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Nanomaterials (NMs) have become very important in technological, although nanomaterials prefer over their bulk counterparts in terms of chemical, and biological properties. NMs are divided into groups according to their size, synthesis, shape, and origin. Microstructures in nanostructured materials are smaller than 100 nm. Friction is the main characteristic of nanomaterials. One of the distinctive characteristics of nanomaterials is their small size. The properties of other materials can be changed and much enhanced by the addition of very small amounts of nanomaterial, offering considerable potential and added value. The manufacturing of NMs and their industrial uses are expanding more quickly. The purpose of this review is to explore numerous nanostructured materials, such as dendrimers, nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanosheets, nano-shells, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanoparticles, quantum dots, and liposomes, as well as their fabrication process and properties. A table defining many terminology that fall under the category of nanostructured materials is also included. This review focus on overview of NMs, their characterization, recent developments in NMs, and patent reported on nanostructured materials techniques are included.

Objective:To translate and validate the velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) effects on life outcomes (VELO) instrument into Nepali, and test its internal consistency and validity.Design:Quality-of-life instrument translation and validation.Setting:Community served by Nepal’s craniofacial referral hospital.Participants:Twenty-three postpalatoplasty children with VPI, 19 family guardians of VPI cases, and 29 non-VPI controls.Interventions:The VELO instrument was translated to Nepali by 2 independent bilingual translators, reconciled, backward-translated, compared, and modified using patient cognitive interviews. All VPI children, guardians, and controls completed the VELO-Nepali.Main Outcome Measure(s):The VELO internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach α coefficient. Concurrent validity and discriminant validity were assessed using 2-sample t test: assuming unequal variances.Results:The VELO was translated and optimized using cognitive interviews. The VELO-Nepali demonstrated excellent internal consistency, with Cronbach α coefficients of 0.93, 0.94, and 0.90 for VPI cases, guardians of VPI cases, and non-VPI controls, respectively. The VELO-Nepali exhibited strong discriminant validity between VPI cases ([Formula: see text] = 45.4, standard deviation [SD] = 22.1) and non-VPI controls ([Formula: see text] = 84.9, SD = 12.3), ( P < .001). The VELO-Nepali showed strong concurrent validity with similarities in VPI case scores ([Formula: see text] = 45.4, SD = 22.1), and guardian scores ([Formula: see text] = 52.9, s = 22.8; P = .473).Conclusion:The translated VELO-Nepali demonstrates strong internal consistency, discriminant validity, and concurrent validity, and can assess quality of life for Nepali VPI patients. This instrument represents the first VPI quality of life assessment validated in Nepali, and supports the feasibility of its implementation in other low- and low-middle-income countries.

The objective was to develop a stable and non-compliance coated solid–lipid nanoparticles (coated SLN) using polymer (Eudragit L100) and lipoid (glycerol monostearate: soya lecithin) for partial dose reduction of isradipine [ISR; 2.5 mg by combination of bioenhancing agent (rutin; Ru) in equivalent ratio]. The physicochemical characterizations were performed by FT-IR and DSC of elected model drug (ISR), drug mixer with Ru/polymer and coated SLN with Ru (ONbp); the resulted distinctive peaks demonstrated that no chemical interaction and incompatibility found between them. The plasma samples of formulation (ONbp) were analyzed by liquid chromatography (HPLC) using UV-spectrometer. Data were integrated and analyzed with the help of a computer-designed program “Kinetica Software” (Thermo Scientific Kinetica, PK/PD Analysis, version 5.0, Philadelphia, PA). The pharmacokinetic study showed 3.2- to 4.7-folds enhancement in oral bioavailability of coated SLN of ISR with Ru (ONbp) when compared to a coated formulation of ISR without Ru (ONps) and conventional drug suspension. In vivo studies were revealed significantly at greater extent in (drug stability and solubility) oral absorption, which has shown potential entrapment efficiency (97.85% ± 1.02%) to improve biological activity against hypertension. Hence, nano-system of ISR against hypertension is achieved with consequent dose reduction with enhanced systemic bioavailability.

