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10. COVID-19 and Precarious Employment : Consequences of the Evolving Crisis

Author

Matilla-Santander, N., Ahonen, E., Albin, M., Baron, S., Bolíbar, M., Bosmans, K., Burström, B., Cuervo, I., Davis, L., Gunn, V., Håkansta, Carin, Hemmingsson, T., Hogstedt, C., Jonsson, J., Julià, M., Kjellberg, K., Kreshpaj, B., Lewchuk, W., Muntaner, C., O’Campo, P., Orellana, C., Östergren, P.-O., Padrosa, E., Ruiz, M. E., Vanroelen, C., Vignola, E., Vives, A., Wegman, D. H., Bodin, T., Consortium, All Members of the PWR Study, Matilla-Santander, N., Ahonen, E., Albin, M., Baron, S., Bolíbar, M., Bosmans, K., Burström, B., Cuervo, I., Davis, L., Gunn, V., Håkansta, Carin, Hemmingsson, T., Hogstedt, C., Jonsson, J., Julià, M., Kjellberg, K., Kreshpaj, B., Lewchuk, W., Muntaner, C., O’Campo, P., Orellana, C., Östergren, P.-O., Padrosa, E., Ruiz, M. E., Vanroelen, C., Vignola, E., Vives, A., Wegman, D. H., Bodin, T., and Consortium, All Members of the PWR Study

Abstract

The world of work is facing an ongoing pandemic and an economic downturn with severe effects worldwide. Workers trapped in precarious employment (PE), both formal and informal, are among those most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we call attention to at least 5 critical ways that the consequences of the crisis among workers in PE will be felt globally: (a) PE will increase, (b) workers in PE will become more precarious, (c) workers in PE will face unemployment without being officially laid off, (d) workers in PE will be exposed to serious stressors and dramatic life changes that may lead to a rise in diseases of despair, and (e) PE might be a factor in deterring the control of or in generating new COVID-19 outbreaks. We conclude that what we really need is a new social contract, where the work of all workers is recognized and protected with adequate job contracts, employment security, and social protection in a new economy, both during and after the COVID-19 crisis.

Published
2021
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17. Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: A comparative risk assessment

