97 °Brix was treated with 25% NWAC addition. The lowest IC50 value was 4.4 ppm, and it was gradually increased with the addition of the NWAC. The addition of NWAC decreased the total phenol in the Mangosteen peel herbal drink, but the effect was insignificant in the Noni herbal drink. Antioxidant activity values ranged from 16% to 37% in the Mangosteen herbal drink, and 30% to 55% in the Noni herbal drink. The total dissolved solids ranged between 4 and 7 °Brix in both herbal drinks. Overall, the addition of NWAC improved the quality of the herbal drinks, but the optimum condition needs to be quantified.

ABSTRACTOil palm empty fruit bunch is a solid waste that accounts for 22% of palm oil production, but its utilization is still limited, so it needs further processing. One alternative for processing oil palm empty fruit bunch waste is using pyrolysis to produce biochar and syngas. The present research worked on producing micro biochar to increase the surface area by making smaller particles. Oil palm empty fruit can be converted into micro biochar with a ball mill. This study aimed to determine the effect of pyrolysis temperature and ball mill duration on the proximate characteristics and particle size distribution of oil palm empty fruit bunch micro-biochar. The research design was arranged using a Randomised Block Design with two factors: pyrolysis temperature (400°C, 500°C, and 600°C) and ball mill time (24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours). The micro biochar characterisation includes moisture content, ash content, bound carbon content (bound carbon), volatile matter, calorific value, and particle size distribution. The results showed that pyrolysis temperature and ball mill duration had an insignificant effect on water content. The heating value increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The carbon content slightly increased with pyrolysis temperature and ball mill duration. The temperature and duration of the ball milling influenced the particle size distribution. The higher the pyrolysis temperature and the ball mill duration, the smaller the average particle size distribution. The smallest particle size was 3.04 µm, pyrolyzed at 600°C and had a ball milling duration of 72 hours.

Nipa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) belongs to the Arecaceae family, covering 30% of over 4 million ha of mangrove forest in Indonesia. The most valuable part of nipa is the fruits for food, drink, handicrafts, and medicine, leaving empty fruit bunches as waste. The empty fruit bunch waste reaches 75% of the total weight of nipa fruit, producing approximately 6 Mt/ha or over 6 million Mt in a year. Nipa empty fruit bunches (EFB) are biomass containing 27.3% lignin, 36.1% cellulose, and 21.8% hemicellulose. Due to Indonesia’s increasing nipa fruit harvesting, managing and finding a suitable solution to overcome waste issues is essential. In the present review, nipa EFB’s physical and chemical properties were found suitable as a biomass energy source. Nipa’s EFB energy recovery was potentially generated from direct combustion, pyrolysis, and briquette making. The harvesting challenge and emission from direct combustion or pyrolysis process limit the nipa utilization. Education and technology dissemination is required for the coastal communities to assist in utilizing nipa.

Teluk Kulbi Village is one of the villages in Betara District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi Province, which has potential in the plantation sector, especially areca nut. The Mandiri Palma area is defined as an area development where the community can be independent from various aspects such as food, economy, energy based on palm commodities. However, so far, the people of Teluk Kulbi Village have problems and the lack of innovation in derivative products. The solutions offered to overcome these problems are diversifying food and non-food palm-based, especially areca nut and coconut, processing palm waste, developing palm waste-based creative industries, and pioneering Mandiri Palma areas. Community empowerment around Teluk Kulbi Village has resulted in several diversification of areca-derived products such as “Papident” herbal toothpaste, “Kopinang” drink, areca gum, palm syrup, briquettes from betel nut waste, souvenirs from betel nut, and a master plan for an independent palm area.

Charcoal-based fertilizers can be improved in quality by nutrient impregnation and modified to provide nutrients gradually (slow release fertilizer-SRF). SRF fertilizer can be made by using a coating in the form of charcoal from the pyrolysis of palm oil waste. Raw palm oil waste from Bantur District, Malang, East Java, for the soaking process with fertilizers, there are two different types of fertilizers, namely organic (EM4) and inorganic (Urea) fertilizers, after which they are pyrolyzed and the characteristic results are obtained. Based on the research results, waste oil palm has the potential to be developed into a Slow Release Fertilizer. The content of water, ash, and volatile matter was found in the fertilizer which was soaked for 72 hours (3 days), while the bound carbon content was found in the soaking for 72 hours (3 days).

Galangal is one of Indonesia's spice plants and the rhizome contains chemical components, such as essential oils so that it can be used for various purposes, including medicinal, antimicrobial, cosmetic,abd antifungal. The essential oil content of red galangal rhizome is 0.3-1% depending on the quality of the rhizome. The process of extracting essential oils can be done by steam-water distillation. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature and drying time as a preliminary treatment before distillation. The study was designed using a Randomized Block Design with 2 factors: the first is the drying temperature (50oC; 60oC; 70oC), the second factor is the drying time (2; 4; 6 hours). The analysis was carried out yield, refractive index, specific gravity, color, and chemical components. The material used was red galangal rhizome which was approximately 1 year old. Steam and water distillation method was used for oil extraction for 6 hours. The results showed that the best treatment was the control treatment (without drying) with a yield of 0.076%, refractive index 1.4773%, specific gravity 0.8952 (g/ml), color L 23.365, color a* (-)0.995 , and color b* yellowish (+)3.78. Tthe GC-MS, 37 chemical components were detected, of which 6 main components were found with the highest area value, 1.8-Cineole 27.347%; (Z)-beta-Farnesene 11.641%; 2-Beta-Pinene 8.700%; Phenol, 4-(2-propenyl)-acetate (CAS) 6.369%; 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-(CAS) 4.305%; and cis-Ocimene 4.009%. The drying reduces the essential oil yield of galangal rhizome.