Our research objective was to develop, characterize, and optimize stable form of nano-colloidal carrier with Eudragit-coated solid lipid nanobioparticles (SLNbp) for oral delivery of isradipine (ISR). To achieve, a three factors, i.e., lipid-to-surfactant ratio (A, % w/w), Eudragit L100 (B, % w/w), and sonication time (C, minutes) at three levels (−1 and +1 levels of quality central level) was applied to develop SLNbp using response surface methodology at constant ratio of ISR and rutin. The second-order polynomial quadratic equations of responses [R1, R2, and R3; entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size, and drug release] were constructed and also plotted response surface (two- and three-dimensional) plots. The derived polynomial equation and 2D and 3D model were showed the relationship between the responses of the selected independent variables (A, B, and C). The model validation and optimization was performed by numerical checkpoint analysis to predict the optimized solid lipid nanobioparticle formula...

Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) is defined as the inability of a fetus to gain the normal growth potential due to maternal-placental-fetal factors. These factors mainly involve metabolic disorders, infections, substance abuse and exposure to harmful substances. Incidence of IUGR is higher in developing countries. Proper diagnosis at suitable time is necessary for proper treatment and management. Although, the mechanism is not clear but oxidative stress, immunological factors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor and adduct formation are some pathways which are involved in IUGR. The aftermaths of IUGR involves post-birth complications, perinatal mortality and morbidity. Therefore, management and treatment involves use of both pharmacological (Tocolytics, Corticosteroids, antibiotics) and non-pharmacological methods (bed rest, cerclage). This review highlights the possible risk factors, mechanisms, other biochemical pathways involved, as well as pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of IUGR.Journal of Biomedical Sciences. 2015;2(4):31-37

Th e main objective of this study wa s to investigate hypoglycemic effects of Bougainvillea g labra Leaves extract in Streptozotocin ( S TZ ) induced hyperglycemic rats . The se condary objective of the study wa s to study effect of extract on b iochemical parameters . Extract wa s prepared from leaves of Bougainvillea g labra by Soxhlet extraction method . Diabetes was induced in rats by using Streptozotocin and rats were divided into 6 groups namely control, Diabetic, treated groups at doses of 250 mg / kg, 500 mg / kg, 1000 mg / kg and Lisinopri l treated group . Blood and Urine samples we re collected for the estimation of Total Glycerides ( TG ) , Serum Cholesterol, Total protein, Blood Urea Nitrogen ( BUN ) , Serum Creatinine, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance ( TBARS ) and Glutathione levels ( GSH ). The result showed positive effect of leaves extract to reduce hyperglycemia in treated group as compared to control group . Bougainvil le a g labra extract at 1000 mg / kg dose showed efficient results .

Though access to surgical care for cleft lip/palate has expanded in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), post-palatoplasty speech therapy is often lacking due to limited healthcare infrastructure and personnel. This mixed-methods study seeks to: 1) evaluate the impact of task-shifted speech therapy on a standardized speech score; 2) describe the experiences of families with post-operative cleft care and associated barriers; and 3) understand how to optimize cleft care by exploring the experiences of children who had nominal improvements after task-shifted speech therapy.A convergent parallel mixed-methods study was conducted in Nepal. Standardized speech scores were compared by a blinded speech-language pathologist before and after the speech intervention. Semi-structured interviews (SSIs) and focus groups with families evaluated cleft care experiences and barriers. Qualitative and quantitative data were merged and analyzed.Thirty-nine post-palatoplasty children with speech deficits (ages 3-18) underwent task-shifted speech therapy, and demonstrated significant improvements in composite speech scores targeted by exercises (p0.0001) and weakness (p=0.0002), with improvements in misarticulation (p=0.07) and glottal stop (p=0.05) that trended towards significance. Forty-seven SSIs demonstrated that the greatest barriers to follow-up were family responsibilities (62%), travel/distance (53%), and work (34%). In five focus groups, families expressed a desire to improve their child's speech and seek formal speech therapy. The speech intervention was found to be beneficial because of the compassionate staff, free lodging/food, and ability to socialize with other cleft patients and families. After merging quantitative and qualitative data, we noted that younger children between 3 and 5 years old and families who traveled greater distances for healthcare access benefited less from the speech therapy intervention.Task-shifted speech therapy has the potential to improve cleft lip/palate speech in LMICs. Multiple biosocial issues limit access to appropriate post-operative care.

