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Weak-line T Tauri stars (WTTS) exhibit X-ray flares, likely resulting from magnetic reconnection that heats the stellar plasma to very high temperatures. These flares are difficult to identify through targeted observations. Here, we report the serendipitous detection of the brightest X-ray flaring state of KM Ori in the eROSITA DR1 survey. Observations from SRG/eROSITA, Chandra X-ray Observatory, and XMM-Newton are analysed to assess the X-ray properties of KM Ori, thereby establishing its flaring state at the eROSITA epoch. The long-term (1999-2020) X-ray light curve generated for the Chandra observations confirmed that eROSITA captured the source at its highest X-ray flaring state recorded to date. Multi-instrument observations support the X-ray flaring state of the source, with time-averaged X-ray luminosity ($L_{0.2-5keV}$) reaching $\sim 1.9\times10^{32}{erg~s^{-1}}$ at the eROSITA epoch, marking it the brightest and possibly the longest flare observed to date. Such intense X-ray flares have been detected only in a few WTTS. The X-ray spectral analysis unveils the presence of multiple thermal plasma components at all epochs. The notably high luminosity ($L_{0.5-8~keV}\sim10^{32}{erg~s}^{-1}$), energy ($E_{0.5-8~keV}\sim10^{37}$erg), and the elevated emission measures of the thermal components in the eROSITA epoch indicate a superflare/megaflare state of KM Ori. Additionally, the H$\alpha$ line equivalent width of $\sim$-5\AA from our optical spectral analysis, combined with the lack of infrared excess in the spectral energy distribution, were used to re-confirm the WTTS (thin disk/disk-less) classification of the source. The long-duration flare of KM Ori observed by eROSITA indicates the possibility of a slow-rise top-flat flare. The detection demonstrates the potential of eROSITA to uncover such rare, transient events, thereby providing new insights into the X-ray activity of WTTS., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables. This paper has been accepted for publication in PASA

The performance of a text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis model depends on various factors, of which the quality of the training data is of utmost importance. Millions of data are collected around the globe for various languages, but resources for Indian languages are few. Although there are many efforts involved in data collection, a common set of protocols for data collection becomes necessary for building TTS systems in Indian languages primarily because of the need for a uniform development of TTS systems across languages. In this paper, we present our learnings on data collection efforts' for Indic languages over 15 years. These databases have been used in unit selection synthesis, hidden Markov model based, and end-to-end frameworks, and for generating prosodically rich TTS systems. The most significant feature of the data collected is that data purity enables building high-quality TTS systems with a comparatively small dataset compared to that of European/Chinese languages., Comment: Submitted to ICASSP 2025

India has 1369 languages of which 22 are official. About 13 different scripts are used to represent these languages. A Common Label Set (CLS) was developed based on phonetics to address the issue of large vocabulary of units required in the End to End (E2E) framework for multilingual synthesis. This reduced the footprint of the synthesizer and also enabled fast adaptation to new languages which had similar phonotactics, provided language scripts belonged to the same family. In this paper, we provide new insights into speech synthesis, where the script belongs to one family, while the phonotactics comes from another. Indian language text is first converted to CLS, and then a synthesizer that matches the phonotactics of the language is used. Quality akin to that of a native speaker is obtained for Sanskrit and Konkani with zero adaptation data, using Kannada and Marathi synthesizers respectively. Further, this approach also lends itself seamless code switching across 13 Indian languages and English in a given native speaker's voice., Comment: 5 Pages, 1 Figure, Submitted to ICASSP 2025

The advancement in deep implicit modeling and articulated models has significantly enhanced the process of digitizing human figures in 3D from just a single image. While state-of-the-art methods have greatly improved geometric precision, the challenge of accurately inferring texture remains, particularly in obscured areas such as the back of a person in frontal-view images. This limitation in texture prediction largely stems from the scarcity of large-scale and diverse 3D datasets, whereas their 2D counterparts are abundant and easily accessible. To address this issue, our paper proposes leveraging extensive 2D fashion datasets to enhance both texture and shape prediction in 3D human digitization. We incorporate 2D priors from the fashion dataset to learn the occluded back view, refined with our proposed domain alignment strategy. We then fuse this information with the input image to obtain a fully textured mesh of the given person. Through extensive experimentation on standard 3D human benchmarks, we demonstrate the superior performance of our approach in terms of both texture and geometry. Code and dataset is available at https://github.com/humansensinglab/FAMOUS.

