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The issue of the existence of local ceramics production in the ancient city of Nea Paphos in the Hellenistic period has been a subject of scientific discussion since the 1980s. The first programs for archaeometric analysis of ceramic samples were also implemented at that time, but unfortunately, for various reasons, they were discontinued. The program of archaeometric analyses was resumed on a large scale as part of the Paphos Agora Project and other Polish research initiatives implemented in Paphos. Samples of various categories of ceramics, analyzed at the Fitch Laboratory of the British School at Athens, were taken both from material collected during the research of the University of Warsaw conducted since 1965 in the area of Maloutena (i.a. Villa of Theseus, House of Aion, “Hellenistic” House), as well as from finds from excavations conducted by the Jagiellonian University in Kraków since 2011 in the Agora. The article discusses the prerequisites for the existence of ceramic production in Paphos and the surrounding area and summarizes the results of macroscopic, physio-chemical, and petrographic analyses, which confirm the local production of ceramics in Paphos and the surrounding area in the Hellenistic period. The produced categories of pottery are briefly presented.

This paper discusses data from excavations at Trial Trench III, set in the western part of the Villa of Theseus in Nea Paphos, Cyprus. The study aims to reconsider the diachronic development of Street A, located at the site of Maloutena, based on the results of stratigraphic analysis correlated with a typological study of collected pottery assemblages. More than 15000 pottery fragments representing a chronology ranging from the Late Classical (4th century BC) to the Byzantine period (7th century AD) were examined in their stratigraphic contexts in order to clarify the sequence observed during the excavations. As a result, it was possible to distinguish three phases of site development: Early Hellenistic, Middle Hellenistic, and Early Roman, followed by a phase related to robbing activity dated to the Byzantine period, and the final phase associated with natural processes on the abandoned site. This approach has allowed to correlate the new stratigraphic research results with previous knowledge about Maloutena as well as to challenge prior assumptions about its early history — in particular, those pertaining to the establishment of Street A and the first use of the Hellenistic street grid in the area.

The ancient city of Tyana is positioned on a route that extends from the Cappadocia Region to the Cilician Gates. Today, this city is located in the Kemerhisar Town, Bor district of Niğde Province, Turkey. This article focuses on the unguentaria of the Hellenistic Period recovered from the surveys and excavations of Tyana. Two types of unguentaria were identified during these excavations: unguentaria with dome-like rims and spindleshaped unguentaria. The only example of the unguentarium with dome-like rims dates back to the second half of the 3rd century BC. Most of the unguentaria are spindle-shaped (fusiform). The only example of the spindleshaped unguentaria goes back to the 3rd-2nd century BC. Apart from these, other unguentaria found in Tyana are broadly dated to the 1st and 2nd century BC. The 1st and 2nd century BC, when the unguentariums were very commonly available, the ancient city of Tyana emerged as a Greek polis. In the 1st century BC, the Cappadocia region gained the support of Rome. Based on various archaeological and epigraphic data, Tyana had its golden age around these centuries. Also, the unguentaria examined in this study support this argument. A mold found among the ceramics belonging to the Hellenistic period of the city indicates that there used to be a pottery production in or around Tyana. Further, the uncovering of imported ceramics dated to the Late Hellenistic Period and their imitations supplements the existence of a local production. In this regard, it is thought that unguentaria may also be among the types of local production. No unguentarium of Tyana was recovered from the necropolis area of the ancient city. These were found during the archaeological surveys of the ancient city and excavations in the bath and church. . Accordingly, it can be thought that Tyana unguentaria were used for various purposes in daily life.