Our research objective was to develop, characterize, and optimize stable form of nano-colloidal carrier with Eudragit-coated solid lipid nanobioparticles (SLNbp) for oral delivery of isradipine (ISR). To achieve, a three factors, i.e., lipid-to-surfactant ratio (A, % w/w), Eudragit L100 (B, % w/w), and sonication time (C, minutes) at three levels (−1 and +1 levels of quality central level) was applied to develop SLNbp using response surface methodology at constant ratio of ISR and rutin. The second-order polynomial quadratic equations of responses [R1, R2, and R3; entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size, and drug release] were constructed and also plotted response surface (two- and three-dimensional) plots. The derived polynomial equation and 2D and 3D model were showed the relationship between the responses of the selected independent variables (A, B, and C). The model validation and optimization was performed by numerical checkpoint analysis to predict the optimized solid lipid nanobioparticle formulas (ONbp 1–10). The optimized formulations prepared and during evaluation ONbp 3 has better smaller particle size (106 nm), sustainable release (95.61% up to 40 h), higher EE (97.85%), and drug content (99.92% ± 0.08%) during 3-month storage showed good stability. Therefore, its performance can be considered for further development of stable oral drug delivery system of ISR.

Background & objective Our research objective was to design, develop, optimize and characterize Granisetron HCl transdermal gel in order to minimize side effects associated with oral delivery. Method A statistical design was practically applied for further optimization and preparation of transfersomal gel using Box-Behnken methodology at three levels. The selected independent and dependent variables were Lipoid, surfactant and sonication time and encapsulation efficiency, size and flux correspondingly. Result The optimized formulation (GTV-16) morphology, shape, size, potential, encapsulation capacity and flux (using Franz-diffusion cell assembly via animal skin barricade medium) were determined. Then, GTV-16 incorporated into gel and during evaluation nano-transformal gel has good particle size of 127.7±1.08 nm, better entrapment efficiency of 83.0 ± 3.22 % and flux of 20.0 ± 1.88µgcm-2/h. Conclusion The results demonstrated that Granisetron Hydrochloride loaded nano-gel was significantly superior with 8.5 fold enhancement in bioavailability as compared with drug solution.

The herb of importance like Argyreia nervosa has shown wide range of pharmacological activities. Its methanolic extract of A. nervosa has been explored against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) induced liquid and solid tumor in mice. Liquid and solid tumors were induced by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous transplantation of EAC cells in Balb/C mice. Significant and dose dependant results are observed when the mice are sacrificed on 15th day for estimation of tumor proliferation, hematological, biochemical and hepatic antioxidant parameters. Mean survival time (days) was increased to 36.5 from 20.5 extract treated mice. The extract also showed a decrease (p

Aim: The main aim of our study was to improve solubility of Clopidogrel bisulphate by preparing nanosuspensions using solvent-antisolvent (bottom up) technology. Methods: Clopidogrel nanosuspensions were formed by solvent antisolvent method. 15 formulations were prepared with different concentrations at different ratios. These formulations were evaluated for mean particle size, solubility, drug content and maximum yield. The selected formulation was then compared with pure drug for various parameters such as X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, in-vitro Dissolution studies, Fourier Transform – Infrared Radiation (FT-IR) etc. Release kinetics and stability studies were performed for the optimized formulation. Results: Out of 15 formulations, F15 comply well with all the parameters. On comparison with pure drug, F15 showed better characteristics such as Fourier Transform- Infrared Radiation (FT-IR), Solubility, particle size, Scanning electron microscopy, in-vitro dissolution, X-ray diffraction etc. Optimized formulation showed first order kinetics and stability was shown for over 3 months. Conclusion: Clopidogrel (anti-platelet) in nanosuspension formulation can overcome the limitation of low solubility, dissolution, bioavailability and explore further. Keywords: Clopidogrel, Nanosuspension, Solvent-antisolvent, Bioavailability, Release Kinetics

