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Brand-to-brand help on social media is an unexplored branding strategy and a novel corporate social responsibility (CSR) behavior. The research is based on the framework of communion and agency, which has been used to interpret person-to-person help in the context of social psychology and has also been applied to the domain of brands. Across a qualitative study and four experiments the authors demonstrate that compared with conventional self-promoting advertising, such brand-to-brand help conveys signals of high communion and agency, which in turn lead to enhanced brand outcomes. In considering the agentic nature of a for-profit brand that might cause consumer skepticism toward advertising and CSR, the research identifies consumer skepticism as a theoretically relevant moderator, showing that the helping behavior has a stronger positive impact on consumers with higher skepticism. In contrast to the prior work limited to the consequences of perceived communion and agency, the research investigates their drivers for brands. Meanwhile, the authors find that the helping strategy is effective irrespective of the situation and the size of the recipient brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Twenty-four hour movement behaviors (ie, physical activity [PA], screen time [ST], and sleep) are associated with children's health outcomes. Identifying day-level contextual factors, such as child care, that positively influence children's movement behaviors may help identify potential intervention targets, like improving access to child care programs. This study aimed to examine the between- and within-person effects of child care on preschoolers' 24-hour movement behaviors. Methods: Children (N = 74, 4.7 [0.9] y, 48.9% girls, 63.3% White) wore an Axivity AX3 accelerometer on their nondominant wrist 24 hours per day for 14 days to measure PA and sleep. Parents completed surveys each night about their child's ST and child care attendance that day. Linear mixed effects models predicted day-level 24-hour movement behaviors from hours spent in child care. Results: Children spent an average of 5.0 (2.9) hours per day in child care. For every additional hour of child care above their average, children had 0.3 hours (95% CI, −0.3 to −0.2) less ST that day. Between-person effects showed that compared with children who attended fewer overall hours of child care, children who attended more hours had less overall ST (B = −0.2 h; 95% CI, −0.4 to 0.0). Child care was not significantly associated with PA or sleep. Conclusions: Child care attendance was not associated with 24-hour PA or sleep; however, it was associated with less ST. More research utilizing objective measures of ST and more robust measures of daily schedules or structure is necessary to better understand how existing infrastructure may influence preschool-aged children's 24-hour movement behaviors. In addition, future research should consider how access to child care may influence child care attendance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data coaching is a promising intervention strategy to address youth physical activity behavior, motor competence, and evidence-based practices in out-of-school time (OST) settings. Many adolescents do not meet the recommended daily physical activity guidelines, and interventions during the school day have limited impact. OST programs can provide opportunities for physical activity outside of school, but few use evidence-based strategies to enhance motor competence and physical activity. Implementing a data coaching approach, informed by real-time data, can help OST program leaders improve their practices and create a more active environment for children. [Extracted from the article]

Boomerangs, that is, rehires, should have advantages over other new hires when integrating into an organization due to their familiarity with the work context and their pre-existing relationships. However, research suggests that the effects of hiring boomerangs may not be straightforwardly positive. To better understand these effects, we investigate how boomerangs’ social integration into a work team differs from that of other new hires due to their pre-existing relationships and how those relationships shape their and incumbents’ competence and motivation to provide assistance for collective performance. We theorize and find that boomerangs, compared with new hires, exhibit more performance assistance toward incumbent former and incumbent new colleagues. In contrast, incumbent former colleagues do not direct their performance assistance toward boomerangs, contrary to our prediction, nor do incumbent new colleagues. This study contributes to the nascent literature on boomerangs and the literature on job mobility by finding evidence that prior relationships condition the behavior of both boomerangs and incumbents. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.16685 .

Introduction: The study aimed to explore the key factors influencing emotional valence in rodents, focusing on the critical elements that distinguish the contagion processes of fear and pain. Methods: Through a systematic review and meta-analysis, we examined behavioral outcomes of rodents exposed to painful or fearful catastrophes to see whether they are prosocial or antisocial through three-chamber test and dyadic social interaction paradigm. Results: Fear contagion, particularly when witnessed, leads to social avoidance behavior, unaffected by sex difference but more pronounced with age. In contrast, pain contagion promotes social approach and caring/helping behaviors. Discussion: The present study demonstrates that the emotional valence induced by pain contagion is quite different from fear contagion and this difference may result in different motivations and social behaviors, namely, social contagion of pain is likely to be more associated with prosocial behaviors, however, social contagion of fear is likely to be more associated with antisocial behaviors. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42024566326). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheep behavior recognition helps to monitor the health status of sheep and prevent the outbreak of infectious diseases. Aiming at the problems of low detection accuracy and slow speed due to the crowding of sheep in real farming scenarios, which can easily obscure each other, this study proposes a lightweight sheep behavior recognition model based on the YOLOv8n model. First, the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is introduced and improved in the YOLOv8n model, and the channel attention module and spatial attention module are changed from serial to parallel to construct a novel attention mechanism, PCBAM, to enhance the network's attention to the sheep and eliminate redundant background information; second, the ordinary convolution in the backbone network is replaced with depth-separable convolution, which effectively reduces the number of parameters in the model and reduces the computational complexity. The study takes the housed breeding sheep as the test object, installs a camera diagonally above the sheep pen to collect images and makes a data set for testing, and in order to verify the superiority of the PD-YOLO model, compares it with a variety of target detection models. The experimental results show that the mean average precision (mAP) of the model proposed in this paper are 95.8%, 98.9%, and 96.2% for the three postures of sheep lying, feeding, and standing, respectively, which are 8.5%, 0.8%, and 0.8% higher than those of YOLOv8n, respectively, and the size of the model has been reduced by 13.3% and the amount of computation has been reduced by 12.1%. The inference speed reaches 52.1 FPS per second, which is better than other models in meeting the real-time detection requirement. To verify the practicality of this research method, the PD-YOLO model was deployed on the RK3399Pro development board for testing, and a high inference speed was achieved. It can provide effective technical support for sheep smart farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Raising dementia awareness is essential for building a dementia-friendly community. However, existing studies have underexplored the effects of virtual reality (VR) dementia educational programs for the general public on enhancing positive attitude toward dementia. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a VR dementia-friendly educational program called the Drive for Dementia Readiness Inside Virtual Reality (DRIVE) program to improve attitude toward dementia of the general public. Research Design and Methods A two-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted. Eligibility criteria for participants included being 16 years and older in Japan and having no professional license in healthcare and social care. We randomized individuals to attend a multielement VR dementia-friendly educational program (intervention), including simulation, VR films, short films, lectures, and discussions or a lecture-based program (control). Data were collected 3 times, including at baseline, postintervention, and 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome was attitude toward dementia. The secondary outcomes were intention of helping behavior for people living with dementia and knowledge of dementia. Results We recruited 157 community residents, among whom 130 were included in the analysis. Although the mean changes in attitude score were not significantly different between the groups (Hedge's g  = 0.26), the intention of helping behavior score was significantly higher in the intervention group (g  = 0.49). Discussion and Implication The DRIVE, a VR-based multielement dementia-friendly educational intervention, was shown as a promising tool for significantly affecting the intention of helping behavior for people living with dementia to establish dementia-friendly communities. Clinical Trials Registration Number UMIN000044901 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared cognitive processes underlie our ability to remember the past (i.e., episodic memory) and imagine the future (i.e., episodic simulation) and age-related declines in episodic memory are also noted when simulating future scenarios. Given older adults' reduced cognitive control and protracted memory retrieval time, we examined whether imposing time limits on episodic simulation of future helping scenarios affects younger and older adults' willingness to help, phenomenological experience, and the type of details produced. Relative to a control task, episodic simulation increased younger and older participants' willingness to help, scene vividness, and perspective-taking regardless of the time spent imagining future helping scenarios. Notably, time spent imagining influenced the number, but not proportion of internal details produced, suggesting that participants' use of episodic-like information remained consistent regardless of the time they spent imagining. The present findings highlight the importance of collecting phenomenological experience when assessing episodic simulation abilities across the lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific study of love underscores the importance of dyadic reciprocity in laying the foundation for infants' social development. While research establishes links between early reciprocity and children's social capacities, some infants appear to benefit from reciprocity more than others. A central feature of reciprocity is its contingent structure, that is, the extent to which maternal behaviors are temporally associated with and contingent upon infants' dynamically changing cues. As such, infants' sensitivity to social contingencies may define the extent to which an infant benefits from maternal reciprocity. The current study examined the role of infants' sensitivity to social contingency (SC) in moderating associations between early maternal reciprocity and subsequent infants' social behavior. The study followed 157 children (47% females), across the first year of life (4, 10, and 12 months) and at preschool age (48 months). Infants' SC at 4 and 10 months moderated the link between early maternal reciprocity and infants' prosocial behavior observed at 12 months. SC at 10 months moderated the link between early reciprocity and reported peer problems at 48 months. Maternal reciprocity predicted more helping behavior in infancy and fewer peer problems at preschool, but only for infants who displayed high SC. Findings highlight the contingent nature of reciprocal mother‐infant interactions revealing that an infant's sensitivity to breaks in social‐contingency moderates the developmental benefit of reciprocity. Future research is necessary to directly test the underlying mechanisms of these processes and better understand the individual characteristics of infants' sensitivity to social contingency and its' role in typical and atypical development. Research Highlights: Individual differences in infants' sensitivity to breaks in social contingencies may moderate the extent to which infants benefit from contingent reciprocal maternal behavior (i.e., maternal reciprocity).Maternal reciprocity predicted more helping behavior in infancy and fewer peer problems at preschool, but only for infants who displayed high sensitivity to breaks in social contingency.Findings highlight the contingent nature of reciprocal mother‐infant interactions revealing that infants' sensitivity to breaks in social‐contingency moderates the developmental benefit of reciprocity.Findings emphasize the need to develop measurement methods and direct empirical attention to the important yet understudied individual characteristic of infants' sensitivity to social contingency and its role in shaping social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prefabricated construction has shifted a portion of environmental responsibilities (ERs) from on-site to off-site, prompting a focus on the entire supply chain. As an issue emerging alongside the prefabricated construction, ERs are yet to be clearly allocated along the supply chain. This study aims to explore the optimal allocation of ERs between the agents involved in a prefabricated construction supply chain (PCSC), considering two distinct types of government subsidies, namely, subsidies based on ER levels (EL subsidy) and subsidies based on ER incremental costs (EC subsidy). Additionally, it aims to compare the influence of two types of government subsidies on this allocation process. A three-stage supply-chain Stackelberg model involving the government, a supplier, and a contractor was established to analyze their optimal decisions and a numerical analysis based on a case was further exploited to validate the results. The study revealed a positive correlation between ER levels of the entire supply chain and the ER managerial efficiency of both agents under each type of subsidy. The ER allocation between the two agents varied depending on the subsidy type. With EL subsidies, the allocation of one's ER level was contingent on its own ER managerial efficiency, while under EC subsidies, the optimal allocation of ERs between the two agents was equal. No subsidy could simultaneously render both agents more profitable than the alternative subsidy, but optimal profits were largely determined by the ER managerial efficiency of the involved agents. By comparing subsidy effectiveness indicators, it was found that EL subsidies are deemed more beneficial for the construction environment than EC subsidies. The findings can serve as a valuable reference for government authorities to incentivize ER behaviors and help enterprises in the supply chain achieve a win-win situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to simultaneous horizontal and vertical displacement during vertical evacuation, the consequences of stampede congestion accidents can be more severe. Generally, pedestrians trigger a synchronization mechanism at some point during the vertical evacuation process. This synchronization behavior helps prevent stampede congestion and improves evacuation efficiency. This paper designs a well-controlled single-file vertical evacuation experiment. After the experiment, the video footage is imported into the TRACKER system to extract