Author

Danaei, G, Lu, Y, Singh, Gm, Carnahan, E, Stevens, Ga, Cowan, Mj, Farzadfar, F, Lin, Jk, Finucane, Mm, Rao, M, Khang, Yh, Riley, Lm, Mozaffarian, D, Lim, Ss, Ezzati, M, Aamodt, G, Abdeen, Z, Abdella, Na, Rahim, Hf, Addo, J, Aekplakorn, W, Afifi, Mm, Agabiti Rosei, E, Salinas, Ca, Agyemang, C, Ali, Mk, Ali, Mm, Al Nsour, M, Al Nuaim AR, Ambady, R, Di Angelantonio, E, Aro, P, Azizi, F, Babu, Bv, Bahalim, An, Barbagallo, Cm, Barbieri, Ma, Barceló, A, Barreto, Sm, Barros, H, Bautista, Le, Benetos, A, Bjerregaard, P, Björkelund, C, Bo, S, Bobak, M, Bonora, Enzo, Botana, Ma, Bovet, P, Breckenkamp, J, Breteler, Mm, Broda, G, Brown, Ij, Bursztyn, M, de León AC, Campos, H, Cappuccio, Fp, Capuano, V, Casiglia, E, Castellano, M, Castetbon, K, Cea, L, Chang, Cj, Chaouki, N, Chatterji, S, Chen, Cj, Chen, Z, Choi, Js, Chua, L, Cífková, R, Cobiac, Lj, Cooper, Rs, Corsi, Am, Costanza, Mc, Craig, Cl, Dankner, Rs, Dastgiri, S, Delgado, E, Dinc, G, Doi, Y, Dong, Gh, Dorsi, E, Dragano, N, Drewnowski, A, Eggertsen, R, Elliott, P, Engeland, A, Erem, C, Esteghamati, A, Fall, Ch, Fan, Jg, Ferreccio, C, Fezeu, L, Firmo, Jo, Florez, Hj, Fornés, Ns, Fowkes, Fg, Franceschini, G, Frisk, F, Fuchs, Fd, Fuller, El, Getz, L, Giampaoli, S, Gómez, Lf, Gomez Zumaquero JM, Graff Iversen, S, Grant, Jf, Carvajal, Rg, Gulliford, Mc, Gupta, R, Gupta, Pc, Gureje, O, Gutierrez, Hr, Hansen, Tw, Hata, J, He, J, Heim, N, Heinrich, J, Hemmingsson, T, Hennis, A, Herman, Wh, Herrera, Vm, Ho, S, Holdsworth, M, Frisman, Gh, Hopman, Wm, Hussain, A, Husseini, A, Ibrahim, Mm, Ikeda, N, Jacobsen, Bk, Jaddou, Hy, Jafar, Th, Janghorbani, M, Jasienska, G, Joffres, Mr, Jonas, Jb, Kadiki, Oa, Kalter Leibovici, O, Kamadjeu, Rm, Kaptoge, S, Karalis, I, Kastarinen, Mj, Katz, J, Keinan Boker, L, Kelly, P, Khalilzadeh, O, Kiechl, S, Kim, Kw, Kiyohara, Y, Kobayashi, J, Krause, Mp, Kubínová, R, Kurjata, P, Kusuma, Ys, Lam, Th, Langhammer, A, Lawes, Cm, Le, C, Lee, J, Lévy Marchal, C, Lewington, S, Li, Y, Lim, To, Lin, X, Lin, Cc, Lin, Hh, Lind, L, Lissner, L, Liu, X, Lopez Jaramillo, P, Lorbeer, R, Ma, G, Ma, S, Macià, F, Maclean, Dr, Maggi, S, Magliano, Dj, Makdisse, M, Mancia, G, Mannami, T, Marques Vidal, P, Mbanya, Jc, McFarlane Anderson, N, Miccoli, R, Miettola, J, Minh, Hv, Miquel, Jf, Miranda, Jj, Mohamed, Mk, Mohan, V, Mohanna, S, Mokdad, A, Mollentze, Wf, Morales, Dd, Morgan, K, Muiesan, Lm, Muntoni, S, Nabipour, I, Nakagami, T, Nangia, V, Nemesure, B, Neovius, M, Nerhus, Ka, Nervi, F, Neuhauser, H, Nguyen, M, Ninomiya, T, Noale, M, Oh, Sw, Ohkubo, T, Olivieri, Oliviero, Önal, Ae, Onat, A, Oróstegui, M, Ouedraogo, H, Pan, Wh, Panagiotakos, Db, Panza, F, Park, Y, Passos, Vm, Pednekar, Ms, Pelizzari, Pm, Peres, Ma, Pérez, C, Pérez Fernández, R, Pichardo, R, Phua, Hp, Pistelli, F, Plans, P, Polakowska, M, Poulter, N, Prabhakaran, D, Qiao, Q, Rafiei, M, Raitakari, Ot, Ramos, Lr, Rampal, S, Rampal, L, Rasmussen, F, Reddy, Kk, Redon, J, Revilla, L, Reyes García, V, Roaeid, Rb, Robinson, Ca, Rodriguez Artalejo, F, Rojas Martinez, R, Ronkainen, K, Rosero Bixby, L, Roth, Ga, Sachdev, Hs, Sánchez, Jr, Sanisoglu, Sy, Sans, S, Sarraf Zadegan, N, Scazufca, M, Schaan, Bd, Schapochnik, N, Schelleman, H, Schneider, Ij, Schooling, Cm, Schwarz, B, Sekuri, C, Sereday, Ms, Serra Majem, L, Shaw, J, Shera, As, Shi, Z, Shiri, R, Shu, Xo, Silva, Da, Silva, E, Simons, La, Smith, M, Söderberg, S, Soebardi, S, Solfrizzi, V, Sonestedt, E, Soysal, A, Stattin, P, Stein, Ad, Stergiou, Gs, Stessman, J, Sudo, A, Suka, M, Sundh, V, Sundquist, K, Sundström, J, Swai, Ab, Tai, Es, Tambs, K, Tesfaye, F, Thomas, Gn, Thorogood, M, Tilvis, Rs, Tobias, M, Torheim, Le, Trenkwalder, P, Tuomilehto, Jo, Tur, Ja, Tzourio, C, Uhernik, Ai, Ukoli, Fa, Unwin, N, Hoorn, Sv, Vanderpump, Mp, Varo, Jj, Veierød, Mb, Velásquez Meléndez, G, Verschuren, M, Viet, L, Villalpando, S, Vioque, J, Vollenweider, P, Volpato, S, Wang, N, Wang, Yx, Ward, M, Waspadji, S, Welin, Lx, Whitlock, G, Wilhelmsen, L, Willeit, J, Woodward, M, Wormser, D, Xavier, Aj, Xu, F, Xu, L, Yamamoto, A, Yang, G, Yang, X, Yeh, Lc, Yoon, Js, You, Q, Yu, Z, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zheng, W, Zhou, M, Ward, M., Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration, Danaei, G., Lu, Y., Singh, G.M., Carnahan, E., Stevens, G.A., Cowan, M.J., Farzadfar, F., Lin, J.K., Finucane, M.M., Rao, M., Khang, Y.H., Riley, L.M., Mozaffarian, D., Lim, S.S., Ezzati, M., Aamodt, G., Abdeen, Z., Abdella, N.A., Rahim, H.F., Addo, J., Aekplakorn, W., Afifi, M.M., Agabiti-Rosei, E., Salinas, C.A., Agyemang, C., Ali, M.K., Ali, M.M., Al-Nsour, M., Al-Nuaim, A.R., Ambady, R., Di Angelantonio, E., Aro, P., Azizi, F., Babu, B.V., Bahalim, A.N., Barbagallo, C.M., Barbieri, M.A., Barceló, A., Barreto, S.M., Barros, H., Bautista, L.E., Benetos, A., Bjerregaard, P., Björkelund, C., Bo, S., Bobak, M., Bonora, E., Botana, M.A., Bovet, P., Breckenkamp, J., Breteler, M.M., Broda, G., Brown, I.J., Bursztyn, M., de León, A.C., Campos, H., Cappuccio, F.P., Capuano, V., Casiglia, E., Castellano, M., Castetbon, K., Cea, L., Chang, C.J., Chaouki, N., Chatterji, S., Chen, C.J., Chen, Z., Choi, J.S., Chua, L., Cífková, R., Cobiac, L.J., Cooper, R.S., Corsi, A.M., Costanza, M.C., Craig, C.L., Dankner, R.S., Dastgiri, S., Delgado, E., Dinc, G., Doi, Y., Dong, G.H., Dorsi, E., Dragano, N., Drewnowski, A., Eggertsen, R., Elliott, P., Engeland, A., Erem, C., Esteghamati, A., Fall, C.H., Fan, J.G., Ferreccio, C., Fezeu, L., Firmo, J.O., Florez, H.J., Fornés, N.S., Fowkes, F.G., Franceschini, G., Frisk, F., Fuchs, F.D., Fuller, E.L., Getz, L., Giampaoli, S., Gómez, L.F., Gomez-Zumaquero, J.M., Graff-Iversen, S., Grant, J.F., Carvajal, R.G., Gulliford, M.C., Gupta, R., Gupta, P.C., Gureje, O., Gutierrez, H.R., Hansen, T.W., Hata, J., He, J., Heim, N., Heinrich, J., Hemmingsson, T., Hennis, A., Herman, W.H., Herrera, V.M., Ho, S., Holdsworth, M., Frisman, G.H., Hopman, W.M., Hussain, A., Husseini, A., Ibrahim, M.M., Ikeda, N., Jacobsen, B.K., Jaddou, H.Y., Jafar, T.H., Janghorbani, M., Jasienska, G., Joffres, M.R., Jonas, J.B., Kadiki, O.A., Kalter-Leibovici, O., Kamadjeu, R.M., Kaptoge, S., Karalis, I., Kastarinen, M.J., Katz, J., Keinan-Boker, L., Kelly, P., Khalilzadeh, O., Kiechl, S., Kim, K.W., Kiyohara, Y., Kobayashi, J., Krause, M.P., Kubínová, R., Kurjata, P., Kusuma, Y.S., Lam, T.H., Langhammer, A., Lawes, C.M., Le, C., Lee, J., Lévy-Marchal, C., Lewington, S., Li, Y., Lim, T.O., Lin, X., Lin, C.C., Lin, H.H., Lind, L., Lissner, L., Liu, X., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Lorbeer, R., Ma, G., Ma, S., Macià, F., MacLean, D.R., Maggi, S., Magliano, D.J., Makdisse, M., Mancia, G., Mannami, T., Marques-Vidal, P., Mbanya, J.C., McFarlane-Anderson, N., Miccoli, R., Miettola, J., Minh, H.V., Miquel, J.F., Miranda, J.J., Mohamed, M.K., Mohan, V., Mohanna, S., Mokdad, A., Mollentze, W.F., Morales, D.D., Morgan, K., Muiesan, L.M., Muntoni, S., Nabipour, I., Nakagami, T., Nangia, V., Nemesure, B., Neovius, M., Nerhus, K.A., Nervi, F., Neuhauser, H., Nguyen, M., Ninomiya, T., Noale, M., Oh, S.W., Ohkubo, T., Olivieri, O., Önal, A.E., Onat, A., Oróstegui, M., Ouedraogo, H., Pan, W.H., Panagiotakos, D.B., Panza, F., Park, Y., Passos, V.M., Pednekar, M.S., Pelizzari, P.M., Peres, M.A., Pérez, C., Pérez-Fernández, R., Pichardo, R., Phua, H.P., Pistelli, F., Plans, P., Polakowska, M., Poulter, N., Prabhakaran, D., Qiao, Q., Rafiei, M., Raitakari, O.T., Ramos, L.R., Rampal, S., Rampal, L., Rasmussen, F., Reddy, K.K., Redon, J., Revilla, L., Reyes-García, V., Roaeid, R.B., Robinson, C.A., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rojas-Martinez, R., Ronkainen, K., Rosero-Bixby, L., Roth, G.A., Sachdev, H.S., Sánchez, J.R., Sanisoglu, S.Y., Sans, S., Sarraf-Zadegan, N., Scazufca, M., Schaan, B.D., Schapochnik, N., Schelleman, H., Schneider, I.J., Schooling, C.M., Schwarz, B., Sekuri, C., Sereday, M.S., Serra-Majem, L., Shaw, J., Shera, A.S., Shi, Z., Shiri, R., Shu, X.O., Silva, D.A., Silva, E., Simons, L.A., Smith, M., Söderberg, S., Soebardi, S., Solfrizzi, V., Sonestedt, E., Soysal, A., Stattin, P., Stein, A.D., Stergiou, G.S., Stessman, J., Sudo, A., Suka, M., Sundh, V., Sundquist, K., Sundström, J., Swai, A.B., Tai, E.S., Tambs, K., Tesfaye, F., Thomas, G.N., Thorogood, M., Tilvis, R.S., Tobias, M., Torheim, L.E., Trenkwalder, P., Tuomilehto, J.O., Tur, J.A., Tzourio, C., Uhernik, A.I., Ukoli, F.A., Unwin, N., Hoorn, S.V., Vanderpump, M.P., Varo, J.J., Veierød, M.B., Velásquez-Meléndez, G., Verschuren, M., Viet, L., Villalpando, S., Vioque, J., Vollenweider, P., Volpato, S., Wang, N., Wang, Y.X., Ward, M., Waspadji, S., Welin, L.X., Whitlock, G., Wilhelmsen, L., Willeit, J., Woodward, M., Wormser, D., Xavier, A.J., Xu, F., Xu, L., Yamamoto, A., Yang, G., Yang, X., Yeh, L.C., Yoon, J.S., You, Q., Yu, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, W., Zhou, M., ACS - Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, APH - Amsterdam Public Health, Public and occupational health, Danaei G, Lu Y, Singh GM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Farzadfar F, Lin JK, Finucane MM, Rao M, Khang Y-H, Riley LM, Mozaffarian D, Lim SS, Ezzati M, Aamodt G, Abdeen Z, Abdella NA, Abdul Rahim HF, Addo J, Aekplakorn W, Afi fi MM, Agabiti-Rosei E, Aguilar Salinas CA, Agyemang C, Ali MK, Ali MM, Al-Nsour M, Al-Nuaim AR, Ambady R, Di Angelantonio E, Aro P, Azizi F, Babu BV, Bahalim AN, Barbagallo CM, Barbieri MA, Barcelo A, Barreto SM, Barros H, Bautista LE, Benetos A, Bjerregaard P, Bjorkelund C, Bo S, Bobak M, Bonora E, Botana MA, Bovet P, Breckenkamp J, Breteler MM, Broda G, Brown IJ, Bursztyn M, Cabrera de Leon A, Campos H, Cappuccio FP, Capuano V, Casiglia E, Castellano M, Castetbon K, Cea L, Chang C-J, Chaouki N, Chatterji S, Chen C-J, Chen Z, Choi J-S, Chua L, Cifkova R, Cobiac LJ, Cooper RS, Corsi AM, Costanza MC, Craig CL, Dankner RS, Dastgiri S, Delgado E, Dinc G, Doi Y, Dong G-H, Dorsi E, Dragano N, Drewnowski A, Eggertsen R, Elliott P, Anders Engeland, Erem C, Esteghamati A, Fall CHD, Fan J-G, Ferreccio C, Fezeu L, Firmo JO, Florez HF, Fornes NF, Fowkes FGR, Franceschini G, Frisk F, Fuchs FD, Fuller EL, Getz L, Giampaoli S, Gomez LF, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Graff –Iversen S, Grant JF, Guerrero Carvajal R, Gulliford MC, Gupta R, Gupta PC, Gureje O, Gutierrez HR, Hansen TW, Hata J, He J, Heim N, Heinrich J, Hemmingsson T, Hennis A, Herman WH, Herrera VM, Ho S, Holdsworth M, Hollman Frisman G, Hopman WM, Hussain A, Husseini A, Ibrahim MM, Ikeda N, Jacobsen BK, Jaddou HY, Jafar TH, Janghorbani M, Jasienska G, Joffres MR, Jonas JB, Kadiki OA, Kalter-Leibovici O, Kamadjeu RM, Kaptoge S, Karalis I, Kastarinen MJ, Katz J, Keinan-Boker L, Kelly P, Khalilzadeh O, Kiechl S, Woong Kim KW, Kiyohara Y, Kobayashi J, Krause MP, Kubinova R, Kurjata P, Kusuma YS, Lam TH, Langhammer A, Lawes CMM, Le C, Lee J, Levy-Marchal C, Lewington S, Li Y, Lim TO, Lin X, Lin C-C, Lin H-H, Lind L, Lissner L, Liu X, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lorbeer R, Ma G, Ma S, Macia F, MacLean DR, Maggi S, Magliano DJ, Makdisse M, Mancia G, Mannami T, Marques-Vidal P, Mbanya JCN, McFarlane-Anderson N, Miccoli R, Miettola J, Minh HV, Miquel JF, J Miranda JJ, Mohamed MK, Mohan V, Mohanna S, Mokdad A, Mollentze WF, Morales DD, Morgan K, Muiesan LM, Muntoni S, Nabipour I, Nakagami T, Nangia V, Nemesure B, Neovius M, Nerhus KA, Nervi F, Neuhauser H, Nguyen M, Ninomiya T, Noale M, Oh SW, Ohkubo T, Olivieri O, Onal AE, Onat A, Orostegui M, Ouedraogo H, Pan W-A, Panagiotakos DB, Panza F, Park Y, Passos VMA, Pednekar MS, Pelizzari PM, Peres MA, Perez C, Perez-Fernandez R, Pichardo R, Hwee Pin Phua, Francesco Pistelli, Plans P, Polakowska M, Poulter N, Prabhakaran D, Qiao Q, Rafiei M, Raitakari OT, Ramos LR, Rampal S, Rampal L, Rasmussen F, Reddy KKR, Josep Redon J, Revilla L, Reyes-GarciaV, Roaeid RB, Robinson CA, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rojas-Martinez R, Ronkainen K, Rosero-Bixby L, Roth GA, Sachdev HS, Sanchez JR, Sanisoglu SY, Sans S, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Scazufca M, Schaan BD, Schapochnik N, Schelleman H, Schneider IJC, Schooling CM, Schwarz B, Sekuri C, Sereday MS, Serra-Majem L, Shaw J, Shera AS, Shi Z, Shiri R, Shu XO, Santos Silva DA, Silva E, Simons LA, Smith M, Soderberg S, Soebardi S, Solfrizzi V, Sonestedt E, Soysal A, StattinP, Stein AD, Stergiou GS, Stessman J, Sudo A, Suka M, Sundh V, Sundquist K, Sundstrom J, Swai AB, Tai ES, Tambs K, Tesfaye F, Thomas GN, Thorogood M, Tilvis RS, Tobias M, Torheim LE, Trenkwalder P, Tuomilehto JO, Tur JA, Tzourio C, Uhernik A, Ukoli FA, Unwin N, Vander Hoorn S, Vanderpump MP, Varo JJ, Veierod MB, Velasquez-Melendez G, Verschuren M, Viet L, Villalpando S, Vioque J, Vollenweider P, Volpato S, Wang N, Wang YX, Ward M, Waspadji S, Welin LX, Whitlock G, Wilhelmsen L, Willeit J, Woodward M, Wormser D, Xavier AJ, Xu F, Xu L, Yamamoto A, Yang G, Yang X, Yeh L-C, Yoon J-S, You Q, Yu Z, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zheng W, Zhou M, Danaei, G, Lu, Y, Singh, G, Carnahan, E, Stevens, G, Cowan, M, Farzadfar, F, Lin, J, Finucane, M, Rao, M, Khang, Y, Riley, L, Arian, D, Lim, S, Ezzati, M, Aamodt, G, Abdeen, Z, Abdella, N, Rahim, H, Addo, J, Aekplakorn, W, Afifi, M, Agabiti-Rosei, E, Salinas, C, Agyemang, C, Ali, M, Al-Nsour, M, Al-Nuaim, A, Ambady, R, Angelantonio, E, Aro, P, Azizi, F, Babu, B, Bahalim, A, Barbagallo, C, Barbieri, M, Barceló, A, Barreto, S, Barros, H, Bautista, L, Benetos, A, Bjerregaard, P, Björkelund, C, Bo, S, Bobak, M, Bonora, E, Botana, M, Bovet, P, Breckenkamp, J, Breteler, M, Broda, G, Brown, I, Bursztyn, M, de León, A, Campos, H, Cappuccio, F, Capuano, V, Casiglia, E, Castellano, M, Castetbon, K, Cea, L, Chang, C, Chaouki, N, Chatterji, S, Chen, C, Chen, Z, Choi, J, Chua, L, Cífková, R, Cobiac, L, Cooper, R, Corsi, A, Costanza, M, Craig, C, Dankner, R, Dastgiri, S, Delgado, E, Dinc, G, Doi, Y, Dong, G, Dorsi, E, Dragano, N, Drewnowski, A, Eggertsen, R, Elliott, P, Engeland, A, Erem, C, Esteghamati, A, Fall, C, Fan, J, Ferreccio, C, Fezeu, L, Firmo, J, Florez, H, Fornés, N, Fowkes, F, Franceschini, G, Frisk, F, Fuchs, F, Fuller, E, Getz, L, Giampaoli, S, Gómez, L, Gomez-Zumaquero, J, Iversen, S, Grant, J, Carvajal, R, Gulliford, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, P, Gureje, O, Gutierrez, H, Hansen, T, Hata, J, He, J, Heim, N, Heinrich, J, Hemmingsson, T, Hennis, A, Herman, W, Herrera, V, Ho, S, Holdsworth, M, Frisman, G, Hopman, W, Hussain, A, Husseini, A, Ibrahim, M, Ikeda, N, Jacobsen, B, Jaddou, H, Jafar, T, Janghorbani, M, Jasienska, G, Joffres, M, Jonas, J, Kadiki, O, Kalter-Leibovici, O, Kamadjeu, R, Kaptoge, S, Karalis, I, Kastarinen, M, Katz, J, Keinan-Boker, L, Kelly, P, Khalilzadeh, O, Kiechl, S, Kim, K, Kiyohara, Y, Kobayashi, J, Krause, M, Kubínová, R, Kurjata, P, Kusuma, Y, Lam, T, Langhammer, A, Lawes, C, Le, C, Lee, J, Lévy-Marchal, C, Lewington, S, Li, Y, Lim, T, Lin, X, Lin, C, Lin, H, Lind, L, Lissner, L, Liu, X, Lopez-Jaramillo, P, Lorbeer, R, Ma, G, Ma, S, Macià, F, Maclean, D, Maggi, S, Magliano, D, Makdisse, M, Mancia, G, Mannami, T, Marques-Vidal, P, Mbanya, J, McFarlane-Anderson, N, Miccoli, R, Miettola, J, Minh, H, Miquel, J, Miranda, J, Mohamed, M, Mohan, V, Mohanna, S, Mokdad, A, Mollentze, W, Morales, D, Morgan, K, Lorenza M Muiesan, N, Muntoni, S, Nabipour, I, Nakagami, T, Nangia, V, Nemesure, B, Neovius, M, Nerhus, K, Nervi, F, Neuhauser, H, Nguyen, M, Ninomiya, T, Noale, M, Oh, S, Ohkubo, T, Olivieri, O, Önal, A, Onat, A, Oróstegui, M, Ouedraogo, H, Pan, W, Panagiotakos, D, Panza, F, Park, Y, Passos, V, Pednekar, M, Pelizzari, P, Peres, M, Cynthia Pérez, N, Pérez-Fernández, R, Pichardo, R, Phua, H, Pistelli, F, Plans, P, Polakowska, M, Poulter, N, Prabhakaran, D, Qiao, Q, Rafiei, M, Raitakari, O, Ramos, L, Rampal, S, Rampal, L, Rasmussen, F, Reddy, K, Redon, J, Revilla, L, Reyes-García, V, Roaeid, R, Robinson, C, Rodriguez-Artalejo, F, Rojas-Martinez, R, Ronkainen, K, Rosero-Bixby, L, Roth, G, Sachdev, H, Sánchez, J, Sanisoglu, S, Sans, S, Sarraf-Zadegan, N, Scazufca, M, Schaan, B, Schapochnik, N, Schelleman, H, Schneider, I, Schooling, C, Schwarz, B, Sekuri, C, Sereday, M, Serra-Majem, L, Shaw, J, Shera, A, Shi, Z, Shiri, R, Shu, X, Silva, D, Silva, E, Simons, L, Smith, M, Söderberg, S, Soebardi, S, Solfrizzi, V, Sonestedt, E, Soysal, A, Stattin, P, Stein, A, Stergiou, G, Stessman, J, Sudo, A, Suka, M, Sundh, V, Sundquist, K, Sundström, J, Swai, A, Tai, E, Tambs, K, Tesfaye, F, Thomas, G, Thorogood, M, Tilvis, R, Tobias, M, Torheim, L, Trenkwalder, P, Tuomilehto, J, Tur, J, Tzourio, C, Uhernik, A, Ukoli, F, Unwin, N, Hoorn, S, Vanderpump, M, Varo, J, Veierød, M, Velásquez-Meléndez, G, Verschuren, M, Viet, L, Villalpando, S, Vioque, J, Vollenweider, P, Volpato, S, Wang, N, Wang, Y, Ward, M, Waspadji, S, Lennart X Welin, N, Whitlock, G, Wilhelmsen, L, Willeit, J, Woodward, M, Wormser, D, André J Xavier, N, Xu, F, Xu, L, Yamamoto, A, Yang, G, Yang, X, Yeh, L, Yoon, J, You, Q, Yu, Z, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zheng, W, and Zhou, M