The objective was to develop a stable, reproducible and patient non-infringing novel transdermal drug delivery system “ nano-carrier transdermal gel ” (NCTG) in combination of partial dose replacement of diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA) by curcumin (CRM). The drug content of gel was 99.30 and 97.57% for DDEA and CRM. Plasma samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (LC–MS/MS). Data were integrated with Analyst™ and analyzed by WinNonlin ; stability parameters were analyzed using Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison test. Its average skin irritation scored 0.49 concluded to be non-irritant, safe for human use and in vivo studies revealed significantly greater extent of absorption and highly significant inhibition (%) of carrageenan induced paw edema. The results also demonstrated that encapsulation of drugs in nano-carrier increases its biological activity due to superior skin penetration potential. Hence, a novel once day transdermal gel of nano-carrier (nano-transfersomes; deformable vesicular) is achieved, to increase systemic availability, subsequent reduction in dose and toxicity of DDEA was developed for the treatment of inflammation.

This review article is to explore the utilization of biodegradable polymers and their associated physicochemical properties in nano drug delivery (NDD). The main hub of the pharma industry is involved in the development of innovative biodegradable and biocompatible polymers which have targeting ability and a predictable release profile of an incorporated active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or therapeutic agents. Moreover, the pharmaceutical and biological efficiency of the nano drug delivery system varies with the inherent properties of the polymer. The foremost, important physicochemical properties of biodegradable polymers include molecular weight, hydrophobicity, surface charge, crystallinity, composition of the co-polymer, glass transition temperature, and the nature of coating material. Nevertheless, these properties can be manipulated to modify the kinetics of the delivery system by selecting an optimum polymer (based on physicochemical properties) for a specific purpose.

The aim of the study was to develop and optimize Piroxicam transdermal gel formulation using three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design by deriving a second-order polynomial equation to construct contour plots for prediction of responses as three selected independent variables with ratio of carbopol 974 (X1), ratio of propylene glycol (PG) (X2) and ratio of ethanol (X3). The dependent variables studied were the skin permeation rate of piroxicam (Y1), viscosity of the gel (Y2) and pH of the gel (Y3). Response surface plots were drawn, statistical validity of the polynomials was established to find the compositions of optimized formulation which was evaluated using the vertical Franz-type diffusion cell. The permeation rate of piroxicam increased proportionally with ethanol concentration but decreased with polymer concentration. The design demonstrated the role of the derived polynomial equation and contour plots in predicting the values of dependent variables for the preparation and optimization of gel formulation.

Patients with bullets in the pericardial sac without myocardial injuries are rare and most commonly are associated with significant trauma. The diagnosis of an intrapericardial foreign body can be difficult. Its removal is always indicated because it prevents pericarditis either sterile or infectious with potential for other significant complications. The syndrome of acute intermittent pericarditis from a foreign body within the pericardium is rarely seen except during time of war. Recently the authors treated a patient with a bullet in the pericardium three month following gunshot injury. During this period the patient developed sterile pericarditis and tamponade which necessitated emergency pericardiectomy and removal of the bullet. This experience and a brief review of the pertinent literature follows.

Our research objective was to optimize and design nano-biosystem of Isradipine (IDP) via novel bioenhancer (Rutin) loaded solid-lipid nanobioparticles (ANbp) using Taguchi design (TgD) methodology. Firstly, preliminary screening of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNps) formulation core factors (A, B & C; Lipoid's, poly-acid, sonication time respectively at fixed dose of model drug were assessed on entrapment efficiency & particle size; R1 & R2) by performed experimentally of three factor three levels orthogonal L27 array. Consequently, signal to noise (S/N) ratio plot of responses were drawn to predict better quality fitted-levels of significant factor for eminence optimization. Further, optimized quality spaces composition was used via enhancer (Rutin) to design advanced bio-formulation (ANbp) and done its evaluation (entrapment efficiency, particle size, drug release & kinetics). As designed, ANbp results showed better sustained (86.54% as compared to control SLNps 94.48% in 24h) release, kinetics & stability behavior with good entrapment efficiency (97.58%) and desired smaller particle size (108nm). Therefore, statistically (TgD) optimization strategy would be considered to design nano-drug delivery system with bio-agent in-order to improve oral bioavailability of antihypertensive agents.