This article covers the twenty-eight embossed skyphoi found between 2018 and 2020 during the excavations of the ancient city of Blaundos, located within the borders of Sülümenli Village of Ulubey District of Uşak Province. While the majority of the skyphoi were discovered on the western, southern, and northwestern slopes of the city, some of them were unearthed during the excavations carried out in the propylon and the main street. These skyphoi were evaluated in seven different groups: pinecone, imbricated leaf, long petal, floral, figured, embossed dot, and other pieces. The clay, slip, form, and decoration features of the skyphoi in Blaundos are similar to the Laodikeia and Tripolis samples from which the Lycos Skyphoi were produced. Therefore, the dating suggested for the skyphoi from Laodikeia and Tripolis, ranging from the second half of the 1st century BCE to the end of the 1st century CE, has also been proposed for the Blaundos skyphoi. The Lycos Skyphoi, which were produced as the contemporaries of Lead-Glazed Ceramics, and thought to have continued to be in use until the end of the 1st century CE, were not produced only for the local needs of the Lycos Valley settlements. The presence of skyphos of this type in Blaundos indicates that they were also exported to the neighboring cities. The limited number of finds of Lycos Skyphoi in Anatolia must be related to the preference for Lead-Glazed Ceramics, which were more popular in the period they were produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The necropoleis of Knidos are relatively well-preserved compared to the necropoleis of Western Anatolia. In the eastern necropolis, hundreds of monumental tombs still exist, and one can observe numerous examples regarding the traditional tomb architecture of Knidos. The common characteristics of these tombs are the simple grave cells surrounded by walls, sometimes with "U" formed walls with one side open and enclosed mostly by four-sided walls. This traditional form in Knidos was referred to as temenos or peribolos type of tombs. As one of the circular walled Tumuli only represented with three examples in the Knidos necropolies, the Tumulus of Saranda and its findings constitute the subject of the study. According to the evaluations conducted on the burial findings, the circular wall, dromos, and two tombs at the center of the tumulus (Tombs II and III) must have been built in the second half of the 3rd century BC. The same area was used again as a second burial around the middle of the 2nd century BC or a little later. The last comprehensive construction and burial site in the Tumulus were built in the 2nd century AC. The form is the only difference between the circular walled tumuli and the traditional architecture of tombs in Knidos. Therefore, rather than the observed form of these walls, it's the meaning that they give to the tomb, which is important in the traditional tomb architecture of the city. Based on the circular walled tumulus, which is the subject of this article, it can be stated that although it is observed as a different tomb type, the same tradition continued in the necropolis of Knidos. Either in rectangular or in circular form, these walls aimed to separate the family graves from others and to bring a monumental view to these non-extravagant tombs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a random find from “Hellenistic grave/s” on the island of Čiovo near Trogir, as a rare document of the funeral practices of Tragurians, and Čiovo land use in 2nd/1st century BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CEDRUS is the property of Mediterranean Civilisations Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ancient city of Nysa is located in 3 km distance to Sultanhisar district in Aydın Province and it is near to the Aydın-Denizli highway. The settlement started in Hellenistic period and continued until Anatolian Seljuks period. The subject of this article is Hellenistic and Roman fine wares and unguentaria found in Street 1 - Plateia which has been excavated since 2013. In Byzantine period the layers belonging to former periods were disturbed. For this reason Hellenistic, Roman Imperial and Byzantine pottery is found in mixed context. Fish plates constitute the most predominant group of Hellenistic pottery which are represented by a few samples. Black glazed bowls and unguentaria are represented by two samples while gray ware and West Slope Pottery are only by one. The fine ware of Roman Imperial Period is represented by almost only Eastern Sigillata B samples and in the Late Antique Period the most predominant fine ware group is Phocaean Red Slip Ware. However, African Red Slip Ware and Late Antique unguentaria are found in small quantities. Pottery of third century AD has not been found in Street 1. However, they are known from Gerontikon and coins dated to third century AD are identified in the different locations of the city. To reveal the situation of the city in third century AD, more research is necessary. In the seventh century AD, an interruption occured, this interruption extends until twelfth century AD. This situation can be related to an earthquake that destructed many cities in addition to Sassanian attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an interpretative framework and classification for the macro- and microscopic identification and provenancing of ancient Greek and Roman ceramic fabrics from Cyrenaica and the wider North African littoral based on ceramic petrology and the kinds of clay sources available for ancient pottery production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most impressive Sicilian pottery production is attributed to the so-called Lipari Painter and his followers, whose vessels-found in the archeological site of Lipari (Aeolian Island, Sicily)-are decorated with characteristic blue, red, and white figures. From the archeological point of view, these artworks keep open many questions concerning dating, production technique, and cultural background. In this context, new data on the manufacture procedures and on the raw materials used for the pigments may contribute to a deeper comprehension of this early Hellenistic vase tradition. The preciousness of the vessels, exhibited at the Archeological Museum of Lipari, imposed the use of in situ nondestructive methods to address new insights on the nature of the colored layers. Thus, analyses by Raman and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy have been performed with portable instruments on a selection of vessels certainly attributed to Lipari Painter and to some others of his followers. The results of this study testify the use of different pigments: kaolin and gypsum, probably supplied locally, for white layers; Egyptian blue for blue hues; red ochre for brown-reddish hues; and cinnabar for pink and red-purple nuances. The identification of both Egyptian blue and cinnabar opens an interesting discussion about dating and circulation of the raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CEDRUS is the property of Mediterranean Civilisations Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A significant number of water pools existed in Jerusalem in the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. The pools constitute an archaeological phenomenon that should be analysed in its own right. No other city in the region had so many stand-alone large pools in its urban landscape. This paper offers an explanation of this phenomenon based on its cultural, historical, and archaeological context. The article discusses the corpus of pools, including the dating, the methods of water collection and their possible use in light of similar water installations that were common in this period. In the analysis of the pools' appearance in Jerusalem, the paper examines the broader context of the phenomenon—water utilisation by Jewish society in the time of the Second Temple before 70 AD. The conclusion drawn is that the pools are a manifestation of the wide-scale pilgrimage movement to Jerusalem that emerged in the Late Second Temple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excavation works being carried out since 1989 at Dorylaion (Eskişehir/Turkey) results in many findings belonging to different civilizations spanning from the First Bronze age to Ottoman period. One of the important groups of these findings is the moldmade bowls, familiarly known as the Megarian bowls from the Hellenistic period (330-30 B.C.). In a frame of an archaeometry project work, these artifacts were characterized with different analytical techniques. Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study chemical and mineralogical composition of the bodies. Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analyses (TG-DTA) were performed to make the estimation of firing temperature of the sherds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) were performed for the microstructural and microchemical characterization of body and slip layers of the selected potsherds. Based on the analyses results, the bowls should have been prepared from carbonated and siliceous clays and fired at the temperatures from 600 to 1000 °C. They have also iron-rich slip layers with different colors indicating probable adjustment of the redox conditions during firing. In addition, the effect of maximum firing temperature on microstructural characteristics was evaluated.