the coordinates of pedestrian step movements, after which the experimental data undergo calculations and visual analysis. The research findings indicate the following: Firstly, when the crowd coordinates trigger the synchronization mechanism, this behavior remains stable as long as pedestrian speed and direction are unchanged; Secondly, the variation in footstep speed over time is not directly related to the footstep synchronization rate of the crowd; Lastly, this study calculated the characteristic density value most likely to trigger the synchronization mechanism during vertical evacuation. This research deepens our understanding of crowd dynamics, reveals the characteristics of pedestrian movement during vertical evacuation, and proposes evacuation guidance strategies based on these features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) face an acknowledged challenge: On the one hand, the majority of elastomers only achieve small electroactive deformation (<20%) in the absence of prestretch; on the other hand, rare elastomers capable of showing large electroactive deformation require relatively complicated processing and chemistry. This work addresses this challenge by fabricating an elastomer with a network of large side groups, which achieves a very large electroactive deformation (218%) without pre‐stretch. This elastomer can be rapidly and massively fabricated within a few min, by polymerizing a commercial monomer with a large alkyl side group. The large side groups in the polymer network repel each other and extend the load‐bearing strands, which results in a pronounced strain‐hardening behavior. This behavior helps the elastomer to get rid of electromechanical instability during actuation and hence to exhibit a large electro‐active deformation, a high energy density (>> human muscle), and a large output force (≈500 times self‐weight). the elastomer capable of manufacturing a soft electroactive gripper is demonstrated with large deformation, large force, and rapid response, which enables grasping fragile objects of various complex shapes in an agile away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe sustainability discourse is gaining centrality in a variety of settings. For this discourse to take wider and deeper roots, it is crucial to understand the basic behavioral requirements as well as behavioral nuances pertaining to sustainability in a wider perspective. The path leading to sustainability may require some core behaviors along with their compatible enablers that may influence them. This study explores the enablers of pro-sustainability behaviors of top management in a global context using Netnography. Discussing sustainability from the perspective of triple bottom line - comprising environmental, societal, and economic aspects - and using the identified enablers of pro-sustainability behaviors in a global context, this study proposes a conceptual framework under the theoretical realm of the Upper Echelon Theory. The findings suggest that simultaneous and concerted attention to multiple enablers of pro-sustainability behaviors may help the top management to make greater progress toward sustainability. The findings offer some important implications for management practitioners and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThirty-four Chinese families (each consisting of a mother and two children) were recruited to participate in this study. The firstborn children had an average age of 12.00 ± 2.07 years, while the second-born children averaged 7.57 ± 2.51 years old. The families were randomly divided into mediation and control groups. The mothers in the mediation group underwent mediation training, whereas those in the control group received no treatment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square tests were utilized to analyze data on sibling conflict. Results indicated that the mothers in the mediation group reported significantly less negative behavior in helping their children resolve sibling disputes compared to those in the control group. Mediation group mothers reported significantly fewer sibling conflicts compared to control group mothers. No significant differences were observed between children in the mediation group and the control group regarding positive and negative behaviors recorded by mothers. These results indicate that mediation training may better equip Chinese mothers with the ability to resolve sibling conflicts in their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimpanzees and other great apes seem to be much less cooperative than humans overall, yet they nevertheless reliably help others in many instrumental circumstances. Although in many contexts the helping behavior of chimpanzees is quite similar to that of human children, recent studies using both behavioral and psychophysiological paradigms have revealed important differences, specifically, in the underlying motivations for prosocial behavior. Here, we provide both a synthesis of recent empirical work and an evolutionary hypothesis that can account for the differences in chimpanzee and human helping motivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep, collectively known as the 24-hour movement behaviors, demonstrate individual and joint benefits on physical and mental health. Examination of these behaviors has expanded beyond guideline adherence to reviews of isotemporal substitution models (ISM) and compositional data analysis (CoDA). This umbrella review sought to review existing systematic reviews to (1) characterize the breadth and scope, (2) examine prevalence estimates for 24-hour movement guideline adherence, and (3) examine the relationship between these behaviors with health outcomes based on various approaches. Methods: Eight databases and multiple supplementary strategies were used to identify systematic reviews, meta-analyses and pooled analyses that included two or more of the three 24-hour movement behaviors and a multi-behavior assessment approach. Overall review characteristics, movement behavior definitions, approaches, and health outcomes assessed were extracted, and methodological quality was assessed using the AMSTAR2 tool. Review characteristics (Aim 1), guideline prevalence estimates (Aim 2), and associations with health outcomes (Aim 3) were examined. Findings: Thirty-two reviews (20 systematic reviews, 10 meta-analyses, and 2 pooled analyses) were included. Reviews captured the entire lifespan, global regions, and several physical and mental health outcomes. Individual and total guideline adherence waned from preschool to adolescence, but reviews reported similar prevalence estimates and ranges (i.e., within 10%). Common approaches included ISM and CoDA, evaluating 24-hour movement behavior's interactive associations with health outcomes, guideline adherence, and profile-based analysis. Despite heterogeneous approaches, reviews found consistent evidence for beneficial associations between meeting all three guidelines and high amount of physical activity on physical and mental health outcomes, but varied assessment of sedentary behavior or sleep. Most reviews were rated as low or critically low quality. Conclusions: The breadth and scope of current reviews on 24-hour movement behaviors was wide and varied in this umbrella review, including all ages and across the globe. Prevalence estimates among populations beyond children need to be synthesized. Amongst the variety of definitions and approaches, reviews found benefit from achieving healthy amounts of all three behaviors. Longitudinal multi-behavior original research studies with rigorous assessment of sleep and sedentary behavior may help improve future systematic reviews of these various approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the existence of an optimal conformation for molecular recognition and bearing in mind that nucleosides exhibit a broad range of pharmaceutical properties, whereby their conformation has a key role in molecular recognition, the tendency of the pseudosugar moiety in carbanucleosides to adopt a boat‐like conformation has been studied on the basis of a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane system, resulting in versatile drug‐like scaffolds to increase molecular recognition. It is already known that using this system as pseudosugar can fix the conformation in the Northern or Southern geometry, required for biological activity, according to the relative position of the three‐member cycle. By mapping their energy potential surface, we investigate the preference for boat‐like conformers in bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes. DFT is utilized alongside NBO analysis to explore the enhanced stability of boat‐like conformers, also considering the influence of oxygen, sulfur, and selenium heteroatoms. Additionally, charge density distribution analysis using QTAIM identifie key atoms contributing to stability changes. These findings will help to comprehend this behavior in the drug discovery process when conformationally restricted nucleosides are involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Although the presence of early helping behavior has been firmly established, it is unclear to what extent children are willing to adopt costs to help others, as well as how this willingness changes as children get older. Canadian 21‐ to 36‐month‐olds (N = 48) participated in four helping tasks varying in the type and degree of effort required to help (lifting force, cognitive load, the number of steps in a task, and pushing force). When costs were lower, toddlers were not only more likely to help but also provided help more readily and helped in ways that prioritized others’ needs. Importantly, we found that age and how costly helping was to individual children each uniquely predicted high‐cost helping, but not low‐cost helping. Overall, we demonstrate that toddlers’ helping is sensitive to a variety of effortful costs, while simultaneously demonstrating that maturation and individual costs appear to uniquely influence high‐cost helping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altruism is the tendency to care for and help the welfare, needs and happiness of others. In other words, altruism is when an individual generally focuses on the welfare of others and acts with the desire to help them, rather than acting in his own interests. Altruism is a concept associated with positive social and emotional qualities such as empathy, generosity, helpfulness, sharing and tolerance. Therefore, it can occur in various ways to show sensitivity to the needs of others, to alleviate the suffering of others, and to promote social solidarity. However, the concrete emergence of altruism in each individual depends on different situations and this varies within itself. This study aimed to evaluate in which situations altruism occurs. This compilation study focuses on what altruism is, how altruism develops in individuals, and the factors affecting its development, and the situations in which altruism occurs in individuals are detailed with examples. The study emphasized how altruism should be used for individuals and societies. The study concluded that situations in which altruism emerges (from genetic factors to all areas of social life - cognitive, religious, cultural, environmental, communicative areas, etc.) are effective in strengthening people's emotional, social and community connections, increasing social welfare, and ensuring social justice and equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is becoming the most widely explored technique in clinical practice for tumor assessment. In acquiring DCE-MRI, a contrast agent (CA), also called tracer, is injected into the blood flow before or during the acquisition of a time series of T 1 {T_{1}} -weighted images with fast imaging techniques. When the CA goes through the tissue, MR signal intensity measurements in voxels of the region of interest (ROI) are registered and used to calculate the CA concentration in each voxel. The Tofts models have become standard for the analysis of DCE-MRI and which express tissue CA concentration C ⁢ ( t ) {C(t)} as function of time t. The analysis of quantitative parameters in DCE-MRI provides the quantitative criterion as a reference rather than relying only on the shape of the DCE-curve, as it is used for diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). This study aim to provide a new thinking in quantitative analysis which may therefore improve diagnostic accuracy for detection of prostate cancer and could be used in patient baseline prediction and guide management. A hierarchical Bayesian model was built to estimate the values of the four pharmacokinetic parameters ( K trans {K_{\mathrm{trans}}} , k ep {k_{\mathrm{ep}}} , υ p {\upsilon_{\mathrm{p}}} , υ e {\upsilon_{\mathrm{e}}} ) for both prostate healthy and lesion tissues in the peripheral zone. This estimation is important because it help to understand the behavior of the CA in the body and how this latter reacts to the CA in order to emphasize the expectation or the absence of prostate lesion during the diagnosis step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To protect wild deer populations (and their beneficiaries) from the negative consequences of chronic wasting disease (CWD), it is crucial to engage deer hunters in disease prevention. Early qualitative findings suggest CWD-relevant behaviors evoke moral or ethical considerations in deer hunters which may help to explain behaviors. The present study applies norm-activation theory (NAT) to explore the relationship between personal norms and CWD-preventative behavioral intentions. We surveyed 2,000 New York, USA residents licensed to hunt in the bordering CWD-positive state of Pennsylvania, USA, and find most hunters have activated personal norms to help prevent a CWD (re)introduction to New York. We find as perceived effectiveness of the behaviors (in helping to prevent CWD) increases, the odds of activated personal norms increase, as do intentions to perform the behaviors. Our findings offer insights into deer hunter involvement in CWD prevention and the potential influence of internal motivation on the respective behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intellectually gifted have been found to have higher levels of many prosocial dispositions, but there is limited evidence of increased prosocial behavior. The present research used existing and original datasets to examine relations between intellectual giftedness and prosocial behavior and dispositions. In Study 1, those identified as intellectually gifted engaged in more political and helping behaviors than those not identified as intellectually gifted. In Study 2, gifted-identified undergraduate students reported more prosocial behavior (e.g., volunteering and giving) than nonidentified students; however, there were no clear differences in dispositions (e.g., personality and motivation) between gifted-identified and nonidentified students. Implications of these consistent linkages between intellectual giftedness and engaging in prosocial behavior for future research and practical applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressive climate change (CC) forces people—particularly in the Global South—to adapt to its consequences, some of which include droughts, flooding, and new diseases. This study investigates the determinants of behaviors for adapting to these threats in a population from the region of Cusco (Peru). Data were gathered via a cross-sectional interview-based survey in 2016, using random-route sampling. For up to 542 cases, we regressed a scale combining performed behaviors and intentions on psychological constructs, for the entire and sub-samples (n > 179, allowing to detect an R2 of 10% with a power of 80% at p = 0.05). Behavior-specific evaluations—particularly perceived feasibility (β = 0.355), descriptive norms (β = 0.267), and cost-benefit evaluations (β = 0.235)—can explain most of the variance (44% with a total R2 = 61%). Furthermore, trust in specific sources (β = 0.106), general trust (β = 0.098), and negative attitudes toward nature (β = 0.077) are positively related to adaptation, particularly regarding public behaviors (supporting community projects and policies). However, evaluations directly related to CC, such as