A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method using Symmetry C18, 5.0-µm column was developed for simultaneous determination of Diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA) and Curcumin (CRM). Mobile phase consisted of orthophosphoric acid 0.1% and acetonitrile (65:35), and the flow rate was 1.5 mL/min and elution was monitored initially at 425 nm for CRM, after 14.7 min wavelength was changed to 275 nm for detection of DDEA. Response was a linear function of concentration over the range 0.245–1.96 µg/mL (R2 = 0.9998) for DDEA and 55–445 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9992) for CRM and the limits of detection were 245.5 ng/mL for DDEA and 55.30 ng/mL for CRM. The limit of quantitation was 491.1 ng mL − 1 for DDEA and 165.87 ng mL − 1 for CRM. The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. The method was used for simultaneous quantification of DDEA and CRM in transdermal gel formulations and to check content uniformity. The excipients present in the formulation did not interfere with the assay. T...

In our study we evaluate MRI as an excellent soft tissue contrast and allows for multiplanar imaging in anatomic planes. Because of these advantages MRI has become the study of choice for imaging of shoulder pathology. It allows high-resolution imaging of all anatomic structures including the Rotator cuff tendons and muscles , glenoid, humeral head, articular cartilage, acromion , labrum, biceps tendon and the glenohumeral ligaments in multiple orthogonal planes. The aim of this review is to update orthopaedic surgeons on the technical aspects of performing magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder. In addition, this report will define the normal anatomy of the shoulder as demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging and review the spectrum of disease detectable with this technique.

A carotid body tumour is a rare presentation of an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma which typically present as a slow growing, painless neck mass found along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and careful preoperative evaluation is required to find out the functional and vascular status of these tumours. Carotid body paragangliomas were diagnosed by Doppler ultrasound, carotid artery angiography, cranial computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. These tumours are generally benign but possess aggressive local growth potential. Therefore, definitive treatment requires surgical resection. Here we describe a case of a carotid body tumour in a 45-year-old female presenting with a neck mass, its evaluation, management and the final outcome and review the most recent literature on this unusual topic.

The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a transdermal gel formulation for Diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA) and Curcumin (CRM). A 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design was used to derive a second-order polynomial equation to construct contour plots for prediction of responses. Independent variables studied were the polymer concentration (X(1)), ethanol (X(2)) and propylene glycol (X(3)) and the levels of each factor were low, medium, and high. The dependent variables studied were the skin permeation rate of DDEA (Y(1)), skin permeation rate of CRM (Y(2)), and viscosity of the gels (Y(3)). Response surface plots were drawn, statistical validity of the polynomials was established to find the compositions of optimized formulation which was evaluated using the Franz-type diffusion cell. The permeation rate of DDEA increased proportionally with ethanol concentration but decreased with polymer concentration, whereas the permeation rate of CRM increased proportionally with polymer concentration. Gels showed a non-Fickian super case II (typical zero order) and non-Fickian diffusion release mechanism for DDEA and CRM, respectively. The design demonstrated the role of the derived polynomial equation and contour plots in predicting the values of dependent variables for the preparation and optimization of gel formulation for transdermal drug release.

A new UV-Spectrophotometric method has been described for the simultaneous assay of Diclofenac Diethylamine and Curcumin in transdermal gels using methanol as the solvent. The method is based on simultaneous equation or Vierodt’s method. The λmax values for Diclofenac Diethylamine and Curcumin in the solvent medium were found to be 275 nm and 425 nm respectively. The systems obey Beer’s law in the range of 2.0 to 22.0 μg/ml and 1.0 to 6.0μg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.9994 and 0.9998 for Diclofenac Diethylamine and Curcumin respectively. Repeatability, Interday and intraday precision were found to be 1.61, 0.586, 0.662 and 0.371, 0.374, 0.410 respectively. Results of analysis have been validated statically and by recovery studies.