Subjects
Male, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, kidney disease, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, humanos, coste de las enfermedades, Disease, Global Health, Cohort Studies, Endocrinology, Cost of Illness, cardiovascular disease, Health Transition, Risk Factors, transición sanitaria, estudios prospectivos, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic -- complications -- epidemiology -- mortality, evaluación de riesgos, Renal Insufficiency, Prospective Studies, Chronic, estudios de cohortes, Metabolic Syndrome, education.field_of_study, diabetes, Mortality rate, Age Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Complications, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Metabolic Syndrome X, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases -- complications -- epidemiology -- mortality, Cardiovascular disease,Diabetes Mellitus, chronic kidney disease, Diabetes Complications -- epidemiology -- mortality, Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles, Diabetes and Metabolism, encuestas de salud, análisis temporoespacial, Risk assessment, complicaciones de la diabetes, insuficiencia renal, medicine.medical_specialty, Cardiovascular disease, diabetes mortality, Population, enfermedades cardiovasculares, Metabolic Syndrome X -- complications -- epidemiology -- mortality, Article, chronic kidney disease, mortality, Internal medicine, Environmental health, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, factores de riesgo, Risk factor, education, business.industry, medicine.disease, Relative risk, Cardiovascular Diseases/complications, Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology, Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality, Diabetes Complications/epidemiology, Diabetes Complications/mortality, Metabolic Syndrome X/complications, Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology, Metabolic Syndrome X/mortality, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/mortality, business, Kidney disease
Abstract