risk perception (β = 0.010) or how much a behavior helps prevent damage (adaptation efficacy, β = −0.042)), do not explain adaptation, except for an effect of adaptation efficacy on changing daily behaviors. Experiences with and expectations of CC consequences are mostly unrelated to adaptation. However, worries about such events are correlated with adaptation (r between 0.097 and 0.360). We conclude that, to promote adaptation behaviors in this region, the focus should be on the characteristics of the behavior performance (e.g., its costs or feasibility), not on the expected risks of extreme events because of CC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In academic settings, help-seeking and help-giving are two learning behaviors that have been shown to support student interaction and success. However, existing conceptualizations of these behaviors often overlook the influence of a student's cultural context. Specifically, there remains a lack of clarity around how students' attitudes and behaviors related to academic help-seeking and help-giving may differ in predominantly individualist versus collectivist cultural contexts. To address this issue, an integrative review of 18 sources from PsycINFO, ERIC, and Google Scholar was conducted to examine individualism and collectivism's relationship to students' academic help-seeking and help-giving behaviors. Results demonstrated that cultural orientation plays an important role in impacting students' willingness to seek and provide academic help, their motivations for participating in or avoiding helping interactions, as well as their preferred avenues for seeking and providing academic help. Ultimately, this review highlights the intertwined nature of culture and students' helping behaviors, as well as enhances existing understandings of how future research and educators can support students' help-seeking and help-giving behaviors in a culturally sensitive manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bystanders' helping behaviors are essential to mitigate bullying and its consequences, although bystanders do not always intervene on behalf of those who are victimized. One study (N = 170) tested, experimentally, the impact of different forms of common identities (one-group and dual-identity vs. control) on youth (aged between 12 and 19 years) bystanders' helping behavioral intentions in the context of a common form of bias-based bullying (i.e., homophobic bullying). Results showed that dual-identity triggered more behavioral intentions to help victims of homophobic bullying. Overall, these findings extended previous studies illustrating the potential of common identities to foster bystanders' helping responses to homophobic bullying episodes in the school context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fourth-generation (4 G) cellular network is currently the dominant mobile technology used worldwide. The analysis of the network behavior can help forecast the traffic and thus improve the network. The characterization of mobile user behavior can be useful in evaluating the emerging concepts. We collected traffic traces on a commercial multi-band 4 G cell to better understand and model the network and user behavior. We evaluate the network utilization, the number of connections, and the uplink and downlink cell achieved throughput. In addition, we analyze and identify statistical models that describe the connection inter-arrival time, connection duration, and connection size. The results show daily and weekly patterns that depend not only on the time of day but also on the frequency band. We find that the frequency band and time of day have a limited impact on user behavior. On the contrary, the connection inter-arrival time strongly depends on the frequency band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hamilton's rule provides the cornerstone for our understanding of the evolution of all forms of social behavior, from altruism to spite, across all organisms, from viruses to humans. In contrast to the standard prediction from Hamilton's rule, recent studies have suggested that altruistic helping can be favored even if it does not benefit relatives, as long as it decreases the environmentally induced variance of their reproductive success ("altruistic bet-hedging"). However, previous predictions both rely on an approximation and focus on variance-reducing helping behaviors. We derived a version of Hamilton's rule that fully captures environmental variability. This shows that decreasing (or increasing) the variance in the absolute reproductive success of relatives does not have a consistent effect--it can either favor or disfavor the evolution of helping. We then empirically quantified the effect of helping on the variance in reproductive success across 15 species of cooperatively breeding birds. We found that a) helping did not consistently decrease the variance of reproductive success and often increased it, and b) the mean benefits of helping across environments consistently outweighed other variability components of reproductive success. Altogether, our theoretical and empirical results suggest that the effects of helping on the variability components of reproductive success have not played a consistent or strong role in favoring helping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This paper aims to review the development of the cow–calf bonding process in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) via olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli. It will also discuss the neuroendocrine factors motivating buffalo cows to care for the calf. To develop cow–calf bonding, several olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual cues need to be interchanged and processed by both the mother and the newborn. Sniffing, licking, grooming, and listening to the calf's vocalizations are the first inputs during calving. Oxytocin is the main hormone that mediates selective maternal behavior. Understanding the importance of the sensitive period and the endocrine changes required to elicit maternal behavior could help provide the appropriate stimulus to both the buffalo cow and the calf during calving. The cow–calf bonding is a process that must be developed within the first six hours after calving. Both the buffalo dam and the newborn calf receive a series of sensory cues during calving, including olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli. These inputs are processed in the brain to develop an exclusive bond where the dam provides selective care to the filial newborn. The limbic system, sensory cortices, and maternal-related hormones such as oxytocin mediate this process. Due to the complex integration of the maternal response towards the newborn, this paper aims to review the development of the cow–calf bonding process in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) via the olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli. It will also discuss the neuroendocrine factors motivating buffalo cows to care for the calf using examples in other ruminant species where dam–newborn bonding has been extensively studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) is a widely used measure of individual tendency to discern small differences between remembered and presently presented stimuli. Significant work has established this measure as a reliable index of neurological and cognitive dysfunction and decline. However, questions remain about the neural and psychological mechanisms that support performance in the task. Methods: Here, we provide new insights into these questions by fitting seven previously-collected MST datasets (total N = 519), adapting a three-choice evidence accumulation model (the Linear Ballistic Accumulator). The model decomposes choices into automatic and deliberative components. Results: We show that these decomposed processes both contribute to the standard measure of behavior in this task, as well as capturing individual variation in this measure across the lifespan. We also exploit a delayed test/re-test manipulation in one of the experiments to show that model parameters exhibit improved stability, relative