Radiolabelled peptides are of increasing interest in nuclear medicine. Radiolabelled peptides are an emerging class of radiopharmaceuticals that share chemical and biological properties. The field of radiopharmaceuticals has witnessed continuous evolution thanks to the immense contributions of scientists from diverse disciplines such as radiochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology. One of the challenges in the coming years will be to take advantage of the potentials of radiolabelled peptides to formulate clinically useful radiopharmaceuticals. The major constituent of a radiopharmaceutical is the radionuclide and the search for new radionuclides to improve the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals is continuing. This paper reviews most of the radiolabelled peptides that have been tested in animals and humans.

Radiopharmaceuticals play an imperative role in clinical nuclear medicine by providing a tool to better understand human disease and develop effective treatments. This is the base to use these radioactive substances in diagnosis. Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive agents that consist of either a gamma or a positron-emitting radionuclide bound to ligands which have been used extensively in the field of nuclear medicine as non-invasive diagnostic imaging agents to provide both functional and structural information about organs and diseased tissues. Diagnostic radioactive pharmaceuticals can be used to examine blood flow to the brain, functioning to the liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, to assess bone growth and to confirm other diagnostic procedures. Another important use is to predict the effects of surgery and assess changes since treatment. They may be given to the patient in several ways, e.g. orally, parenterally, or placed into the eye or the bladder. Todays clinical practice of nuclear medicine revolves primarily around the use of systemically administered gamma- or positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals as diagnostic tools for imaging the human body.

To compare the effect of umbilical cord milking (UCM) and delayed cord clamping (DCC) on cerebral blood flow in term neonates. This randomized controlled trial was conducted at a teaching hospital in India during 2012 to 2013. Two hundred newborns (>36wk) were randomized to UCM and DCC groups. UCM was done on 25cm of cord length. In DCC group, clamping was delayed by 60 to 90s. Resistive Index (RI), Pulsatility Index (PI) and cerebral blood flow velocities of middle cerebral artery (MCA) were measured at 24 to 48h of life. Baseline characteristics and hemodynamic parameters were comparable. Mean PI [1.18 (0.26)] and RI [0.65 (0.08)] in UCM group was comparable to mean PI [1.18 (0.25)] and RI [0.65 (0.08)] in DCC group. The peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity (cm/s) of blood flow in MCA for UCM group were 34.94 (11.82) and 11.71 (4.75) respectively, while in DCC group they were 37.24 (12.63) and 13.07 (4.78) (p 0.23 and 0.07) respectively. Indices among growth retarded babies were not different. DCC and UCM had similar effect on cerebral blood flow velocities and Doppler indices in MCA, in term neonates.

This research report was to develop Cefixime loaded polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles using modified precipitation method. TEM analysis indicated formation of well-formed, smooth, spherical nanoparticles with no aggregates whereas XRD recommended dispersion of drug in PLGA carrier system in amorphous form. The polymer and stabilizer concentration and organic to aqueous ratio were found to be significant factors for nanoparticles and their optimization using Taguchi design (L9). The design formulations showed entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size and poly-dispersity index (PDI) ranging 68.31 ± 1.74%, 159.8–157.7 nm and 0.126–0.149, respectively indicated small and stable nanoparticles with good homogeneity and encapsulation. The design optimized formulation drug release and permeation studies demonstrated that it is four times sustained release behavior and 1.74 times better permeation than free drug. The result of microbiological assay also suggested that optimized formulation has significant antibacterial activity against intracellular multidrug resistance (MDR) of Salmonella typhi.

The aim of this study was to design and optimize a nano-transfersomes of Diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA) and Curcumin (CRM). A 3(3) factorial design (Box-Behnken) was used to derive a polynomial equation (second order) to construct 2-D (contour) and 3-D (Response Surface) plots for prediction of responses. The ratio of lipid to surfactant (X1), weight of lipid to surfactant (X2) and sonication time (X3) (independent variables) and dependent variables [entrapment efficiency of DDEA (Y1), entrapment efficiency of CRM (Y2), effect on particle size (Y3), flux of DDEA (Y4), and flux of CRM (Y5)] were studied. The 2-D and 3-D plots were drawn and a statistical validity of the polynomials was established to find the compositions of optimized formulation. The design established the role of the derived polynomial equation, 2-D and 3-D plots in predicting the values of dependent variables for the preparation and optimization of nano-transfersomes for transdermal drug release.