Sentences in Indian languages are generally longer than those in English. Indian languages are also considered to be phrase-based, wherein semantically complete phrases are concatenated to make up sentences. Long utterances lead to poor training of text-to-speech models and result in poor prosody during synthesis. In this work, we explore an inter-pausal unit (IPU) based approach in the end-to-end (E2E) framework, focusing on synthesising conversational-style text. We consider both autoregressive Tacotron2 and non-autoregressive FastSpeech2 architectures in our study and perform experiments with three Indian languages, namely, Hindi, Tamil and Telugu. With the IPU-based Tacotron2 approach, we see a reduction in insertion and deletion errors in the synthesised audio, providing an alternative approach to the FastSpeech(2) network in terms of error reduction. The IPU-based approach requires less computational resources and produces prosodically richer synthesis compared to conventional sentence-based systems.

Determining the He/H ratio in cool stars presents a fundamental astrophysical challenge. While this ratio is established for hot O and B stars, its extrapolation to cool stars remains uncertain due to the absence of helium lines in their observed spectra. We address this knowledge gap by focusing on the Sun as a representative cool star. We conduct spectroscopic analyses of the observed solar photospheric lines by utilizing a combination of MgH molecular lines and neutral Mg atomic lines including yet another combination of CH and C_2 molecular lines with neutral C atomic lines. Our spectroscopic analyses were further exploited by adopting solar model atmospheres constructed for distinct He/H ratios to determine the solar photospheric helium abundance. The helium abundance is determined by enforcing the fact that for an adopted model atmosphere with an appropriate He/H ratio, the derived Mg abundance from the neutral Mg atomic lines and that from the MgH molecular lines must be the same. Ditto holds for the C abundance derived from neutral C atomic lines and that from CH lines of the CH molecular band and C_2 lines from the C_2 Swan band. The estimated He/H ratio for the Sun is discussed based on the one-dimensional local thermodynamic equilibrium (1D LTE) model atmosphere. The helium abundance (He/H = 0.091(+0.019/+0.014)) obtained for the Sun serves as a critical reference point to characterize the He/H ratio of cool stars across the range in their effective temperature. Using this derived He/H ratio, the solar mass fractions are determined to be X_sun=0.7232(+0.0305/-0.0377), Y_sun=0.2633(+0.0384/-0.0311), and Z_sun=0.0135(+0.0006/-0.0007)., Comment: 13 Pages, 3 Figures and 2 Tables, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ)

Generative AI holds the promise of enabling a range of sought-after capabilities and revolutionizing workflows in various consumer and enterprise verticals. However, putting a model in production involves much more than just generating an output. It involves ensuring the model is reliable, safe, performant and also adheres to the policy of operation in a particular domain. Guardrails as a necessity for models has evolved around the need to enforce appropriate behavior of models, especially when they are in production. In this paper, we use education as a use case, given its stringent requirements of the appropriateness of content in the domain, to demonstrate how a guardrail model can be trained and deployed in production. Specifically, we describe our experience in building a production-grade guardrail model for a K-12 educational platform. We begin by formulating the requirements for deployment to this sensitive domain. We then describe the training and benchmarking of our domain-specific guardrail model, which outperforms competing open- and closed- instruction-tuned models of similar and larger size, on proprietary education-related benchmarks and public benchmarks related to general aspects of safety. Finally, we detail the choices we made on architecture and the optimizations for deploying this service in production; these range across the stack from the hardware infrastructure to the serving layer to language model inference optimizations. We hope this paper will be instructive to other practitioners looking to create production-grade domain-specific services based on generative AI and large language models.

