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Effect of using two by-products (sugar beet pulp and date seeds) untreated or biologically treated with different combinations of fungi, bacteria and yeast in sheep feeding on digestibility coefficients, rumen fermentations and rumen microbes, and blood biochemicals was investigated. The study included laboratory experiment, digestibility trail and in vitro gas production. Digestibility trail included six experiments: T (1): Concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + berseem hay (BH) (Control). T (2): CFM contained untreated sugar beet pulp (SBP) and date seeds (DS) + BH. T (3): CFM contained SBP and DS treated with T. virideand S. cerevisiae + BH. T (4): CFM contained SBP and DS treated with T. viride and C. cellulasea + BH. T (5): CFM contained SBP and DS treated with C.cellulasea and S. cerevisiae+ BH. T (6): CFM contained SBP and DS treated with T. viride with C. cellulasea and S. cerevisiae+ BH. Biological combination treatments improved chemical analysis and fiber constituents, while reduced anti-nutritional factors of DS. T6, T4, T3 and T5 increased (P

Effect of feeding date palm tree leaves as dried or silage incubated with or without bacteria on sheep performance during pregnancy and lactation periods, and lambs performance was investigated in the current study. Forty ewes (4 years old and 49.5±2.5 kg body weight) at the beginning of pregnancy were randomly assigned into four groups (n=10 in each). The first (C) fed control ration consisted of 60% concentrate feed mixture +40% berseem hay. The second (R1) fed ration contained 60% CFM + 40% dried date palm leaves (DDPL). The third (R2) fed ration contained 60% CFM + 40% silage DPL (SDPL). The fourth (R3) fed ration contained 60% CFM + 40% silage DPL incubated with Cellulomonas cellulasea (SBDPL). Digestibility trial was done at the end of lactation period. Results revealed that SBDPL increased (P≤0.05) body weight and total gain of ewes by progressing the pregnancy and lactation, with no significant difference with control group, followed by SDPL and DDPL, respectively. C and R3 improved (P≤0.05) digestibility coefficients and nutritive value compared with R2 and R1, in addition to a significant (P≤0.01) increase of rumen fermentations, protozoa and cellulolytic bacteria counts. Also, SBDPL increased (P≤0.05) serum glucose, total proteins, albumin, globulin, urea and creatinine concentrations, which affected milk yield and lambs performance comparing with SDPL and DDPL. Feeding date palm leaves silage with addition of bacteria is better than feeding silage without addition of bacteria or dried date palm leaves and could replace hay in rations of ewes during pregnancy and lactation.

Replacement of part of yellow corn by dried sugar beet pulp untreated or biologically treated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichoderma viride or Cellulomonas cellulasea to represent 40% of the concentrate feed mixture had done in the present study to investigate its effect on rumen fermentations and microbes, blood parameters, nutrients digestibility, nutritive value, rate of passage in the rumen, nitrogen and water balances and lambs performance. Twenty five weaned Barki ewes lambs were randomly divided into five groups to conduct growth trail followed by digestibility trail. Lambs fed on five rations: R (1): Concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + berseem hay (BH) (control), R (2): CFM contained untreated SBP + BH, R (3): CFM contained SBP treated with S. cerevisiae + BH, R (4): CFM contained SBP treated with T. viride + BH. R (5): CFM contained SBP treated with C. cellulasea + BH. The ratio of CFM to BH was 60%: 40% in all rations. The main results indicated that biological treatments for SBP significantly increased (P≤0.01) ruminal pH values, total ruminal VFA’s, microbial protein, ammonia nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, true protein, total nitrogen concentrations and ruminal protozoa numbers. Also, R3, R4 and R5 increased the concentrations of blood serum glucose, total proteins, albumin and creatinine. Also, these treatments achieved the highest (P≤0.01) feed intake digestion coefficients, nutritive values, rate of passage in the rumen, nitrogen and water utilization comparing with untreated group, which reversed on lambs performance as increasing body weight, average daily gain, feed efficiency and economic efficiency comparing to R2. Results of rations contained biological treated SBP were near to those of control.

lambs performance, economic conversion, feed efficiency, rumen fermentation characteristics, rumen ciliate protozoa and bacteria counts, blood parameters, nutrients digestibility, nutritive value, nitrogen and water balance as affected by feeding date palm leaves supplemented with cellulase, fibrolytic enzymes or combination of each other were investigated in the current study. Thirty weaning Barki lambs (3-4 months old and 12.50 kg live body weight) were randomly divided into five groups (6 lambs each ) to conduct growth trail followed by digestibility trail. Lambs received five treatments: T(1):Concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + berseem hay (BH) (control), T(2): CFM + untreated DPL + BH, T(3): CFM + DPL incubated with cellulase enzyme + BH, T(4): CFM + DPL incubated with Fibrolytic enzyme + BH, T(5): CFM + DPL incubated with cellulase and fibrolytic enzymes+ BH. Concentrate: roughage ratio was 50: 50%, DPL: BH ratio was 40: 10%. Enzymes supplementation improved lambs performance, whereas T5, T4 and T3 increased (P

Aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of feeding small ruminants on diets contained date palm tree leaves (DPL) incubated or not with enzymes. Biological treatments were used in laboratory experiment to determine the effect of using different enzymes (Cellulase, Taninnase, Fibrolytic and combinations of each with other) on chemical composition of date palm leaves. In vitro trail was conducted using diets contained 40% DPL incubated with enzymes to study in vitronutrients disappearance. A digestibility trails were carried out to study digestibility coefficients, nutritive values, nitrogen balance, rumen fermentations and microbes and some blood components as follow: D (1): 50 % concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + 50% berseem hay (BH) (control diet). D (2): 50 % CFM + 40% DPL +10% BH.D (3): 50 % CFM +40% DPL incubated with Cellulase enzyme +10% BH. D (4): 50 % CFM +40% DPL incubated with Fibrolytic enzyme +10% BH. D (5): 50 % CFM +40% DPL incubated with Cellulase and fibrolytic enzymes. Results showed that enzymes improved chemical composition of DPL, CP content was increased while CF and its fractions were decreased (P≤0.01). The incubation of DPL in diets with enzymes improved nutrients disappearance. Digestibility coefficients, nutritive values and nitrogen balance showed significant increase(P≤0.01) with diets contained enzymatic DPL. The highest improvement of rumen fermentations and microbes were reported with DPL contained enzymes compared to control and non- enzymatic DPL. Serum total proteins and albumin concentrations were increased significantly (P≤0.01), while urea concentration was decreased with diets contained enzymatic DPL.

Olive tree by-products (OTB) were examined to be used as an alternative feed for ruminants after improving their chemical composition through urea and Phanerochaete chrysosporium treatments. Twenty eight lactating Barki ewes were randomly assigned to four groups ( seven animals each) using the complete random design. Ewes were fed 70% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + 30% Berssem hay (R1), 70% CFM + 30% untreated OTB (R2), 70% CFM+30% OTB treated with urea (R3), and 70% CFM+30% OTB treated with Phanerochaete chrysosporium (R4).Chemical and biological treatments were so effective in fiber decomposition of OTB and improve its nutritive value. Ruminal total volatile fatty acids, NH3-N concentrations and microbial protein synthesis were higher in treated groups R3and R4 than R2 group. Urea treatment was superior over biological treatment (p < 0.05) for improvement of all nutrients digestibility, blood serum glucose, protein and albumin, milk yield and milk composition. Inclusion of chemically and biologically treated OTB in lactating ewes’s rations improved their productive performance with no deleterious effects on the health.

This study included three trials: 1- A laboratory experiment included twelve treatments to study the effect of using biological treatments (yeast, fungi and bacteria) on chemical composition and fiber constituents of sugar beet pulp (SBP) and olive cake (OC) to choose the best biological treatments to be use in in vitro and in vivo experiments. 2- In vitro experiment included five treatments to study the effect of control, untreated and treated SBP and OC on in vitro nutrients disappearance, T(1):Concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + berseem hay (BH) (control). T (2): CFM contains (40% untreated SBP + 30% untreated OC) + BH. T(3): CFM contains (40% SBP + 30% OC) treated with S. cerevisiae+ BH. T (4): CFM contains (40% SBP + 30% OC) treated with T. viride+ BH and T (5): CFM contains (40% SBP + 30% OC) treated with C. cellulasea+ BH. 3- In vivo experiment to study the effect ofthose experiments on sheep digestibility coefficients, rumen fermentations, microbial protein, rumen microbes and some blood parameters. The results revealed a significant improvement (P≤0.01) in CP content and a significant reduction in CF and NDF content with biological treatments. Digestibility coefficients and nutritive values were increased (P≤0.01) in treated groups, also, nitrogen balance was enhanced (P≤0.01) than untreated group. Rumen fermentations and microbes showed significant increase (P≤0.01) in treated groups. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations were more in treated groups, although they reduced urea concentration, GOT and GPT activity.

Purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing alfalfa hay with date palm tree leaves (DPL) untreated or treated with urea in diets and study its effect on sheep feeding. The effect of using urea with different levels (4, 6 and 8%) on chemical composition and fiber constituents of date palm leaves was studied in laboratory experiment; also, four rations included different ratios of date palm leaves (15, 25, 35 and 50%) were carried out to choose two of them. Then the chosen two ratios of DPL were used to study the effect of the three levels of urea on the chemical composition and in vitronutrients disappearance of these ratios. Then the perfect ratio of DPL treated with different urea levels used to study its effect on sheep performance, the rations were: C: ration contains 50% CFM + 50% berseem hay BH (control). R (1): control replaced by 35% DPL. R (2): control replaced by 35% untreated DPL (4% urea). R (3): control replaced by 35% DPL (6% urea) and R (4): control replaced by 35% DPL (8% urea). Main results indicated that urea treatment improved chemical composition of DPL compared with untreated as CP content increased while CF and its fractions decreased (P≤0.01). The enhancement in CP, CF, cellulose and hemicellulose contents and the improvement of nutrients disappearance for rations contained 35% DPL treated with urea (4, 6 and 8%) suggested using these rations in digestibility trial which indicated significant increase (P≤0.01) for digestibility coefficients, nutritive values, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentations and microbes compared to untreated ration. Also, treated rations significantly (P≤0.01) enhanced serum total proteins and albumin concentrations more than control and untreated rations, although they increased urea concentration.

hirty non-productive female Shami goats were employed in a 60-day experiment to study the effect of grazing activity and supplementary feeding on energy expenditure (EE) and balance (EB). Goats were divided into three treatments, 10 per each. Animals were grazing a limited area of alfalfa with (GS) or without (G) a limited concentrate supplement, while animals in control treatment were in confinement (in-door, I) in which the same amount of supplement was given with alfalfa hay depending on their recommended requirements. The concentrate feed mixture, as supplementary feeding, was given to cover approximately 50% of the metabolisable energy used for maintenance requirements (MEm). Total EE was estimated by a heart rate (HR) monitor for 48h after individual calibration by oxygen consumption with a face mask open-circuit respiratory system. The internal marker technique was used to estimate the individual intake and digestibility for 6 animals per each treatment in which bags was used for total fecal collection. Animals in control group were consumed significantly less roughage (g/kg BW0.75) in comparison with those in grazing treatments. Digestible energy was affected by grazing activity and supplementary feeding. Total EE was greater for grazing vs. in-door and reduced with supplementary feeding. As a result, the EB was positive and similar between animals in control (I) and GS groups, while a negative EB associated with body weight loss were observed when animals grazing without supplementation (G). In conclusion, grazing activity has a significant effect on the EE and consequently the MEm and supplementary feeding is essential to maintain grazing animals without deterioration.

The present study was performed to investigate the influence of feeding diets contained three levels of yellow corn (YC) without or with enzymes and/or prebiotics on the nutrient digestibility and blood parameters of growing New Zealand White (NZW ) rabbits. A feeding trial (3x4) with factorial arrangement of treatment was carried out. The chemical analyses for experimental diets and faces and blood constituents were run. One hundred and eight, 6 weeks old weaning NZW rabbits were used in this study. Rabbits were randomly distributed into 12 equal experimental groups; each contained three equal replicates. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE), non-ditrgant fiber (NDF), ADF and hemicellulose were increased with feeding on 15 % YC diets than those of rabbits fed on 5 % or 10 % YC rations, but there was no significant effect of dietary treatments on DMI and CP digestibility. Rabbits fed enzyme-supplemented diets displayed significantly lower DM, OM, CF, EE, NFE, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose than those of other dietary treatments. There was no significant effect of these supplements on DMI (g/d) and CP digestibility, compared with the control diet (without supplements). The digestible DCP (%), TDN% and DEI (kcal/d) were significantly higher (P≤0.05) for animals fed diets containing 15 % YC than feeding on 5 or 10 % YC diets, while there were no significant effect on TDNI (g/d), CPI (g/d) and DEI (kcal/d). Rabbits fed the enzyme-supplemented diets exhibited significantly lower TDN (%) and DE (kcal/kg) than did those fed other experimental diets. Similarly, significantly lower means of DEI (kcal/d) were recorded by rabbits fed enzyme- or enzyme plus prebiotics-supplemented diets compared with other experimental groups of rabbits, but DCP % and CPI (g/d) were not affected. The plasma levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol were significantly lower for rabbits fed diets with 10 % or 15 % YC than those of rabbits fed the lowest level of YC,, while there was no significant effect on ALT, AST, total protein or urea concentration. Rabbits fed the diets fortified with enzymes plus prebiotics exhibited significantly lower (P≤0.05) levels of plasma urea and triglycerides and significantly higher cholesterol concentration than did the control group. In conclusion, using YC to partially replace wheat bran in growing rabbits diets had no negative effect on the nutritive value of diets. The nutritive value of the experimental diets for growing rabbits could increase by supplementing enzymes plus prebiotics. The present study showed that feeding growing rabbits on diets contained 10 % YC without supplements or feeding on diets contained 15 % YC with enzymes and prebiotics are effective for nutrient digestibility, nutritive value and health status of rabbits.