High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010., 0, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2014
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19. The global cardiovascular risk transition: associations of four metabolic risk factors with national income, urbanization, and Western diet in 1980 and 2008

Author

Danaei, G., Singh, G., Paciorek, C., Lin, J., Cowan, M., Finucane, M., Farzadfar, F., Stevens, G., Riley, L., Lu, Y., Rao, M., Ezzati, M., Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group, Aamodt, G., Abdeen, Z., Abdella, N., Rahim, H., Addo, J., Aekplakorn, W., Afifi, M., Agabiti Rosei, E., Aguilar Salinas CA, Agyemang, C., Ali, M., Al Nsour, M., Al Nuaim AR, Ambady, R., Aro, P., Azizi, F., Barbagallo, C., Barbieri, M., Barceló, A., Barreto, S., Barros, H., Bautista, L., Benetos, A., Bjerregaard, P., Björkelund, C., Bo, S., Bobak, M., Bonora, E., Bontha, B., Botana, M., Bovet, P., Breckenkamp, J., Breteler, M., Broda, G., Brown, I., Bursztyn, M., Cabrera de León, A., Campos, H., Cappuccio, F., Capuano, V., Casiglia, E., Castellano, M., Castetbon, K., Cea, L., Chang, C., Chaouki, N., Chatterji, S., Chen, Z., Chen, C., Choi, J., Chua, L., Cífková, R., Cobiac, L., Cooper, R., Corsi, A., Costanza, M., Craig, C., Dankner, R., Dastgiri, S., Delgado, E., Dinc, G., Doi, Y., Dong, G., Dorsi, E., Dragano, N., Drewnowski, A., Eggertsen, W., Elliott, P., Engeland, A., Erem, C., Esteghamati, A., Fall, C., Fan, J., Ferreccio, C., Fezeu, L., Firmo, J., Florez, H., Fornés, N., Fowkes, F., Franceschini, G., Frisk, F., Fuchs, F., Fuller, E., Getz, L., Giampaoli, S., Gómez, L., Gomez Zumaquero JM, Graff Iversen, S., Grant, J., Guerrero Carvajal, R., Gulliford, M., Gupta, R., Gupta, P., Gureje, O., Hansen, T., Hata, J., He, J., Heim, N., Heinrich, J., Hemmingsson, T., Hennis, A., Herman, W., Herrera, V., Ho, S., Holdsworth, M., Hollman Frisman, G., Hopman, W., Hussain, A., Husseini, A., Ibrahim, M., Ikeda, N., Jacobsen, B., Jaddou, H., Jafar, T., Janghorbani, M., Jasienska, G., Joffres, M., Jonas, J., Kadiki, O., Kalter Leibovici, O., Kamadjeu, R., Karalis, I., Kastarinen, M., Katz, J., Keinan Boker, L., Kelly, P., Khalilzadeh, O., Khang, Y., Kiechl, S., Kim, K., Kiyohara, Y., Kobayashi, J., Krause, M., Kubínová, R., Kurjata, P., Kusuma, Y., Lam, T., Langhammer, A., Lawes, C., Le, C., Lee, J., Lévy Marchal, C., Li, Y., Lim, S., Lim, T., Lin, X., Lin, C., Lin, H., Lind, L., Lissner, L., Liu, X., Lopez Jaramillo, P., Lorbeer, R., Ma, G., Ma, S., Macià, F., Maclean, D., Maggi, S., Magliano, D., Makdisse, M., Mancia, G., Mannami, T., Marques Vidal, P., Mbanya, J., McFarlane Anderson, N., Miccoli, R., Miettola, J., Minh, H., Miquel, J., Miranda, J., Mohamed, M., Mohan, V., Mohanna, S., Mokdad, A., Mollentze, W., Morales, D., Morgan, K., Muiesan, L., Muntoni, S., Nabipour, I., Nakagami, T., Nangia, V., Nemesure, B., Neovius, M., Nerhus, K., Nervi, F., Neuhauser, H., Nguyen, M., Ninomiya, T., Noale, M., Oh, S., Ohkubo, T., Olivieri, O., Önal, A., Onat, A., Oróstegui, M., Ouedraogo, H., Pan, W., Panagiotakos, D., Panza, F., Park, Y., Passos, V., Pednekar, M., Peres, M., Pérez, C., Pérez Fernández, R., Pichardo, R., Phua, H., Pistelli, F., Plans, P., Polakowska, M., Poulter, N., Prabhakaran, D., Qiao, Q., Rafiei, M., Raitakari, O., Ramos, L., Rampal, S., Rampal, L., Rasmussen, F., Reddy, K., Redon, J., Revilla, L., Reyes García, V., Roaeid, R., Rodriguez Artalejo, F., Rojas Martinez, R., Ronkainen, K., Rosero Bixby, L., Roth, G., Sachdev, H., Sánchez, J., Sanisoglu, S., Sans, S., Sarraf Zadegan, N., Scazufca, M., Schaan, B., Schapochnik, N., Schelleman, H., Schneider, I., Schooling, C., Schwarz, B., Sekuri, C., Sereday, M., Serra Majem, L., Shaw, J., Shera, A., Shi, Z., Shiri, R., Shu, X., Silva, D., Silva, E., Simons, L., Smith, M., Söderberg, S., Soebardi, S., Solfrizzi, V., Sonestedt, E., Soysal, A., Stattin, P., Stein, A., Stergiou, G., Stessman, J., Sudo, A., Suka, M., Sundh, V., Sundquist, K., Sundström, J., Swai, A., Tai, E., Tambs, K., Tesfaye, F., Thomas, G., Thorogood, M., Tilvis, R., Tobias, M., Torheim, L., Trenkwalder, P., Tuomilehto, J., Tur, J., Tzourio, C., Uhernik, A., Ukoli, F., Unwin, N., Vander Hoorn, S., Vanderpump, M., Varo, J., Veierød, B., Velásquez Meléndez, G., Verschuren, M., Viet, L., Villalpando, S., Vioque, J., Vollenweider, P., Volpato, S., Wang, N., Wang, Y., Ward, M., Waspadji, S., Welin, L., Wilhelmsen, L., Willeit, J., Woodward, M., Xavier, A., Xu, F., Xu, L., Yamamoto, A., Yang, G., Yang, X., Yeh, L., Yoon, J., You, Q., Yu, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, W., Zhou, M., Danaei G, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Lin JK, Cowan MJ, Finucane MM, Farzadfar F, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Lu Y, Rao M, Ezzati M and Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group, Aamodt G, Abdeen Z, Abdella NA, Rahim HF, Addo J, Aekplakorn W, Afifi MM, Agabiti-Rosei E, Aguilar Salinas CA, Agyemang C, Ali MM, Al-Nsour M, Al-Nuaim AR, Ambady R, Aro P, Azizi F, Barbagallo CM, Barbieri MA, Barceló A, Barreto SM, Barros H, Bautista LE, Benetos A, Bjerregaard P, Björkelund C, Bo S, Bobak M, Bonora E, Bontha BV, Botana MA, Bovet P, Breckenkamp J, Breteler MM, Broda G, Brown IJ, Bursztyn M, Cabrera de León A, Campos H, Cappuccio FP, Capuano V, Casiglia E, Castellano M, Castetbon K, Cea L, Chang CJ, Chaouki N, Chatterji S, Chen Z, Chen CJ, Choi JS, Chua L, Cífková R, Cobiac LJ, Cooper RS, Corsi AM, Costanza MC, Craig CL, Dankner RS, Dastgiri S, Delgado E, Dinc G, Doi Y, Dong GH, Dorsi E, Dragano N, Drewnowski A, Eggertsen W, Elliott P, Engeland A, Erem C, Esteghamati A, Fall CH, Fan JG, Ferreccio C, Fezeu L, Firmo JO, Florez HJ, Fornés NS, Fowkes FG, Franceschini G, Frisk F, Fuchs FD, Fuller EL, Getz L, Giampaoli S, Gómez LF, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Graff-Iversen S, Grant JF, Guerrero Carvajal R, Gulliford MC, Gupta R, Gupta PC, Gureje O, Hansen TW, Hata J, He J, Heim N, Heinrich J, Hemmingsson T, Hennis A, Herman WH, Herrera VM, Ho S, Holdsworth M, Hollman Frisman G, Hopman WM, Hussain A, Husseini A, Ibrahim M, Ikeda N, Jacobsen BK, Jaddou HY, Jafar TH, Janghorbani M, Jasienska G, Joffres MR, Jonas JB, Kadiki OA, Kalter-Leibovici O, Kamadjeu RM, Karalis I, Kastarinen MJ, Katz J, Keinan-Boker L, Kelly P, Khalilzadeh O, Khang YH, Kiechl S, Kim KW, Kiyohara Y, Kobayashi J, Krause MP, Kubínová R, Kurjata P, Kusuma YS, Lam TH, Langhammer A, Lawes CM, Le C, Lee J, Lévy-Marchal C, Li Y, Lim S, Lim TO, Lin X, Lin CC, Lin HH, Lind L, Lissner L, Liu X, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lorbeer R, Ma G, Ma S, Macià F, MacLean DR, Maggi S, Magliano DJ, Makdisse M, Mancia G, Mannami T, Marques-Vidal P, Mbanya JC, McFarlane-Anderson N, Miccoli R, Miettola J, Minh HV, Miquel JF, Miranda J, Mohamed MK, Mohan V, Mohanna S, Mokdad A, Mollentze WF, Morales DD, Morgan K, Muiesan LM, Muntoni S, Nabipour I, Nakagami T, Nangia V, Nemesure B, Neovius M, Nerhus KA, Nervi F, Neuhauser H, Nguyen M, Ninomiya T, Noale M, Oh SW, Ohkubo T, Olivieri O, Önal AE, Onat A, Oróstegui M, Ouedraogo H, Pan WH, Panagiotakos DB, Panza F, Park Y, Passos VM, Pednekar MS, Peres MA, Pérez C, Pérez-Fernández R, Pichardo R, Phua HP, Pistelli F, Plans P, Polakowska M, Poulter N, Prabhakaran D, Qiao Q, Rafiei M, Raitakari OT, Ramos LR, Rampal S, Rampal L, Rasmussen F, Reddy KK, Redon J, Revilla L, Reyes-García V, Roaeid RB, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rojas-Martinez R, Ronkainen K, Rosero-Bixby L, Roth GA, Sachdev HS, Sánchez JR, Sanisoglu SY, Sans S, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Scazufca M, Schaan BD, Schapochnik N, Schelleman H, Schneider IJ, Schooling C, Schwarz B, Sekuri C, Sereday MS, Serra-Majem L, Shaw J, Shera AS, Shi Z, Shiri R, Shu XO, Silva DA, Silva E, Simons LA, Smith M, Söderberg S, Soebardi S, Solfrizzi V, Sonestedt E, Soysal A, Stattin P, Stein AD, Stergiou GS, Stessman J, Sudo A, Suka M, Sundh V, Sundquist K, Sundström J, Swai AB, Tai E, Tambs K, Tesfaye F, Thomas GN, Thorogood M, Tilvis RS, Tobias M, Torheim LE, Trenkwalder P, Tuomilehto JO, Tur JA, Tzourio C, Uhernik AI, Ukoli FA, Unwin N, Vander Hoorn S, Vanderpump MP, Varo JJ, Veierød B, Velásquez-Meléndez G, Verschuren M, Viet L, Villalpando S, Vioque J, Vollenweider P, Volpato S, Wang N, Wang YX, Ward M, Waspadji S, Welin LX, Wilhelmsen L, Willeit J, Woodward M, Xavier AJ, Xu F, Xu L, Yamamoto A, Yang G, Yang X, Yeh LC, Yoon JS, You Q, Yu Z, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zheng W, Zhou M, ACS - Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, APH - Amsterdam Public Health, and Public and occupational health