to the standard metric, across a 1 week delay. Finally, we apply the model to a resting-state fMRI dataset, finding that only the deliberative component corresponds to off-task co-activation in networks associated with long-term, episodic memory. Discussion: Taken together, these findings establish a novel mechanistic decomposition of MST behavior and help to constrain theories about the cognitive processes that support performance in the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two preregistered studies investigated whether engaging in proenvironmental behavior increases a person's well-being. A 10-day experience-sampling study (7,161 observations from 181 adults in 14 countries, primarily the United States) revealed positive within-person and between-person associations, and a randomized controlled experiment (AT = 545 U.S. undergraduates) found that incorporating proenvironmental behavior into individuals' daily activities increased their experiences of happiness and meaning in life. Indeed, the effect was comparable to incorporating activities selected specifically to elicit such positive states, though these results may be affected by demand characteristics. The studies also offered some tentative preliminary evidence about why such an effect might emerge. There was some support for the hypothesis that proenvironmental behavior affects well-being by creating a "warm glow." But overall the findings align more closely with the hypothesis that proenvironmental behavior helps to satisfy individuals' basic psychological needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the interrelationships among cyberbullying severity, online disinhibition, and parental online discipline styles and further predicts 189 Chinese ethnic minority undergraduate students' helping behaviors in various cyberbullying incidents. The t test analysis showed that females judged cyberbullying behaviors viewed from the victim's perspective as more harmful than males and were more willing to reach out to victims of specific cyberbullying incidents (outing and trickery and flaming). In contrast, males perceived a stronger toxic disinhibition effect and stronger technical intervention and monitoring from parents. The correlation analysis indicated that the perceived severity of cyberbullying from the two perspectives and the toxic disinhibition effect were correlated with all helping behaviors. Finally, the regression analysis revealed that gender, the perceived severity of cyberbullying from the two perspectives, the online disinhibition effect, and the parental online discipline style jointly predict students' helping behaviors with a moderate level of predictive power. Furthermore, perceived severities from both the bully and victim perspectives were common determinants for predicting students' helping behaviors. This study confirms the utility of perceived severity and determines the impact of research factors on minority bystanders' helping behaviors in cyberbullying, thereby addressing the research gaps in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-frequency recordings of valve opening behavior (VOB) in bivalves are often used to detect changes in environmental conditions. However, generally a single variable such as temperature or the presence of toxicants in the water is the focus. A description of routine VOB under non-stressful conditions is also important for interpreting responses to environmental changes. Here we present the first detailed quantitative investigation of the in-situ VOB of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) to environmental variables typically not considered stressful. The VOB of eight individuals was monitored for seven weeks in a Louisiana estuary. We examined the relationships between VOB metrics (variance in mean % max opening among oysters, the probability of an oyster being closed, and the rate of valve closure), and temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration, the rate of change in those environmental variables, and the rate of change in water depth. Relationships were analyzed through statistical models including rates of change over 0, 0.25, 1-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hours. All the responses were best explained by the 12-hour time step model. The interaction effect between salinity and the rate of change of salinity had the greatest impact on variance in oysters' behavior. Oysters closed faster at higher salinities and were more likely to be closed at lower chl-a concentrations. Significant interactions were found between many environmental variables, indicating a high level of complexity of oyster behavior in the natural environment. This study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of environmental conditions on oyster behavior and can help inform predictive tools for restoration initiatives and fisheries practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The authors sought to assess the prosocial, entactogen effects of ketamine. Methods: Pleasure from social situations was assessed in a sample of participants with treatment-resistant depression from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, using four items of the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) at five time points over 1 week following treatment with ketamine (0.5 mg/kg intravenously) or placebo. The primary endpoint was postinfusion self-reported pleasure on the four SHAPS items pertaining to social situations, including the item on helping others, between the ketamine and placebo groups. In a rodent experiment, the impact of ketamine on helping behavior in rats was assessed using the harm aversion task. The primary endpoint was a reduction in lever response rate relative to baseline, which indicated the willingness of rats to forgo obtaining sucrose to help protect their cage mate from electric shock. Results: Relative to placebo, ketamine increased ratings of feeling pleasure from being with family or close friends, seeing other people's smiling faces, helping others, and receiving praise, for 1 week following treatment. In the rodent experiment, during the harm aversion task, ketamine-treated rats maintained lower response rates relative to baseline to a greater extent than what was observed in vehicle-treated rats for 6 days posttreatment and delivered fewer shocks overall. Conclusions: In patients with treatment-resistant depression, ketamine treatment was associated with increased pleasure from social situations, such as feeling pleasure from helping others. Ketamine-treated rats were more likely to protect their cage mate from harm, at the cost of obtaining sucrose. These findings suggest that ketamine has entactogen effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the development of prosocial behavior has been widely studied from the behavioral aspect, the neural mechanisms underlying prosocial behavior in the early stages of development remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the neural mechanisms underlying the emergence of prosocial behavior in 3-year-old children. Brain activity in the medial pFC and right TPJ (rTPJ) and facial expression activity, which are related to the ability to infer others' mental states (mentalizing), during the observation of prosocial and antisocial scenes were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy and electromyography, respectively. Subsequently, the children's helping and comforting behaviors toward an experimenter were assessed to examine prosocial behavioral tendencies. A correlation analysis revealed that the children who showed stronger activity levels in the rTPJ while observing prosocial scenes had more immediate helping behaviors toward others than those who did not show stronger response levels. Moreover, the amount of facial expression activity correlated with prosocial behavior, including both helping and comforting behaviors. These results suggest that the development of mentalizing ability and the social evaluation of others' actions, mediated by the rTPJ, contribute to the emergence of prosocial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ants often face injuries