Olive trees by-products (OTB) has high fiber and low protein content that could limit its use for feeding animals. This work aimed to investigate the effect of replacement of berseem hay in the diet of lactating Barki ewes by OTB treated with increasing levels of urea on Animal’s nutrient digestibility, milk yield and milk composition. Thirty-five of lactating Barki ewes after one week of parturition were randomly assigned to five groups (seven each). The first; control group (CBH) was fed concentrate feed mixture (CFM) plus berseem hay. The second group (UOTB) was fed CFM + untreated OTB as a replacement of berseem hay. While, OTB2, OTB4 and OTB6 groups were fed CFM + OTB treated with 2%, 4% and 6% urea (on DM), respectively. Urea treatment significantly improved the crude protein (CP) while decrease fiber fractions content of the treated OTB. Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA’s), total protein, NPN and ammonia N levels in the rumen were increased (p

A growth trail was carried out to determine the effect of feeding rations with different levels of concentrate: roughage ratio on rumen development through examining the rumen fermentation and the identification and density of rumen ciliate protozoa for sequence five months. Eighteen early weaned Balady male goats with an average live body weight about 7.58 kg at 60 days age were randomly allocated in three groups (6 lambs each) according to body weight. The three groups were fed starter pelleted consists of different concentrate: roughage ratios (T1; 90:10, T2; 80:20 and T3; 70:30). Results showedthat rumen parameters concentration and ruminal ciliate protozoa count were significantly increased (P≤0.01) from the age of 8 weeks till the age of 24 weeks. Also, the data indicated that ruminal pH values and ruminal ciliate protozoa count were higher (P≤0.01) before feeding then it decreased at 3 hours post feeding followed by gradually increased, although total volatile fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, total nitrogen and true protein nitrogen concentrations reached the highest (P≤0.01) value at 3hr post-feeding then decreased gradually. Seven species of ruminal protozoa were identified in this study, Entodinum spp was the most dominant specie. Comparison among the three experimental treatments showed that T3 had the highest (P≤0.01) concentrations of rumen parameters and ruminal ciliate protozoa count during the whole period followed by T2, while T1 had the lowest (P≤0.01) values. So we recommended involving high roughage ratio in goat kids feeding.

In this study three experiments were conducted, the 1st (a laboratory experiment) included nine treatments (T1-T9) to study the effect of using biological treatments (fungal, bacterial, yeast or yeast combined with fungi or bacteria) on chemical composition and fiber constituents of sugar beet pulp (SBP) to choose the best biological treatments for testing in the 2nd experiment (in vitro experiment). In the 2nd experiment, seven rations containing the best five biologically treated SBP as well as control and untreated SPB rations were used to study the effect of the experimental rations on in vitro chemical composition and nutrients disappearance. These rations included R1 (control): concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + berseem hay (BH); T2: CFM + untreated SBP+ BH; T3: CFM + SBP treated with S. cerevisiae+ BH; T5: CFM + SBP treated with T. viride + BH; T5: CFM + SBP treated with T. viride + S. cerevisiae + BH; T6: CFM + SBP treated with C. cellulasea + BH, and T7: CFM + SBP treated with C. cellulasea + S. cerevisiae + BH. In the 3rd experiment (digestibility experiment) was carried out to study the effect of feeding the same rations on digestibility coefficients, rumen fermentations parameters, microbial protein, protozoal count, number of total bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria and some blood parameters of adult rams. Results revealed that biological treatments increased (P

Three experimental rations differed in concentrate: roughage ratios {90:10 (R1), 80:20 (R2) or 70:30% (R3)} were designed to study chemical compositions and cell wall constituents analysis by in vitro at different incubation times, in vitro nutrient disappearance, in vitro fermentations, microbial protein, count and classification of ciliated protozoa, total and cellulolytic bacteria number. Also, utilization of energy and rumen protozoa in male sheep fed the experimental rations. Samples of rations were in vitro incubated with ruminal fluid from sheep fed concentrate feed mixture and good quality berseem hay for 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 and 48 h. the results indicated that R1 had the highest (P 0.01) CF content and cell wall constituents, whereas, R1 showed the lowest (P>0.01) CF content and it’s components. All contents and cell wall constituents showed gradual decrease (P 0.05) nutrient disappearance, followed by R2 then R1. The best cell wall content disappearance also was for R3. All values of nutrients disappearance showed gradual increase (P