Subjects
Gerontology, Adult, Male, Risk, medicine.medical_specialty, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, Measures of national income and output, Population, Hypercholesterolemia, OBESIDADE, Blood Pressure, Global Health, Body Mass Index, Age Distribution, Risk Factors, cardiovascular disease, Physiology (medical), Diabetes mellitus, risk factors, Epidemiology, medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Obesity, Risk factor, Sex Distribution, education, Developing Countries, Cholesterolo, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Urbanization, Feeding Behavior, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Blood pressure, Cholesterol, Socioeconomic Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypertension, Western World, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Body mass index, Demography
Abstract

Background— It is commonly assumed that cardiovascular disease risk factors are associated with affluence and Westernization. We investigated the associations of body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol with national income, Western diet, and, for BMI, urbanization in 1980 and 2008. Methods and Results— Country-level risk factor estimates for 199 countries between 1980 and 2008 were from a previous systematic analysis of population-based data. We analyzed the associations between risk factors and per capita national income, a measure of Western diet, and, for BMI, the percentage of the population living in urban areas. In 1980, there was a positive association between national income and population mean BMI, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol. By 2008, the slope of the association between national income and systolic blood pressure became negative for women and zero for men. Total cholesterol was associated with national income and Western diet in both 1980 and 2008. In 1980, BMI rose with national income and then flattened at ≈Int$7000; by 2008, the relationship resembled an inverted U for women, peaking at middle-income levels. BMI had a positive relationship with the percentage of urban population in both 1980 and 2008. Fasting plasma glucose had weaker associations with these country macro characteristics, but it was positively associated with BMI. Conclusions— The changing associations of metabolic risk factors with macroeconomic variables indicate that there will be a global pandemic of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, together with high blood pressure in low-income countries, unless effective lifestyle and pharmacological interventions are implemented.