This research objective was to design a nano-carrier for Glibenclamide (GBD) by loading it in to nano-transfersomes to provide an accentuated transdermal drug delivery for Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) The nanotransfersomes were prepared by sonication method and optimized using a statistically three-factor three-level Factorial Design (Box-Behnken design). A second order equation (polynomial) was originated and construct contour plots (2- D) for prediction the responses and characterized by various parameters (i.e. entrapment efficiency, vesicle shape & size, zeta potential, degree of deformability, permeation and skin irritation study). The skin permeation of optimized formulation (GNTs2) was found to be significantly higher (enhancement ratio is 10.44) than the drug in solution and also further confirmed by fluorescence microscopy using due i.e. Rhodamine B. Hence, drug loaded nano-transfersomes accentuates its transdermal flux and can be used as a nano-vehicle for NIDDM.

Background: The present study was carried out to explore the efficiency of Indian herbal source from Hibiscus rosa against a chronic inflammatory disease. Hibiscus rosa belongs to Malvaceae, acts by suppression of inflammation mediators.Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract form Hibiscus rosa is prepared through soxhlet extraction and Diclofenac is used as the standard. Carrageenan and formaldehyde are administered to induce acute and chronic inflammation. Animals are divided into 6 groups with 6 animals each including Normal group, inflammatory control group, Diclofenac treated group and Hibiscus rosa treated group at different doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg.Results: Different concentrations of Hibiscus rosa treated groups i.e. 250 mg/kg (p

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that occur ubiquitously in plants having a variety of biological effects both in vitro and in vivo. They have been found to have antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-ulcerogenic, cytotoxic, anti-neoplastic, mutagenic, antioxidant, antihepatotoxic, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory activities. Flavonoids also have biochemical effects, which inhibit a number of enzymes such as aldose reductase, xanthine oxidase, phosphodiesterase, Ca(+2)-ATPase, lipoxygenase, cycloxygenase, etc. They also have a regulatory role on different hormones like estrogens, androgens and thyroid hormone. They have been found to have anti-inflammatory activity in both proliferative and exudative phases of inflammation. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain anti-inflammatory action of flavonoids. The aim of the present review is to give an overview of the mechanism of action of potential anti-inflammatory flavonoids.

Ever since transdermal drug delivery came into existence, it has offered great promises, although most of them are yet to be fulfilled owing to some intrinsic restrictions of the transdermal route. On the positive side, transdermal drug delivery systems present advantages including non-invasiveness, prolonged therapeutic effect, reduced side effects, improved bioavailability, better patient compliance and easy termination of drug therapy. The greatest hindrance in the percutaneous delivery is the obstruction property of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, in addition to usual problems such as skin binding, skin metabolism, cutaneous toxicity and prolonged lag times.This paper reviews investigations on the feasibility and application of penetration enhancers as described in recent patents, which help in the selection of a suitable sorption promoter(s) for enhanced delivery of medicaments through the skin.The patents granted under various categories of penetration enhancers have been discussed including fatty acids, terpenes, fatty alcohol, pyrrolidone, sulfoxides, laurocapram, surface active agents, amides, amines, lecithin, polyols, quaternary ammonium compounds, silicones, alkanoates and so on.Scores of promising chemicals have been harnessed for their skin permeation promoting capacity as mentioned earlier. In future, many more chemicals and putative enhancers are likely be documented and patented.

The herb of importance like Argyreia nervosa has shown wide range of pharmacological activities. Its methanolic extract of A. nervosa has been explored against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) induced liquid and solid tumor in mice. Liquid and solid tumors were induced by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous transplantation of EAC cells in Balb/C mice. Significant and dose dependant results are observed when the mice are sacrificed on 15th day for estimation of tumor proliferation, hematological, biochemical and hepatic antioxidant parameters. Mean survival time (days) was increased to 36.5 from 20.5 extract treated mice. The extract also showed a decrease (p