During excavations at the ancient necropolis which proceeded at the Vlaška njiva site in the town of Vis in 1983, an iron pilum (javelin), a throwing weapon used by infantry soldiers, was found in one of the graves. This is currently a unique weapon find which is associated with the physical remains of Hellenistic funerary rituals practiced in Issa on the island of Vis, a Greek urban settlement in the central part of the eastern Adriatic seaboard. Its context consists of partially devastated burial assemblages, in which the skeletal remains of two bodies and ceramic goods dated to the late 4th and first half of the 3rd century BC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large deposits of domestic pottery from primary contexts in Ptolemaic Lower Egypt are uncommon and seldom presented in their entirety. This article presents four primary deposits from the destruction level of a late third/early second-century structure at Tell el-Timai in the Nile Delta (ancient Thmuis). The architectural setting for the deposits is presented, followed by presentations of each deposit in its entirety, organized by functional classifications. Analyses of the deposits are then used to suggest behavioral possibilities, with particular attention to bread baking and drinking activities. This is followed by a discussion of the nature of the total assemblage within the context of Egyptian pottery studies and an explication of how the assemblage can be understood as part of the broader region of the Levant during the Hellenistic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes and tests a novel interdisciplinary method for reconstructing the ancient humans' environment by using plant imprints on pottery. Sherds with plant imprints may provide a valuable source for reconstructing certain components of the ancient vegetation, and the imprints may represent a link to the potter's immediate environment, pottery production methods, and the local cultural relationships with plants. We examined 15 sherds with plant imprints retrieved from Hellenistic strata from the Giv'ati Parking Lot, Jerusalem. Plant imprints were analysed for their position on the vessel and to determine which plant organ was presented; the imprints were then scanned and measured to determine the plant species. Results show clear evidence for the intentional use of green leaves for vessel rim repair. Archaeobotanical analysis of these sherds has also revealed the earliest evidence for the presence of fig tree, Ficus carica, in Jerusalem and the surrounding region. These results show that analysis of plant leaf imprints on pottery can further improve the reconstruction of ancient settlement life and its environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excavations of Hellenistic necropolises in ancient Issa located on the island of Vis in coastal Croatia revealed significant amounts of pottery, mostly tableware, dated from the second half of the 4th to the 1st c. BCE. Recovered pottery contained different stylistic forms thought to have been produced locally or imported. The goal of this study was to report on technological and compositional aspects of pottery economics embedded in the frame of social development of Issaean society. For this purpose, a set of 42 samples was analysed by X-ray diffractometry, polarization and electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and automated electron microscopy. The results of archeometric inquiry combined with stylistic traits showed most of the vessels were produced locally whereby the procurement of raw material was dependent on the local occurrences of Terra Rossa. This required a high level of manufacture organisation, defining Issa as a presumably wellestablished Hellenistic city already in the second half of the 4th c. BCE. At the time the city maintained a strong exchange with the Italian South as suggested by excavated red figure and Gnathia pottery characterized by the superior production technologically compared to local imitations. A rare example of recovered amphoriskoi and their distinct material characteristics provided a strong indication of the presence of Levantine pottery in Issaean graves which, until now, has not been attested in the Eastern Adriatic. Such a finding speaks of the involvement of Issa in the Late Hellenistic networks of economic and cultural seaborne connectivity between the Adriatic and the Eastern Mediterranean and introduces Issa as a far-flung market of, at the time popular Levantine luxury products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A passage of Clearchus' Περὶ γρίϕων (‘On riddles’), quoted by Athenaeus (10.454f–455a), preserves five lines from a Hymn to Pan by the early Hellenistic poet Castorion of Soloi, at the same time providing the reader with a clue to the puzzle that this fragment – according to the poet's own words – conveys: τὸ δὲ Καστορίωνος τοῦ Σολέως [SH 310], ὡς ὁ Κλέαρχός ϕησιν [fr. 88 Wehrli], εἰς τὸν Πᾶνα ποίημα τοιοῦτόν ἐστι· τῶν ποδῶν ἕκαστος ὅλοις ὀνόμασιν περιειλημμένος πάντας ὁμοίως ἡγεμονικοὺς καὶ ἀκολουθητικοὺς ἔχει τοὺς πόδας, οἷον· [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A recently found Hellenistic moldmade bowl from the Athenian Agora displays a number of unusual features, but is most likely an Athenian product of the Workshop of Bion, a potter who produced moldmade bowls from the last quarter of the 3rd century until at least 175 BC. One of its stamps, a bull’s head, is closely paralleled on bowls made in Argos, and adds to previous evidence for a close relationship between the two producers.