Published
2013

21. National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9·1 million participants

Author

Finucane, Mm, Stevens, Ga, Cowan, Mj, Danaei, G, Lin, Jk, Paciorek, Cj, Singh, Gm, Gutierrez, Hr, Lu, Y, Bahalim, An, Farzadfar, F, Riley, Lm, Ezzati, M, Cowan, M, Singh, G, Aamodt, G, Abdeen, Z, Abdella, Na, Rahim, Hf, Addo, J, Ali, Mm, Al Nsour, M, Ambady, R, Aro, P, Babu, Bv, Barbagallo, Cm, Barceló, A, Barros, H, Bautista, Le, Bjerregaard, P, Bonora, E, Bovet, P, Breckenkamp, J, Broda, G, Brown, Ij, Bursztyn, M, de León, Ac, Cappuccio, Fp, Castetbon, K, Chatterji, S, Chen, Z, Chen, Cj, Chua, L, Cífková, R, Cobiac, Lj, Corsi, Am, Craig, Cl, Dastgiri, S, de Sereday, Ms, Dinc, G, Dorsi, E, Dragano, N, Drewnowski, A, Elliott, P, Engeland, A, Esteghamati, A, Fan, Jg, Ferreccio, G, Fornés, Ns, Fuchs, Fd, Giampaoli, S, Gómez, Lf, Graff Iversen, S, Grant, Jf, Carvajal, Rg, Gulliford, Mc, Gupta, R, Gupta, Pc, Gureje, O, Heim, N, Heinrich, J, Hemmingsson, T, Herrera, Vm, Sc, Ho, Holdsworth, M, Hopman, Wm, Husseini, A, Ikeda, N, Jacobsen, Bk, Jafar, Th, Janghorbani, M, Jasienska, G, Joffres, Mr, Jonas, Jb, Kalter Leibovici, O, Karalis, I, Katz, J, Keinan Boker, L, Kelly, P, Khalilzadeh, O, Khang, Yh, Kiechl, S, Kiyohara, Y, Krause, Mp, Kusuma, Ys, Langhammer, A, Lee, J, Lévy Marchal, C, Li, Y, Lim, S, Lin, Cc, Lind, L, Lissner, L, Lopez Jaramillo, P, Lorbeer, R, Ma, G, Ma, S, Macià, F, Magliano, Dj, Makdisse, M, Marques Vidal, P, Miccoli, R, Miettola, J, Miranda, Jj, Mohamed, Mk, Mohan, V, Mohanna, S, Mokdad, A, Morales, Dd, Muiesan, Maria Lorenza, Nabipour, I, Nangia, V, Nemesure, B, Neovius, M, Nerhus, Ka, Nervi, F, Neuhauser, H, Nguyen, M, Onal, Ae, Onat, A, Oróstegui, M, Ouedraogo, H, Panagiotakos, Db, Panza, F, Park, Y, Pednekar, Ms, Peres, Ma, Pérez, C, Pichardo, R, Phua, Hp, Pistelli, F, Plans, P, Prabhakaran, D, Raitakari, Ot, Rampal, S, Rampal, L, Rasmussen, F, Redon, J, Revilla, L, Reyes García, V, Roaeid, Rb, Rodriguez Artalejo, F, Rosero Bixby, L, Sachdev, Hs, Sánchez, Jr, Sanisoglu, Sy, Schapochnik, N, Sereday, Ms, Serra Majem, L, Shaw, J, Shiri, R, Shu, Xo, Silva, E, Simons, La, Smith, M, Solfrizzi, V, Sonestedt, E, Stattin, P, Stein, Ad, Stergiou, Gs, Stessman, J, Sudo, A, Sundh, V, Sundquist, K, Sundström, J, Tobias, M, Torheim, Le, Tur, Ja, Uhernik, Ai, Ukoli, Fa, Vanderpump, Mp, Varo, Jj, Veierød, Mb, Velásquez Meléndez, G, Verschuren, M, Villalpando, S, Vioque, J, Ward, M, Waspadji, S, Willeit, J, Woodward, M, Xu, L, Xu, F, Yang, G, Yeh, Lc, Yoon, Js, You, Q, Zheng, W, and Zhou, M.

Subjects
Body Mass Index, Obesity, epidemiology, epidemiology, Obesity, Body Mass Index
Published
2011

24. Childhood socioeconomic position and objectively measured physical capability levels in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Birnie, K, Cooper, R, Martin, RM, Kuh, D, Sayer, AA, Alvarado, BE, Bayer, A, Christensen, K, Cho, S, Cooper, C, Corley, J, Craig, L, Deary, IJ, Demakakos, P, Ebrahim, S, Gallacher, J, Gow, AJ, Gunnell, D, Haas, S, Hemmingsson, T, Inskip, H, Jang, S, Noronha, K, Osler, M, Palloni, A, Rasmussen, F, Santos-Eggimann, B, Spagnoli, J, Starr, J, Steptoe, A, Syddall, H, Tynelius, P, Weir, D, Whalley, LJ, Zunzunegui, MV, Ben-Shlomo, Y, Hardy, R, Birnie, K, Cooper, R, Martin, RM, Kuh, D, Sayer, AA, Alvarado, BE, Bayer, A, Christensen, K, Cho, S, Cooper, C, Corley, J, Craig, L, Deary, IJ, Demakakos, P, Ebrahim, S, Gallacher, J, Gow, AJ, Gunnell, D, Haas, S, Hemmingsson, T, Inskip, H, Jang, S, Noronha, K, Osler, M, Palloni, A, Rasmussen, F, Santos-Eggimann, B, Spagnoli, J, Starr, J, Steptoe, A, Syddall, H, Tynelius, P, Weir, D, Whalley, LJ, Zunzunegui, MV, Ben-Shlomo, Y, and Hardy, R

Abstract

Background Grip strength, walking speed, chair rising and standing balance time are objective measures of physical capability that characterise current health and predict survival in older populations. Socioeconomic position (SEP) in childhood may influence the peak level of physical capability achieved in early adulthood, thereby affecting levels in later adulthood. We have undertaken a systematic review with meta-analyses to test the hypothesis that adverse childhood SEP is associated with lower levels of objectively measured physical capability in adulthood. Methods and Findings Relevant studies published by May 2010 were identified through literature searches using EMBASE and MEDLINE. Unpublished results were obtained from study investigators. Results were provided by all study investigators in a standard format and pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. 19 studies were included in the review. Total sample sizes in meta-analyses ranged from N = 17,215 for chair rise time to N = 1,061,855 for grip strength. Although heterogeneity was detected, there was consistent evidence in age adjusted models that lower childhood SEP was associated with modest reductions in physical capability levels in adulthood: comparing the lowest with the highest childhood SEP there was a reduction in grip strength of 0.13 standard deviations (95% CI: 0.06, 0.21), a reduction in mean walking speed of 0.07 m/s (0.05, 0.10), an increase in mean chair rise time of 6% (4%, 8%) and an odds ratio of an inability to balance for 5s of 1.26 (1.02, 1.55). Adjustment for the potential mediating factors, adult SEP and body size attenuated associations greatly. However, despite this attenuation, for walking speed and chair rise time, there was still evidence of moderate associations. Conclusions Policies targeting socioeconomic inequalities in childhood may have additional benefits in promoting the maintenance of independence in later life.