during foraging, or interspecific competition, elevating infection risk and mortality among the wounded. To avoid this, ants engage in wound care on injured nestmates as a form of social immunity. In this study, we show that Cataglyphis nodus desert ants perform differentiated wound care behavior, depending on wound location and state. Leg-injured ants received significantly more wound care than antenna-injured ants. However, leg wounds with induced infections received barely any wound care from nestmates, leading to similar levels of mortality in isolation and inside the nest. Instead, such leg-infected ants were mainly found outside of the nest. Infections of antennal wounds showed no change in the level of wound care, nor increased mortality. Our results suggest that the level of wound care in ants can be flexibly adjusted to the perceived mortality risk of injuries. Leg injuries pose a greater risk of infection and mortality compared to antennal injuries, likely because of the larger wound area and increased vascular circulation, necessitating intensive prophylactic care to prevent infection. This study is the first to show wound care in Cataglyphis ants, despite their short lifespan, and offers significant insights into social immunity mechanisms. Significance statement: This study reveals the adaptive wound care behavior exhibited by Cataglyphis nodus desert ants, highlighting a crucial aspect of social immunity. Our findings demonstrate that these ants can differentiate the severity, location, and state of nestmate injuries, focusing more on prophylactic wound care (to prevent infection) rather than therapeutic care (to combat infection) in leg injuries, due to the low survival chances of infected leg wounds (which are left to die). While in antennal injuries ants can still be rescued even after infection, leading to similar levels of care and survival with and without infection. This research sheds light on the complex decision-making processes that underpin collective health management in ant colonies. By elucidating these mechanisms, our study offers broader implications for the evolution of social immunity, social behavior, and communal living strategies in other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing on social exchange theory, this study aims to investigate the reciprocal relationship between an employee's knowledge sharing and his or her coworkers' responses to this focal contributor in terms of knowledge sharing and helping behaviors. Design/methodology/approach: A two-wave online survey collected data from 84 respondents who provided ratings on each member on their team, representing 440 dyadic relationships. Hierarchical linear modeling analyzed the between-subjects and within-subject data simultaneously. Findings: Employees generally reciprocate contributors' knowledge sharing with an exact act (i.e. knowledge sharing) through the mechanism of peer respect. However, respect generated by knowledge sharing is enhanced only when the knowledge contributor is competent. Originality/value: Research on how an employee's knowledge sharing actually influences other members of a team is lacking. This study addresses this gap by examining responses to a team member's knowledge sharing from a peer's perspective. It also reveals when knowledge sharing is more pronounced in earning peer respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pop music is a product of human consciousness and widely exists in all known human cultures. Music is not a necessity for human survival, why is it so important to humans? For a long time, social connections have been considered an important function of music and a major factor influencing the evolution of human musicality. The recent hypothesis of music social connection provides a framework for understanding the biological and cultural evolution of music. It suggests that music can coordinate emotions, behaviors, and ideological perspectives among individuals, strengthen intimate relationships between individuals, and thus enhance social cohesion. Pro social behavior is a manifestation of human social connections, which refers to the beneficial behavior of individuals towards others, groups, and society, such as helping behavior. Although studies have shown that listening to prosocial songs and their associated prosocial emotions can promote individual prosocial behavior, it remains unclear whether the music itself and its corresponding emotional experiences are sufficient to influence prosocial behavior after excluding the influence of lyrics. In addition, although some studies suggest that prosocial behavior is related to factors such as individual psychological theory ability and cognitive ability, the mediating effect of music on prosocial behavior through psychological theory ability and cognitive ability has not been verified. Therefore, based on the classic two-dimensional emotional model, this study systematically examines whether music and its induced emotional experiences affect individual prosocial behavior decisions, and further explores the mediating role of psychological theory and cognitive ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine beliefs about bullying in physical education (PE) among PE preservice teachers and to examine opinions about training received in this area and the strategies they would use to deal with this phenomenon. Method: We interviewed 44 PE-PSTs (Mage = 23.91; SD = 2.96) from six Spanish universities in semistructured focus groups. The data collected were analyzed using hierarchical content analysis. Results: PE preservice teachers believed that while PE may favor the occurrence of bullying, with proper management, it could also be used to educate students and create a positive climate that could help prevent this behavior. The trainee teachers stated that they had not received any training on bullying at university. Overall, they lacked confidence to deal with this problem, and their proposed strategies lacked depth. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the need for universities to include bullying in their PE teacher training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the service-profit chain model has been studied widely, little is known about the processes and conditions of store-level relationship conflict to an increase or decrease in customer purchase behavior. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the cumulative effects of relationship conflict on changes in unit-level helping, the effect of salespeople's helping behavior on customer-oriented behavior (COB), and the subsequent impact on changes in customer purchase. To test these relationships, data points were collected from 1,523 salespeople observations and 13,005 customers across 116 pooled stores assessed in six waves over more than 6 years. The findings revealed that stores with a long history of low relationship conflict consistently displayed high helping behavior. Results show that helping growth depends on the degree of conflict intensity and asymmetry; the intensity of relationship conflict led to an increase in helping behavior when conflict asymmetry is high and to a decrease of such behaviors when conflict asymmetry is low. Results also showed that store-level helping behavior had a positive effect on COB, which in turn had a cumulative positive effect on changes in customer purchase behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID -19 pandemic dramatically affected people's lives. In this study, we explored the role of social and personal factors underlying individuals' adaptive responses during the critical onset period of the outbreak. In particular, we tested two models on the mediating role of health-protective behaviors in the relationship between social support, resilience, and helping behavior. A sample of 1085 participants from Portugal and Brazil took part in an online survey during the first wave of the pandemic. First, through an Exploratory Factor Analysis of the health-protective behaviors to prevent contagion by the coronavirus, we identified two distinct dimensions, one aggregating active protective behaviors and the other