Modern media firms require automated and efficient methods to identify content that is most engaging and appealing to users. Leveraging a large-scale dataset from Upworthy (a news publisher), which includes 17,681 headline A/B tests, we first investigate the ability of three pure-LLM approaches to identify the catchiest headline: prompt-based methods, embedding-based methods, and fine-tuned open-source LLMs. Prompt-based approaches perform poorly, while both OpenAI-embedding-based models and the fine-tuned Llama-3-8B achieve marginally higher accuracy than random predictions. In sum, none of the pure-LLM-based methods can predict the best-performing headline with high accuracy. We then introduce the LLM-Assisted Online Learning Algorithm (LOLA), a novel framework that integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) with adaptive experimentation to optimize content delivery. LOLA combines the best pure-LLM approach with the Upper Confidence Bound algorithm to allocate traffic and maximize clicks adaptively. Our numerical experiments on Upworthy data show that LOLA outperforms the standard A/B test method (the current status quo at Upworthy), pure bandit algorithms, and pure-LLM approaches, particularly in scenarios with limited experimental traffic. Our approach is scalable and applicable to content experiments across various settings where firms seek to optimize user engagement, including digital advertising and social media recommendations.

A major challenge facing the world is the provision of equitable and universal access to quality education. Recent advances in generative AI (gen AI) have created excitement about the potential of new technologies to offer a personal tutor for every learner and a teaching assistant for every teacher. The full extent of this dream, however, has not yet materialised. We argue that this is primarily due to the difficulties with verbalising pedagogical intuitions into gen AI prompts and the lack of good evaluation practices, reinforced by the challenges in defining excellent pedagogy. Here we present our work collaborating with learners and educators to translate high level principles from learning science into a pragmatic set of seven diverse educational benchmarks, spanning quantitative, qualitative, automatic and human evaluations; and to develop a new set of fine-tuning datasets to improve the pedagogical capabilities of Gemini, introducing LearnLM-Tutor. Our evaluations show that LearnLM-Tutor is consistently preferred over a prompt tuned Gemini by educators and learners on a number of pedagogical dimensions. We hope that this work can serve as a first step towards developing a comprehensive educational evaluation framework, and that this can enable rapid progress within the AI and EdTech communities towards maximising the positive impact of gen AI in education.

Differential rotation is one of the basic characteristics of the Sun, and it plays an important role in generating the magnetic fields and its activities. We investigated rotation rate using chromospheric features such as plages, enhanced network, active network, and quiet network separately (for the first time). The digitized Ca-K images from Kodaikanal Observatory for 1907-1996 are used to study rotation over 0-80 degrees latitudes at an interval of 10$^{\circ}$ . We find that plages and all types of networks exhibit the differential rotation of the chromosphere. Furthermore, the rotation rate shows a decreasing pattern as one move from the equator to the higher polar latitudes for all the features used in the study. By analyzing how the area of chromospheric features varies over time, we can effectively map the Sun's rotation rate at all latitudes, including the polar regions. Interestingly, both plages and small-scale networks exhibit similar differential rotation rate. This suggests these features likely rooted at the same layer below the visible surface of the Sun. Therefore, the long-term Ca-K data is very useful to study the solar rotation rate at all latitudes including the polar regions., Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables Accepted in The Astrophysical journal

In this paper, we explore a class of numerical semigroups initiated by Kunz and Waldi containing two coprime numbers $p < q$, which we call KW semigroups. We characterize KW numerical semigroups by their principal matrices. We present a necessary and sufficient criterion for a matrix to be the principal matrix of a KW semigroup. An explicit description of the minimal resolutions of numerical semigroups in the same class with small embedding dimensions 3 and 4 is given. We give a generalization of this notion to three dimensions using lattice paths under a plane and present some preliminary results and questions., Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures

Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) stars are intermediate-mass pre-main sequence stars, characterized by infrared excess and emission lines. They are observed to emit X-rays, whose origin is a matter of discussion and not settled yet. X-ray emission is not expected in HAeBe stars, as they lack the sub-surface convective zone. In this study, we retrieved observations from the Chandra archive for 62 HAeBe stars, among which 44 sources (detection fraction $\sim$71%) were detected in X-rays, with 7 being new detections. We use this sample as a test bed to conduct a comparative analysis of the X-ray properties of HAeBe stars and their low-mass counterparts, T Tauri Stars (TTSs). Further, we compare the X-ray properties of HAeBe stars and TTSs with optical and IR properties to constrain the X-ray emission mechanism in HAeBe stars. We found no correlation between X-ray emission and disk properties of HAeBe stars, confirming that X-rays are not related to accretion shocks. About 56% of HAeBe stars without any known sub-arcsec companions have lower plasma temperatures (kT $\leq$ 2 keV). We observe flaring/variability in HAeBe stars with confirmed low-mass companions. These stars show plasma temperatures > 2 keV, similar to TTSs. Guided by this information we discuss the role of a T Tauri companion for X-ray emission seen in our sample of HAeBe stars. From the results obtained in this paper, we suggest that X-ray emission from HAeBe stars may not be related to accretion shocks or hidden TTS, but rather can be due to magnetically driven coronal emission., Comment: This paper is accepted for publication in MNRAS

We show that any two homogeneous affine semigroups can be glued by embedding them suitably in a higher dimensional space. As a consequence, we show that the sum of their homogeneous toric ideals is again a homogeneous toric ideal, and that the minimal graded free resolution of the associated semigroup ring is the tensor product of the minimal resolutions of the two smaller parts. We apply our results to toric ideals associated to graphs to show how two of them can be a splitting of a toric ideal associated to a graph or an hypergraph., Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures

The growth of generative adversarial network (GAN) models has increased the ability of image processing and provides numerous industries with the technology to produce realistic image transformations. However, with the field being recently established there are new evaluation metrics that can further this research. Previous research has shown the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) to be an effective metric when testing these image-to-image GANs in real-world applications. Signed Inception Distance (SID), a founded metric in 2023, expands on FID by allowing unsigned distances. This paper uses public datasets that consist of fa\c{c}ades, cityscapes, and maps within Pix2Pix and CycleGAN models. After training these models are evaluated on both inception distance metrics which measure the generating performance of the trained models. Our findings indicate that usage of the metric SID incorporates an efficient and effective metric to complement, or even exceed the ability shown using the FID for the image-to-image GANs, Comment: 14 pages 9 figures 1 table Included in IOTBS, NLTM, AIMLA, DBDM - 2024 Conference Proceedings Editor: David C. Wyld et al

The intricate role of shear viscosity and ion-pair relaxations on ionic conductivity mechanisms and the underlying changes induced by salt concentration ($c$) in organic liquid electrolytes remain poorly understood despite their widespread technological importance. Using molecular dynamics simulations employing nonpolarizable force fields for $c$ ranging between 10$^{-3}$ to 10$^1$ M, we show that the low and high $c$ regimes of the EC-LiTFSI electrolytes are distinctly characterized by $\eta\sim\tau_c^{1/2}$ and $\eta\sim\tau_c^{1}$, where $\eta$ and $\tau_c$ are shear viscosity and cation-anion relaxation timescales, respectively. Our extensive simulations and analyses suggest a universal relationship between the ionic conductivity and $c$ as $\sigma(c)\sim c^{\alpha}e^{-c/c_{0}} (\alpha>0)$. The proposed relationship convincingly explains the ionic conductivity over a wide range of $c$, where the term $c^\alpha$ accounts for the uncorrelated motion of ions and $e^{-c/c_0}$ captures the salt-induced changes in shear viscosity. Our simulations suggest vehicular mechanism to be dominant at low $c$ regime which transitions into a structural diffusion mechanism at high $c$ regime, where structural relaxation is the dominant form of ion transport mechanism. Our findings shed light on some of the fundamental aspects of the ion conductivity mechanisms in liquid electrolytes, offering insights into optimizing the ion transport in EC-LiTFSI electrolytes., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures

In many real-world datasets, rows may have distinct characteristics and require different modeling approaches for accurate predictions. In this paper, we propose an adaptive modeling approach for row-type dependent predictive analysis(RTDPA). Our framework enables the development of models that can effectively handle diverse row types within a single dataset. Our dataset from XXX bank contains two different risk categories, personal loan and agriculture loan. each of them are categorised into four classes standard, sub-standard, doubtful and loss. We performed tailored data pre processing and feature engineering to different row types. We selected traditional machine learning predictive models and advanced ensemble techniques. Our findings indicate that all predictive approaches consistently achieve a precision rate of no less than 90%. For RTDPA, the algorithms are applied separately for each row type, allowing the models to capture the specific patterns and characteristics of each row type. This approach enables targeted predictions based on the row type, providing a more accurate and tailored classification for the given dataset.Additionally, the suggested model consistently offers decision makers valuable and enduring insights that are strategic in nature in banking sector.

This research explores the integration of quantum data embedding techniques into classical machine learning (ML) algorithms, aiming to assess the performance enhancements and computational implications across a spectrum of models. We explore various classical-to-quantum mapping methods, ranging from basis encoding, angle encoding to amplitude encoding for encoding classical data, we conducted an extensive empirical study encompassing popular ML algorithms, including Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines and ensemble methods like Random Forest, LightGBM, AdaBoost, and CatBoost. Our findings reveal that quantum data embedding contributes to improved classification accuracy and F1 scores, particularly notable in models that inherently benefit from enhanced feature representation. We observed nuanced effects on running time, with low-complexity models exhibiting moderate increases and more computationally intensive models experiencing discernible changes. Notably, ensemble methods demonstrated a favorable balance between performance gains and computational overhead. This study underscores the potential of quantum data embedding in enhancing classical ML models and emphasizes the importance of weighing performance improvements against computational costs. Future research directions may involve refining quantum encoding processes to optimize computational efficiency and exploring scalability for real-world applications. Our work contributes to the growing body of knowledge at the intersection of quantum computing and classical machine learning, offering insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to harness the advantages of quantum-inspired techniques in practical scenarios.

Machine Learning (ML) models are trained using historical data to classify new, unseen data. However, traditional computing resources often struggle to handle the immense amount of data, commonly known as Big Data, within a reasonable time frame. Quantum Computing (QC) provides a novel approach to information processing, offering the potential to process classical data exponentially faster than classical computing through quantum algorithms. By mapping Quantum Machine Learning (QML) algorithms into the quantum mechanical domain, we can potentially achieve exponential improvements in data processing speed, reduced resource requirements, and enhanced accuracy and efficiency. In this article, we delve into both the QC and ML fields, exploring the interplay of ideas between them, as well as the current capabilities and limitations of hardware. We investigate the history of quantum computing, examine existing QML algorithms, and present a simplified procedure for setting up simulations of QML algorithms, making it accessible and understandable for readers. Furthermore, we conduct simulations on a dataset using both traditional machine learning and quantum machine learning approaches. We then compare their respective performances by utilizing a quantum simulator.

The rapid evolution of deep neural networks has revolutionized the field of machine learning, enabling remarkable advancements in various domains. In this article, we introduce NeuroWrite, a unique method for predicting the categorization of handwritten digits using deep neural networks. Our model exhibits outstanding accuracy in identifying and categorising handwritten digits by utilising the strength of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs).In this article, we give a thorough examination of the data preparation methods, network design, and training methods used in NeuroWrite. By implementing state-of-the-art techniques, we showcase how NeuroWrite can achieve high classification accuracy and robust generalization on handwritten digit datasets, such as MNIST. Furthermore, we explore the model's potential for real-world applications, including digit recognition in digitized documents, signature verification, and automated postal code recognition. NeuroWrite is a useful tool for computer vision and pattern recognition because of its performance and adaptability.The architecture, training procedure, and evaluation metrics of NeuroWrite are covered in detail in this study, illustrating how it can improve a number of applications that call for handwritten digit classification. The outcomes show that NeuroWrite is a promising method for raising the bar for deep neural network-based handwritten digit recognition., Comment: 6 pages, 10 figures