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The Dunkl--Dirac operator is a deformation of the Dirac operator by means of Dunkl derivatives. We investigate the symmetry algebra generated by the elements supercommuting with the Dunkl--Dirac operator and its dual symbol. This symmetry algebra is realised inside the tensor product of a Clifford algebra and a rational Cherednik algebra associated with a reflection group or root system. For reducible root systems of rank three, we determine all the irreducible finite-dimensional representations and conditions for unitarity. Polynomial solutions of the Dunkl--Dirac equation are given as a realisation of one family of such irreducible unitary representations., Comment: v3 40p. Final version accepted in J. Algebra. See v2 for proof of Thm 4.1

Recent results on the Racah algebra $\mathcal{R}_n$ of rank $n - 2$ are reviewed. $\mathcal{R}_n$ is defined in terms of generators and relations and sits in the centralizer of the diagonal action of $\mathfrak{su}(1,1)$ in $\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{su}(1,1))^{\otimes n}$. Its connections with multivariate Racah polynomials are discussed. It is shown to be the symmetry algebra of the generic superintegrable model on the $ (n-1)$ - sphere and a number of interesting realizations are provided., 18 pages, survey paper based on talk at the conference Representation Theory XVI in Dubrovnik, 2019. Version 2: some typos corrected and references updated. Accepted for publication in Contemporary Mathematics

The monogenic Hua-Radon transform is defined as an orthogonal projection on holomorphic functions in the Lie sphere. Extending the work of Sabadini and Sommen (J Geom Anal 29:2709-2737, 2019), we determine its reproducing kernel. Integrating this kernel over the Stiefel manifold yields a linear combination of the zonal spherical monogenics. Using the reproducing properties of those monogenics, we obtain an inversion for the monogenic Hua-Radon transform.

We study a particular class of infinite-dimensional representations of $\mathfrak{osp}(1|2n)$. These representations $L_n(p)$ are characterized by a positive integer $p$, and are the lowest component in the $p$-fold tensor product of the metaplectic representation of $\mathfrak{osp}(1|2n)$. We construct a new polynomial basis for $L_n(p)$ arising from the embedding $\mathfrak{osp}(1|2np) \supset \mathfrak{osp}(1|2n)$. The basis vectors of $L_n(p)$ are labelled by semi-standard Young tableaux, and are expressed as Clifford algebra valued polynomials with integer coefficients in $np$ variables. Using combinatorial properties of these tableau vectors it is deduced that they form indeed a basis. The computation of matrix elements of a set of generators of $\mathfrak{osp}(1|2n)$ on these basis vectors requires further combinatorics, such as the action of a Young subgroup on the horizontal strips of the tableau.

By exploiting the Fueter theorem, we give new formulas to compute zonal harmonic functions in any dimension. We first give a representation of them as a result of a suitable ladder operator acting on the constant function equal to one. Then, inspired by recent work of A. Perotti, using techniques from slice regularity, we derive explicit expressions for zonal harmonics starting from the 2 and 3 dimensional cases. It turns out that all zonal harmonics in any dimension are related to the real part of powers of the standard Hermitian product in $\mathbb{C}$. At the end we compare formulas, obtaining interesting equalities involving the real part of positive and negative powers of the standard Hermitian product. In the two appendices we show how our computations are optimal compared to direct ones., Comment: 27 Pages; 2 Appendices; Comments are welcome!

The Gasper and Rahman multivariate $(-q)$-Racah polynomials appear as connection coefficients between bases diagonalizing different abelian subalgebras of the recently defined higher rank $q$-Bannai-Ito algebra $\mathcal{A}_n^q$. Lifting the action of the algebra to the connection coefficients, we find a realization of $\mathcal{A}_n^q$ by means of difference operators. This provides an algebraic interpretation for the bispectrality of the multivariate $(-q)$-Racah polynomials, as was established in [Iliev, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 363 (3) (2011), 1577-1598]. Furthermore, we extend the Bannai-Ito orthogonal polynomials to multiple variables and use these to express the connection coefficients for the $q = 1$ higher rank Bannai-Ito algebra $\mathcal{A}_n$, thereby proving a conjecture from [De Bie et al., Adv. Math. 303 (2016), 390-414]. We derive the orthogonality relation of these multivariate Bannai-Ito polynomials and provide a discrete realization for $\mathcal{A}_n$., 61 pages, added more details on construction of bases in section 2.3 and 2.4, various other small changes