The eighteen stamped amphora handles found at Tel Jezreel include sixteen of the Rhodian class, one of the Knidian class, and one unclassified. They are valuable as evidence for the Hellenistic occupation at the site. Their half-century span roughly corresponds to the profile of the 310 stamps from nearby Tel Iṣṭabbah (Hellenistic Nysa-Scythopolis), and suggests a similar chronological terminus related to the campaign of John Hyrcanus I through the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The site of Tel Jezreel overlooking the Jezreel Valley has been settled from Neolithic times to the 20th century. There is evidence of a thriving settlement reflecting eastern Roman provincial culture from the Hellenistic period into Late Antiquity into the eighth century AD. Growing of vines in the vicinity and wine production probably continued from the Iron Age period and there is evidence of several wine presses from the early Byzantine period along with abundant wine jar pottery sherds. Pottery evidence reflects the use of terra sigillata and Late Roman Fine Ware for table ware and of cooking vessels and trasport amphorae. Wine was imported in Hellenistic times with several stamped and dateable Rhodian jar handles recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greek amphorae were stamped from the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 5th centuries BC onwards. This practice became important during the Hellenistic Period. Stamping amphorae continued until the middle of the 1st century BC among Greek settlements. During the 1st century BC stamping amphorae ceased in these areas for historical reasons. The main reason being that, with Roman rule, the period of producure city-states, that w ere common in the Hellenistic period, came to an end. From then, Rhodes, Knidos, Kos and Khios, started producing amphorae up to standards specified by Rome. The changes in traditional forms of the amphoras of Rhodes, Knidos and Kos, and the production of Rhodes and Kos type amphorae in places other than their homeland, are important pieces of evidence that demonstrate this situation. As a result, the stamping of amphorae in Greek settlements ended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Lead glazed pottery was one of the most important ceramic ware groups for the Late Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman cultures in Anatolia. They were produced in different places in Anatolia such as Tarsus, İznik, Smyrna, Clazomenae, Ephesus and Perge. This study represents the detailed study of 18 lead glazed potteries sherds excavated in Ayasuluk region (Smyrna) regarding the production technology. Different characterization techniques were applied: wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) was performed for determination of the chemical content of the bodies, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman techniques were performed for mineralogical characterization of the sherds body, whereas scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the combination of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) was performed for microstructural and microchemical characteristics of pottery sherds. Principle component analysis of the obtained WDXRF results of the potsherds bodies show that most of the sherds (except two) belong to the same group of potteries. XRD results showed that calcium-poor clays were used for the production of the bodies with firing temperature in a range from 600 to 1000°C. Raman spectra provided information on the presence of minerals in bodies: carbon, graphite, albite, anatase, rutile, apatite, magnetite and several origin markers such as spessartine, phlogopite, hornblende, olivine and sphalerite. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the study of several Hellenistic Etruscan cremation urns originating from the city of Chiusi, Italy that are in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. It goes on to examine the urns from both manufacturing and archaeological contexts and also looks at how they reflect Etruscan family relationships and funerary ceremonies.