Published
2011

25. Cognitive ability in adolescence and mortality in middle age : a prospective life course study

Author

Hemmingsson, T., Melin, B., Allebeck, P., Lundberg, Ingvar, Hemmingsson, T., Melin, B., Allebeck, P., and Lundberg, Ingvar

Abstract

BACKGROUND: An association between childhood cognitive ability measured by IQ tests and mortality has been reported recently. It is not clear from those studies to what extent the increased relative risk associated with lower IQ scores may be attenuated by adjustment for other risk factors. This study aims to investigate the association between cognitive ability measured at age 18-20 years and mortality among middle-aged men adjusting for risk factors for mortality over the life course. METHODS: Data on cognitive ability, and other risk factors for premature mortality (indicators of mental health and social adjustment and behavioural factors), were collected among 49 321 men, born in 1949-51, at conscription for compulsory military training in 1969-70. Information on socioeconomic factors in childhood and adulthood, as well as information on mortality, was collected through national registers. RESULTS: Cognitive ability showed an inverse and graded association with mortality between 40 and 53 years of age (1297 cases, crude hazard ratio (HR) 1.15, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.18, for one-point decrease on the nine-point IQ scale). Adjustment for indicators of social misbehaviour, mental health problems and behavioural risk factors, measured in late adolescence, and adult social circumstances strongly attenuated the increased risks of mortality, and it was no longer significantly increased (adjusted HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.06, for one-point decrease on the nine-point IQ scale). CONCLUSION: The association between IQ and mortality among men below 54 years of age was almost completely attenuated by adjustment for risk factors captured by our measures of achieved social positions.

Published
2009
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26. Mortality, morbidity and occupational exposure to airway-irritating agents among men with a respiratory diagnosis in adolescence

Author

Wiebert, P., Svartengren, M., Lindberg, Magnus, Hemmingsson, T., Lundberg, I., Nise, G., Wiebert, P., Svartengren, M., Lindberg, Magnus, Hemmingsson, T., Lundberg, I., and Nise, G.

Abstract

Objectives: To examine the influence of an airway diagnosis in adolescence on future health and occupation in Swedish men. Methods: Data were collected from the linkage of four Swedish national registers: the Military Service Conscription Register, the Population and Housing Censuses, the Inpatient Care Register and the National Cause of Death Register. A job-exposure matrix for airway-irritating substances was developed for application on the conscription cohort. The cohort included 49 321 Swedish men born 1949–51. Three groups—(1) healthy, (2) asthmatics (mild and severe asthma) and (3) subjects with allergic rhinitis without concurrent asthma—were identified at conscription and analysed for mortality, in-patient care and strategies for choice of occupation with emphasis on airway-irritating job exposure. Analyses were adjusted for smoking and childhood socioeconomic position. Results: The prevalence of total asthma was 1.8%, severe asthma 0.45% and allergic rhinitis 2.7%. Mortality for all causes was significantly higher in total asthma, hazard ratio (HR) 1.49 (95% CI 1.00 to 2.23), and lower in allergic rhinitis, HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.91). Asthma was a risk factor for inpatient care while allergic rhinitis was associated with less in-patient care (odds ratio (OR) for total asthma 1.16 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.34), severe asthma 1.38 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.85), allergic rhinitis 0.92 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.03)). Those with asthma tended to avoid jobs with a high probability for airway-irritating exposure (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.09), but not to the same extent as subjects with allergic rhinitis (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.70) (ORs from 1990). Conclusion: Subjects with asthma did not change their exposure situation to the same extent as subjects with allergic rhinitis. Further, asthmatics had an increased risk for morbidity and mortality compared to healthy subjects and subjects with allergic rhinitis.

Published
2008
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43. The roles of social class of origin, achieved social class and intergenerational social mobility in explaining social-class inequalities in alcoholism among young men

Author

Hemmingsson, T, Lundberg, I, Diderichsen, Finn, Hemmingsson, T, Lundberg, I, and Diderichsen, Finn

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of intergenerational health-related mobility in explaining social-class inequalities in alcoholism among young men. Data on social class of origin and on risk factors in childhood and adolescence, e.g. risk use of alcohol, were collected for 49,323 men, born 1949-51, at enlistment for compulsory military training in 1969/70. Information on achieved socioeconomic class was obtained from Sweden's 1975 census. Data on alcoholism diagnoses were collected from the national in-patient care register 1976-83. Risk indicators for alcoholism established in adolescence were found to be more common among downwardly mobile individuals, and also among stable manual workers, than among those who ended up as non-manual employees. Downwardly mobile individuals, and also stable manual workers, were also found to have an increased risk of alcoholism diagnosis. The increased relative risk could, to a considerable extent, be attributed to factors from childhood/adolescence. In this longitudinal study, it is shown that intergenerational social mobility associated with health-related factors, albeit not with illness itself, made a major contribution to explaining differences in alcoholism between social classes. Factors established in adolescence were important with regard to differences in alcoholism between social classes among young adults. But such adverse conditions did not seem to be well reflected by social class of origin.

Published
1999

44. Explanations of social class differences in alcoholism among young men

Author

Hemmingsson, T, Lundberg, I, Diderichsen, Finn, Allebeck, P, Hemmingsson, T, Lundberg, I, Diderichsen, Finn, and Allebeck, P

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse the role of differences in alcohol consumption and other risk factors for alcoholism established in late adolescence, for later differences in the distribution of alcoholism between social classes among young men. Data on risk factors in childhood and adolescence, e.g. risk use of alcohol, was collected among 49,323 men, born 1949-1951, at conscription for compulsory military training 1969/1970. Data on socio-economic group was obtained from the 1975 census and data on alcoholism diagnoses from the national in-patient care register 1976-1983. Several risk factors for alcoholism, such as risk use of alcohol, psychiatric diagnosis at conscription, parental divorce, low emotional control and contact with police and child care authorities, seemed to be more common among those who were recruited to blue-collar occupations compared to those who were recruited to non-manual occupations. In multivariate analyses, taking the background variables into consideration, the increased relative risks among manual workers for alcoholism diagnoses, found in univariate analyses, diminished considerably. Several risk factors had a stronger effect on the outcome among unskilled workers compared with non-manual employees at medium or higher degree. It is concluded that risk factors for poor health established in late adolescence could explain much of the increased relative risk of alcoholism among young unskilled and skilled male workers in this study.

Published
1998

50. The association between cognitive ability measured at ages 18-20 and coronary heart disease in middle age among men: A prospective study using the Swedish 1969 conscription cohort.

Author

Hemmingsson T, Essen JV, Melin B, Allebeck P, and Lundberg I

Abstract

An association between childhood cognitive ability measured with IQ-tests and coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence has been reported recently. It is not clear from those studies to what extent the increased relative risk associated with lower cognitive ability may be explained by CHD risk factors. This study aims to investigate the association between cognitive ability measured at age 18-20 and incidence of CHD, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and stroke among middle aged men adjusting for risk factors for CHD over the life course. Data on cognitive ability, and other risk factors for CHD (height, parental cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality, blood pressure, smoking, risky use of alcohol, BMI), were collected from 49,321 men, born in 1949-51, at conscription for compulsory military training in 1969/70 in Sweden. Information on socioeconomic factors in childhood (socioeconomic position and crowded housing) and adulthood (education, socioeconomic position, and income), as well as information on mortality and morbidity, was collected through national registers. Cognitive ability showed an inverse and graded association with CHD incidence. Adjustment for indicators of poor childhood circumstances, behavioural factors measured in late adolescence, and adult social circumstances strongly attenuated the increased risks of CHD and AMI. The contribution from adult social circumstances, after adjustment from all other factors, was very small. After adjustment for all risk factors no significantly increased relative risk was seen for stroke incidence. After adjustment for risk factors over the life course, the risk of CHD and AMI associated with cognitive ability decreased substantially, and was of borderline significance. Given the results from this study it is unlikely that cognitive ability is a risk factor on its own for CHD, AMI and stroke among men below 54 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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