The minimal representation of a semisimple Lie group is a 'small' infinite-dimensional irreducible unitary representation. It is thought to correspond to the minimal nilpotent coadjoint orbit in Kirillov's orbit philosophy. The Segal-Bargmann transform is an intertwining integral transformation between two different models of the minimal representation for Hermitian Lie groups of tube type. In this paper we construct a Fock model for the minimal representation of the orthosymplectic Lie superalgebra $\mathfrak{osp}(m,2|2n)$. We also construct an integral transform which intertwines the Schr\"odinger model for the minimal representation of the orthosymplectic Lie superalgebra $\mathfrak{osp}(m,2|2n)$ with this new Fock model.

We conjecture the existence of an embedding of the Racah algebra into the universal enveloping algebra of Open image in new window . Evidence of this conjecture is offered by realizing both algebras using differential operators and giving an embedding in this realization.

The $q$-deformed Bannai-Ito algebra was recently constructed in the threefold tensor product of the quantum superalgebra $\mathfrak{osp}_q(1\vert 2)$. It turned out to be isomorphic to the Askey-Wilson algebra. In the present paper these results will be extended to higher rank. The rank $n-2$ $q$-Bannai-Ito algebra $\mathcal{A}_n^q$, which by the established isomorphism also yields a higher rank version of the Askey-Wilson algebra, is constructed in the $n$-fold tensor product of $\mathfrak{osp}_q(1\vert 2)$. An explicit realization in terms of $q$-shift operators and reflections is proposed, which will be called the $\mathbb{Z}_2^n$ $q$-Dirac-Dunkl model. The algebra $\mathcal{A}_n^q$ is shown to arise as the symmetry algebra of the constructed $\mathbb{Z}_2^n$ $q$-Dirac-Dunkl operator and to act irreducibly on modules of its polynomial null-solutions. An explicit basis for these modules is obtained using a $q$-deformed $\mathbf{CK}$-extension and Fischer decomposition., Comment: 38 pages, minor changes and references added

In this note, we express explicitly the Dunkl kernel and generalized Bessel functions of type $A_{n-1}$ by the Humbert's function $\Phi_{2}^{(n)}$, with one variable specified. The obtained formulas lead to a new proof of Xu's integral expression for the intertwining operator associated to symmetric groups, which was recently reported in [21]., Comment: Minor revision, remarks added. Comments welcome!

Dunkl operators associated with finite reflection groups generate a commutative algebra of differential-difference operators. There exists a unique linear operator called intertwining operator which intertwines between this algebra and the algebra of standard differential operators. There also exists a generalization of the Fourier transform in this context called Dunkl transform. In this paper, we determine an integral expression for the Dunkl kernel, which is the integral kernel of the Dunkl transform, for all dihedral groups. We also determine an integral expression for the intertwining operator in the case of dihedral groups, based on observations valid for all reflection groups. As a special case, we recover the result of [Xu, Intertwining operators associated to dihedral groups. Constr. Approx. 2019]. Crucial in our approach is a systematic use of the link between both integral kernels and the simplex in a suitable high dimensional space., Comment: Major revision. Comments welcome

In this paper we determine solutions for the L\'evy-Leblond operator or a parabolic Dirac operator in terms of hypergeometric functions and spherical harmonics. We subsequently generalise our approach to a wider class of Dirac operators depending on 4 parameters., Comment: 14 pages

In this paper, a new method is developed to obtain explicit and integral expressions for the kernel of the ( κ , a ) -generalized Fourier transform for κ = 0 . In the case of dihedral groups, this method is also applied to the Dunkl kernel as well as the Dunkl Bessel function. The method uses the introduction of an auxiliary variable in the series expansion of the kernel, which is subsequently Laplace transformed. The kernel in the Laplace domain takes on a much simpler form, by making use of the Poisson kernel. The inverse Laplace transform can then be computed using the generalized Mittag–Leffler function to obtain integral expressions. In case the parameters involved are integers, explicit formulas are obtained using partial fraction decomposition. New bounds for the kernel of the ( κ , a ) -generalized Fourier transform are obtained as well.