Abstract: This work reports on the technological study of a unique group of ceramic beehives, discovered at the archaeological site of Kastraki, Agathonisi island (Tragaia) in South-east Aegean. Kastraki is an important late Hellenistic site, situated just off the Ionian coast, near Miletus. The island has a rich history in craft production as witnessed from the variety of findings, which besides the ceramic beehives include a large number of storage and transport amphorae, cooking vessels and agricultural tools. The present study examines ceramic microstructure, chemical and mineralogical composition of ceramic fragments and two samples of local clays, providing a first insight into the ceramic technology of Aegean beekeeping and honey production. Moreover, it is expected to contribute towards the understanding of the role of Agathonisi in the production and trade of commodities in the Eastern Aegean. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A recently found Hellenistic moldmade bowl from the Athenian Agora displays a number of unusual features, but is most likely an Athenian product of the Workshop of Bion, a potter who produced moldmade bowls from the last quarter of the 3rd century until at least 175 BC. One of its stamps, a bull's head, is closely paralleled on bowls made in Argos, and adds to previous evidence for a close relationship between the two producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract On the basis of recent research on the pottery and comparisons between three important sites with Hellenistic occupation in Central Asia, new dates are proposed for each of them. The article presents both the former data and hypotheses and the recent discoveries, including coins for Afrasiab/Samarkand, which lead to the new proposals. Changes in pottery style do not follow immediately Alexander's conquest, and the first real Hellenistic shapes only appear under Antiochos I. After Antiochos III's reconquest of Bactria, an important wave of new fashions in pottery style is introduced which lasted until Eucratides' death and the end of the Greek domination, around the middle of the 2nd century BC. Sogdiana hardly shows any of these novelties because it had already gained its independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract On the basis of recent research on the pottery and comparisons between three important sites with Hellenistic occupation in Central Asia, new dates are proposed for each of them. The article presents both the former data and hypotheses and the recent discoveries, including coins for Afrasiab/Samarkand, which lead to the new proposals. Changes in pottery style do not follow immediately Alexander's conquest, and the first real Hellenistic shapes only appear under Antiochos I. After Antiochos III's reconquest of Bactria, an important wave of new fashions in pottery style is introduced which lasted until Eucratides' death and the end of the Greek domination, around the middle of the 2nd century BC. Sogdiana hardly shows any of these novelties because it had already gained its independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Upper ancient Mesopotamia is a part of Southeastern Anatolia and irrigated by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. It has several sites, ruins and monuments belonging to ancient civilizations. Among these, an ancient site namely Harabebezikan, is on the east bank of Euphrates (Fırat) river and located 17km south of Birecik in Şanlıurfa/Turkey. It is left under water by the reservoir lake of Karkamış (Carchemish) dam today. An archaeological salvage project was carried out in 1999 shortly before the reservoir filling. One of the most important results of the excavations was to discover a ceramic workshop of the Hellenistic period. In this study, some selected Hellenistic period potsherds were studied in order to investigate the technological parameters of pottery production such as raw materials used in manufacturing, firing temperatures and conditions. The selected potsherds are probably production of this workshop. Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed for chemical and phase analysis, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) were further performed for microstructural and microchemical characterization. Micro-Raman analysis was performed for assessing the mineralogical components of the slip layers. Finally, thermal behavior of the potsherds was characterized by thermal gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) techniques. The obtained results showed that calcareous materials including clays were used for pottery production and the potsherds were fired in the temperatures from 600 to 1000°C. Furthermore, iron rich slip layers in different colors suggest that Hellenistic period potters at Harabebezikan were aware of adjusting the redox conditions of firing to obtain the desired color. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the literature devoted to Tanais the opinion had long held sway to the effect that Tanais maintained special relations with Phanagoria, ever since the idea was first formulated by D. B. Shelov as far back as the beginning of the 1970s. On the basis of an analysis of the collections of stamps found in Tanais and Phanagoria, the scholar concluded that the thrust of the economy and politics of the cities in the Asiatic and European Bosporus must have been different and that the trading activities of Tanais must have been linked first and foremost with Phanagoria. Yet at present, thanks to the accumulation of new material and its reinterpretation, these conclusions can no longer be regarded as well-founded. It would seem that a 'common economic space' existed within the confines of the Bosporan state during the Hellenistic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As important vessels in domestic and cultic food preparation in ancient Greece, ceramic mortaria are closely intertwined with the development of culinary customs and their social setting. Examples found at Corinth show a variety of forms, particularly in the Classical period. This study presents an analysis of the morphological changes of the Corinthian examples from the Archaic through Hellenistic periods. The end of the 6th and the first half of the 5th century b.c. see the greatest developments, such as the introduction of spout, handles, and gritted interiors. The functions of mortaria are also discussed in detail, with interpretation based on the artifacts themselves, textual references, and iconographic and contextual evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]