as avoidant behaviors. Secondly, we found that resilience and active protective behavior sequentially mediated the relationship between social support and willingness to help. In addition, a multigroup analysis showed that this mediational process was similar in both countries. Given the wide range of social and individual factors that may predict prosocial behaviors, we highlight the role of social support on the intention to help through resilience and active protective behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper aims to investigate the effect of frustum shape roughness geometry on the thermal characteristic (Nusselt no. and friction factor) of solar air heaters (SAH). The study includes experimental and numerical investigation of a solar air heater equipped with frustum roughened absorber plate under varying operating conditions. Frustum shape roughness element produced more disturbances and greater mixing of primary and secondary flow that resulted in greater augmentation in thermal characteristics of SAH. The investigation was conducted in varying Reynolds number range of 2500 -12,500. Dimensionless parameter for Frustrum shaped roughness is varied as relative frustum height (e/Dh) 0.013–0.054, relative frustum pitch (p/e) 8–14, Relative frustum height to base diameter (e/d1) 0.37–0.75 and relative frustum diametral ratio (d1/d2) 1–3. To save time and resources a three-dimensional numerical simulation was also performed. This simulation helped to visualize flow field behavior with the help of streamline, temperature, turbulence kinetic energy and pressure contours. Maximum performance for roughened system was obtained at optimum value of flow and geometric configuration within the range of investigated parameters. The geometric orientation of proposed roughness geometry produced tremendous rise in Nusselt number (Nu) with an acceptable rise in friction (f). Maximum enhancement in Nu for varying p/e, e/Dh, e/d1, and d1/d2 was, 4.58, 5.21, 6.62 and 6.09 times and that of friction was 5.59, 4.69, 4.92 and 4.66 times respectively over conventional smooth SAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although public service employees are regularly exposed to uncivil behavior by citizens, we still know little about the effects of these incivilities. This study aims to examine the reactions of public employees who work in a climate of citizen incivility. Using a multilevel multisource design, we examine the indirect effects of citizen incivility climate on employee withdrawal and helping behaviors via job tension, and test the moderating influence of employees' public service motivation on these relationships. Our analyses were performed using data collected from a sample of 734 employees and 77 supervisors working in Canadian public libraries. Results show that public servants who work in a climate of citizen incivility experience greater job tension and consequently show more withdrawal and less helping behaviors. Our results also show that public service motivation acts as a buffer against the detrimental effects of incivility climate on helping behaviors, but not against withdrawal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfer behavior is a critical factor influencing the travel efficiency of public transportation passengers. To address the potential group heterogeneity, the present work developed an integrated Classification and Regression Tree-Multiple-Cox Proportional Hazards (CART-Multi-Cox) model for transfer behavior analysis using smart card data in Shenzhen, China. Specifically, passengers are first grouped into different types based on transfer behavior features, and the influence of various independent variables on the transfer duration of different passenger groups is then examined. The results reveal that the proposed CART-Multi-Cox model is able to account for the heterogeneity effect and provides a deeper understanding about passengers’ transfer behavior and its underlying influencing mechanism. The findings offer valuable references for refined transfer behavior management and help enhancing the competitiveness of public transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing competition in the corporate world has pressured employees to engage in unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB). Over the past decade, scholars have sought to explore the antecedents and consequences of UPB. Nonetheless, little research has been done on why UPB can contribute to helping and innovative behaviors. Our research fills this gap by proposing psychological entitlement and perceived insider status as mediators between UPB and helping and innovative behaviors from the perspectives of moral licensing and social identity theories. We tested the serial mediation by administering a two-wave online survey to 345 South Korean employees in various industries. The results revealed that employees' UPB positively and indirectly impacted their helping and innovative behaviors by engendering the cognitive processes of psychological entitlement and perceived insider status. A cross-sectional replication study involving 300 employees corroborated these results. These findings provide novel insights into the cognitive processes underpinning the relationship between UPB and extra-role behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of information and communication technology (ICT) and the rise of telecommuting, loneliness has become a prevalent emotional experience in the workplace. Therefore, it is important to understand how employees cope with loneliness. The consensus from previous research has been that employees can repair their relationships with colleagues by engaging in altruistic helping behaviors, which reduces loneliness. However, recent research also proposes that individuals may engage in unethical conduct to enhance their inclusive status within a team or organization. The empirical research on this proposition is scarce and has not been verified in the field of loneliness. To fill the existing research gap, this paper investigates how and when workplace loneliness leads to employee unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB), based on the need-to-belong theory and the evolutionary model of loneliness. A three-stage questionnaire survey of 249 employee-colleague dyads in China reveals that workplace loneliness increases the likelihood of employee UPB by thwarting their relatedness need. Moreover, employees' collectivism orientation moderates both the direct effect of workplace loneliness on relatedness need thwarting and the indirect effect of workplace loneliness on UPB via relatedness need thwarting. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been an increase in the number of aid campaigns launched via social media. The paper explores the phenomenon called "helping by clicking," which consists in clicking "Like" to support a charitable campaign or cause. The main aim of the paper is to present a new measure: The Helping by Clicking Types Questionnaire (HCTQ), assessing the patterns of helping by clicking. In developing the questionnaire, we relied on the theory of reciprocal altruism. The study included two samples of n = 349 and n = 1,006 participants. The HTCQ consists of 19 items making up three subscales: People, Environment, and Animals. The present research included two independent studies. Study 1 was conducted to determine the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, while Study 2 was conducted to verify the previous results and to test the usefulness of the questionnaire in distinguishing individuals with different patterns of helping by clicking. The measure was designed to assess three aspects of helping: helping people, helping the environment, and helping animals via social media. The study showed that the HCTQ was suitable for measuring patterns of helping by clicking. All HCTQ factors had good Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients. The HCTQ concerns a new and largely unexplored area of helping that involves the use of modern technologies. It reveals people's motivations for helping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]