We consider the symmetry algebra generated by the total angular momentum operators, appearing as constants of motion of the S 3 Dunkl Dirac equation. The latter is a deformation of the Dirac equation by means of Dunkl operators, in our case associated to the root system A 2 , with corresponding Weyl group S 3 , the symmetric group on three elements. The explicit form of the symmetry algebra in this case is a one-parameter deformation of the classical total angular momentum algebra s o ( 3 ) , incorporating elements of S 3 . This was obtained using recent results on the symmetry algebra for a class of Dirac operators, containing in particular the Dirac–Dunkl operator for arbitrary root system. For this symmetry algebra, we classify all finite-dimensional, irreducible representations and determine the conditions for the representations to be unitarizable. The class of unitary irreducible representations admits a natural realization acting on a representation space of eigenfunctions of the Dirac Hamiltonian. Using a Cauchy–Kowalevski extension theorem we obtain explicit expressions for these eigenfunctions in terms of Jacobi polynomials.

The decomposition of polynomials of one vector variable into irreducible modules for the orthogonal group is a crucial result in harmonic analysis which makes use of the Howe duality theorem and leads to the study of spherical harmonics. The aim of the present paper is to describe a decomposition of polynomials in two vector variables and to obtain projection operators on each of the irreducible components. To do so, a particular transvector algebra will be used as a new dual partner for the orthogonal group leading to a generalisation of the classical Howe duality. The results are subsequently used to obtain explicit projection operators and formulas for integration of polynomials over the associated Stiefel manifold., 34 pages

In this paper, we introduce a new generalization of the Helgason–Fourier transform using the angular Dirac operator on both the hyperboloid and unit ball models. The explicit integral kernels of even dimension are derived. Furthermore, we establish the formal generating function of the even dimensional kernels. In the computations, fractional integration plays a key unifying role. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The kernel of the Z 2 n Dirac–Dunkl operator is examined. The symmetry algebra A n of the associated Dirac–Dunkl equation on S n − 1 is determined and is seen to correspond to a higher rank generalization of the Bannai–Ito algebra. A basis for the polynomial null-solutions of the Dirac–Dunkl operator is constructed. The basis elements are joint eigenfunctions of a maximal commutative subalgebra of A n and are given explicitly in terms of Jacobi polynomials. The symmetry algebra is shown to act irreducibly on this basis via raising/lowering operators. A scalar realization of A n is proposed.

Recently the construction of various integral transforms for slice monogenic functions has gained a lot of attention. In line with these developments, the article at hand introduces the slice Fourier transform. In the first part, the kernel function of this integral transform is constructed using the Mehler formula. An explicit expression for the integral transform is obtained and allows for the study of its properties. In the second part, two kinds of corresponding convolutions are examined: Mustard convolutions and convolutions based on generalised translation operators. The paper finishes by demonstrating the connection between both., 29 pages

In this paper, we develop a new method based on the Laplace transform to study the Clifford-Fourier transform. First, the kernel of the Clifford-Fourier transform in the Laplace domain is obtained. When the dimension is even, the inverse Laplace transform may be computed and we obtain the explicit expression for the kernel as a finite sum of Bessel functions. We equally obtain the plane wave decomposition and find new integral representations for the kernel in all dimensions. Finally we define and compute the formal generating function for the even dimensional kernels., 15 pages

The Dirac-Dunkl operator on the 2-sphere associated to the $\mathbb{Z}_2^3$ reflection group is considered. Its symmetries are found and are shown to generate the Bannai-Ito algebra. Representations of the Bannai-Ito algebra are constructed using ladder operators. Eigenfunctions of the spherical Dirac-Dunkl operator are obtained using a Cauchy-Kovalevskaia extension theorem. These eigenfunctions, which correspond to Dunkl monogenics, are seen to support finite-dimensional irreducible representations of the Bannai-Ito algebra., Comment: 17 pages, 1 diagram

The Racah algebra and its higher rank extension are the algebras underlying the univariate and multivariate Racah polynomials. In this paper we develop two new models in which the Racah algebra naturally arises as symmetry algebra, namely the Bargmann model and the Barut-Girardello model. We show how both models are connected with the superintegrable model of Miller et al. The Bargmann model moreover leads to a new realization of the Racah algebra of rank $n$ as $n$-variable differential operators. Our conceptual approach also allows us to rederive the basis functions of the superintegrable model without resorting to separation of variables., 16 pages

A recent trend in color image processing combines the quaternion algebra with dictionary learning methods. This paper aims to present a generalization of the quaternion dictionary learning method by using the octonion algebra. The octonion algebra combined with dictionary learning methods is well suited for representation of multispectral images with up to 7 color channels. Opposed to the classical dictionary learning techniques that treat multispectral images by concatenating spectral bands into a large monochrome image, we treat all the spectral bands simultaneously. Our approach leads to better preservation of color fidelity in true and false color images of the reconstructed multispectral image. To show the potential of the octonion based model, experiments are conducted for image reconstruction and denoising of color images as well as of extensively used Landsat 7 images.

We work in three-dimensional Euclidean space on which the symmetric group \(S_3\) acts in a natural way. Here, we consider the Dunkl operators, a generalization of partial derivatives in the form of differential-difference operators associated to a reflection group, \(S_3\) in our case. In this setting, the main object of study is the Dunkl version of the Dirac operator. We determine the classes of symmetries of the Dirac–Dunkl operator and present the algebra they generate.

In previous work a higher rank generalization $R(n)$ of the Racah algebra was defined abstractly. The special case of rank one encodes the bispectrality of the univariate Racah polynomials and is known to admit an explicit realization in terms of the operators associated to these polynomials. Starting from the Dunkl model for which we have an action by $R(n)$ on the Dunkl-harmonics, we show that connection coefficients between bases of Dunkl-harmonics diagonalizing certain Abelian subalgebra are multivariate Racah polynomials. By lifting the action of $R(n)$ to the connection coefficients, we identify the action of the Abelian subalgebras with the action of the Racah operators defined by J. S. Geronimo and P. Iliev. Making appropriate changes of basis one can identify each generator of $R(n)$ as a discrete operator acting on the multivariate Racah polynomials., Comment: 24 pages

This paper presents an application of hypercomplex algebras combined with dictionary learning for sparse representation of multichannel images. Two main representatives of hypercomplex algebras, Clifford algebras and algebras generated by the Cayley-Dickson procedure are considered. Related works reported quaternion methods (for color images) and octonion methods, which are applicable to images with up to 7 channels. We show that the current constructions cannot be generalized to dimensions above eight.

We consider a generalization of the classical Laplace operator, which includes the Laplace-Dunkl operator defined in terms of the differential-difference operators associated with finite reflection groups called Dunkl operators. For this Laplace-like operator, we determine a set of symmetries commuting with it, which are generalized angular momentum operators, and we present the algebraic relations for the symmetry algebra. In this context, the generalized Dirac operator is then defined as a square root of our Laplace-like operator. We explicitly determine a family of graded operators which commute or anti-commute with our Dirac-like operator depending on their degree. The algebra generated by these symmetry operators is shown to be a generalization of the standard angular momentum algebra and the recently defined higher rank Bannai-Ito algebra., 39 pages, final version

The Howe dual pair (sl(2),O(m)) allows the characterization of the classical Fourier transform (FT) on the space of rapidly decreasing functions as the exponential of a well-chosen element of sl(2) such that the Helmholtz relations are satisfied. In this paper we first investigate what happens when instead we consider exponentials of elements of the universal enveloping algebra of sl(2). This leads to a complete class of generalized Fourier transforms, that all satisfy properties similar to the classical FT. There is moreover a finite subset of transforms which very closely resemble the FT. We obtain operator exponential expressions for all these transforms by making extensive use of the theory of integer-valued polynomials. We also find a plane wave decomposition of their integral kernel and establish uncertainty principles. In important special cases we even obtain closed formulas for the integral kernels. In the second part of the paper, the same problem is considered for the dual pair (osp(1|2),Spin(m)), in the context of the Dirac operator. This connects our results with the Clifford-Fourier transform studied in previous work., Comment: Second version, changes in title, introduction and section 2

In this paper, the Dirac operator, acting on super functions with values in super spinor space, is defi ned along the lines of the construction of generalized Cauchy-Riemann operators by Stein and Weiss. The introduction of the superalgebra of symmetries osp(m|2n) is a new and essential feature in this approach. This algebra of symmetries is extended to the algebra of conformal symmetries osp(m + 1, 1|2n). The kernel of the Dirac operator is studied as a representation of both algebras. The construction also gives an explicit realization of the Howe dual pair osp(1|2) x osp(m|2n) \subset osp(m + 4n|2m + 2n). Finally, the super Dirac operator gives insight into the open problem of classifying invariant fi rst order diff erential operators in super parabolic geometries.

The Bannai–Ito algebra B(n) of rank (n – 2) is defined as the algebra generated by the Casimir operators arising in the n-fold tensor product of the osp(1,2) superalgebra. The structure relations are presented and representations in bases determined by maximal Abelian subalgebras are discussed. Comments on realizations as symmetry algebras of physical models are offered.

In recent work a deformation of the classical Dirac operator in \(\mathbb {R}^m\) was introduced. The key idea behind this deformation is a family of new realizations of the Lie superalgebra \(\mathfrak {osp}(1|2)\), by means of a so-called radially deformed Dirac operator \(\mathbf D \) depending on a deformation parameter c, such that for \(c=0\) the classical Dirac operator is reobtained. In this paper, we investigate various properties of this deformation. We first determine the conformal structure of \(\mathbf D \) and obtain a version of Stokes’ theorem. Subsequently we derive an explicit form for the kernel of the associated Fourier transform in terms of trigonometric functions.

This paper is concerned with spherical harmonics, and two refinements thereof: complex harmonics and symplectic harmonics. The reproducing kernels of the spherical and complex harmonics are explicitly given in terms of Gegenbauer or Jacobi polynomials. In the first part of the paper we determine the reproducing kernel for the space of symplectic harmonics, which is again expressible as a Jacobi polynomial of a suitable argument. In the second part we find plane wave formulas for the reproducing kernels of the three types of harmonics, expressing them as suitable integrals over Stiefel manifolds. This is achieved using Pizzetti formulas that express the integrals in terms of differential operators.

This paper deals with a certain class of second-order conformally invariant operators acting on functions taking values in particular (finite-dimensional) irreducible representations of the orthogonal group. These operators can be seen as a generalisation of the Laplace operator to higher spin as well as a second order analogue of the Rarita-Schwinger operator. To construct these operators, we will use the framework of Clifford analysis, a multivariate function theory in which arbitrary irreducible representations for the orthogonal group can be realised in terms of polynomials satisfying a system of differential equations. As a consequence, the functions on which this particular class of operators act are functions taking values in the space of harmonics homogeneous of degree k. We prove the ellipticity of these operators and use this to investigate their kernel, focusing on both polynomial solutions and the fundamental solution., 29 pages

We study various aspects of the metaplectic Howe duality realized by the Fischer decomposition for the metaplectic representation space of polynomials on R 2 n valued in the Segal–Shale–Weil representation. As a consequence, we determine symplectic monogenics, i.e. the space of polynomial solutions of the symplectic Dirac operator D s .

A quantum superintegrable model with reflections on the three-sphere is presented. Its symmetry algebra is identified with the rank-two Bannai-Ito algebra. It is shown that the Hamiltonian of the system can be constructed from the tensor product of four representations of the superalgebra $\mathfrak{osp}(1|2)$ and that the superintegrability is naturally understood in that setting. The exact separated solutions are obtained through the Fischer decomposition and a Cauchy-Kovalevskaia extension theorem., 8 pages

A higher rank generalization of the (rank one) Racah algebra is obtained as the symmetry algebra of the Laplace-Dunkl operator associated to the $\mathbb{Z}_2^n$ root system. This algebra is also the invariance algebra of the generic superintegrable model on the $n$-sphere. Bases of Dunkl harmonics are constructed explicitly using a Cauchy-Kovalevskaia theorem. These bases consist of joint eigenfunctions of maximal Abelian subalgebras of the higher rank Racah algebra. A method to obtain expressions for both the connection coefficients between these bases and the action of the symmetries on these bases is presented., Comment: 20 pages, various small changes, accepted in J. Phys. A

An overview is given to a new approach for obtaining generalized Fourier transforms in the context of hypercomplex analysis (or Clifford analysis). These transforms are applicable to higher-dimensional signals with several components and are different from the classical Fourier transform in that they mix the components of the signal. Subsequently, attention is focused on the special case of the so-called Clifford-Fourier transform where recently a lot of progress has been made. A fractional version of this transform is introduced and a series expansion for its integral kernel is obtained. For the case of dimension 2, also an explicit expression for the kernel is given.

In this paper the classical theory of spherical harmonics in R^m is extended to superspace using techniques from Clifford analysis. After defining a super-Laplace operator and studying some basic properties of polynomial null-solutions of this operator, a new type of integration over the supersphere is introduced by exploiting the formal equivalence with an old result of Pizzetti. This integral is then used to prove orthogonality of spherical harmonics of different degree, Green-like theorems and also an extension of the important Funk-Hecke theorem to superspace. Finally, this integration over the supersphere is used to define an integral over the whole superspace and it is proven that this is equivalent with the Berezin integral, thus providing a more sound definition of the Berezin integral., Comment: 22 pages, accepted for publication in J. Phys. A

In this paper an extension of Clifford analysis to superspace is given, inspired by the abstract framework of radial algebra. This framework leads to the introduction of the so-called super-dimension, an important parameter appearing in several formulae. Also the relevant differential operators are introduced and their basic properties are proven.

In the present article we study basic aspects of the symplectic version of Clifford analysis associated to the symplectic Dirac operator. Focusing mostly on the symplectic vector space of real dimension $2$, this involves the analysis of first order symmetry operators, symplectic Clifford-Fourier transform, reproducing kernel for the symplectic Fischer product and the construction of bases of symplectic monogenics for the symplectic Dirac operator., Comment: 28 pages, various small changes

In recent years, the study of slice monogenic functions has attracted more and more attention in the literature. In this paper, an extension of the well-known Dirac operator is defined which allows to establish the Lie superalgebra structure behind the theory of slice monogenic functions. Subsequently, an inner product is defined corresponding to this slice Dirac operator and its polynomial null-solutions are determined. Finally, analogues of the Hermite polynomials and Hermite functions are constructed in this context and their properties are studied., Comment: 19 pages

A quantum superintegrable model with reflections on the $(n-1)$-sphere is presented. Its symmetry algebra is identified with the higher rank generalization of the Bannai-Ito algebra. It is shown that the Hamiltonian of the system can be constructed from the tensor product of $n$ representations of the superalgebra $\mathfrak{osp}(1|2)$ and that the superintegrability is naturally understood in that setting. The separated solutions are obtained through the Fischer decomposition and a Cauchy-Kovalevskaia extension theorem., Comment: 9 pages

The Bannai-Ito algebra is presented together with some of its applications. Its relations with the Bannai-Ito polynomials, the Racah problem for the $sl_{-1}(2)$ algebra, a superintegrable model with reflections and a Dirac-Dunkl equation on the 2-sphere are surveyed., Proceedings of Group30, Ghent, July 2014. Based on plenary talk given by Luc Vinet at this conference

In this paper two important classes of orthogonal polynomials in higher dimensions using the framework of Clifford analysis are considered, namely the Clifford-Hermite and the Clifford-Gegenbauer polynomials. For both classes an explicit generating function is obtained., 14 pages

This chapter gives an overview of the theory of hypercomplex Fourier transforms, which are generalized Fourier transforms in the context of Clifford analysis. The emphasis lies on three different approaches that are currently receiving a lot of attention: the eigenfunction approach, the generalized roots of −1 approach, and the characters of the spin group approach. The eigenfunction approach prescribes complex eigenvalues to the L_2 basis consisting of the Clifford–Hermite functions and is therefore strongly connected to the representation theory of the Lie superalgebra osp(1|2). The roots of −1 approach consists of replacing all occurrences of the imaginary unit in the classical Fourier transform by roots of −1 belonging to a suitable Clifford algebra. The resulting transforms are often used in engineering. The third approach uses characters to generalize the classical Fourier transform to the setting of the group Spin(4), resp. Spin(6) for application in image processing. For each approach, precise definitions of the transforms under consideration are given, important special cases are highlighted, and a summary of the most important results is given. Also directions for further research are indicated.

A superspace version of the Schr\"odinger equation with a delta potential is studied using Fourier analysis. An explicit expression for the energy of the single bound state is found as a function of the super-dimension M in case M is smaller than or equal to 1. In the case when there is one commuting and 2n anti-commuting variables also the wave function is given explicitly., Comment: 4 pages, accepted for publication in Physics Letters A