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Purpose: This research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of investigative audits in uncovering fraud using a phenomenological approach. Method: This study involves six auditors from 3 KAPs in Malang City. Research data was obtained through semi-structured interviews. Interview data was analyzed by taking the essence of noema and noesis to get meaning. Results: Not all auditors use the latest investigative audit standards when conducting investigative audits. Understanding investigative audit standards, accounting, and legal is needed to support competence, apart from experience and certification. The complexity of audit procedures in analyzing data is an obstacle auditors face. In addition, the threat of intimidation felt by auditors can disrupt the audit process. The availability of data and collaboration with related parties supports the success of an investigative audit. Implications: Auditors must participate in continuous professional training in investigative audits to improve their competence. Apart from that, cooperation between various parties is needed to provide auditors with audit data and a sense of security. Novelty: This research contributes to the investigative audit literature using a qualitative phenomenological approach, which is still rarely found. The phenomenological approach provides an in-depth understanding of investigative audits from the perspective of its auditors.

Diazinon is an organophosphate pesticide commonly used by farmers. The use of diazinon can leave residues on agricultural products. Consumption of these products in the long term will cause health problems through oxidative stress mechanisms. Onion skin (Allium et al.) has a high content of flavonoids, which can neutralize oxidative stress. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of onion peel ethanol extract (OPEE) in reducing the plasma MDA level in diazinon-induced Wistar rats. Method This study is true experimental with a posttest-only control group design in vivo, using 28 samples divided based on a simple random sampling technique into four groups, i.e. the control group (K0), diazinon group (K1), OPEE groups P1 (300 mg/kgBW), P2 (600 mg/kgBW), P3 (900 mg/kgBW), P4 (1200 mg/kgBW), and P5 (2400 mg/kg BW). The examination of plasma MDA levels was carried out using the TBARS method. OPEE at doses of 300 mg/kgBW/day, 600 mg/kgBW/day, 900 mg/kgBW/day, 1200 mg/kgBW/day, and 2400 mg/kgBW/day significantly reduced the plasma MDA levels in diazinon-induced Wistar rats (p

Diazinon, an organophosphate pesticide, is used extensively in agricultural sector. Consumption of agricultural products containing diazinon residue may lead to harmful health consequences. Among these is nephrotoxicity, which includes lipid peroxidation, that can damage the kidney. Flavonoids in shallot peel can scavenge free radicals, inhibit necrosis, and activate bone marrow-derived cells for cell regeneration. This study aimed to determine the correlation between shallot peel infusion (SPI) dose and kidney damage amelioration to establish the maximum effective dose of SPI to ameliorate kidney histopathological damage in diazinon-induced rats. This study was performed at the Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember, Indonesia, in April 2021, on 35 rats that were divided into 7 groups—normal, diazinon, and five treatment groups. Diazinon 40 mg/kgBW was administered on day 1-7, while SPI 125, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000 mg/kgBW were administered on day 8–14 according to the treatment group. Kidney histopathological slides with hematoxylin-eosin (H.E.) staining were assessed using Kocoglu scoring and Kidney damage scores of the treatment groups were analyzed using Pearson test. The maximum effective dose was determined using regression test. The damages found in diazinon-induced rats were tubular degeneration, necrosis, and inflammation with a higher damage score than normal rats (p

The SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak caused a global pandemic, claiming numerous lives and becoming this century’s most widespread life‐threatening disease. The virus relies on two specific enzymes to facilitate replication, 3‐chymotrypsin‐like protease (3CLPro) and papain‐like protease (PLpro). These enzymes are crucial in breaking down nonstructural polypeptides into functional proteins. PLpro with LXGG↓X recognition and cleavage sites also play a role in deubiquitylase (DUB) and delSGylase by cleaving after the double glycine residue of ubiquitin (Ub) and ISG15 as a mechanism to suppress the host’s innate immune response. Despite its important role in the viral infection cycle and the potential for drug discovery, no antivirals have been approved as PLpro inhibitors. Therefore, this review focuses on PLpro protein, its recombinant product development and purification, and its application as a protein target in drug discovery for COVID‐19 screening to develop effective COVID‐19 drugs.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic is the most widely used type of plastic that produces waste and causes various environmental and health problems. The treatment of PET plastic waste with chemically and mechanically recycling approaches still has shortcomings, so biological processing using microorganisms or enzymes has new potential. Two bacterial isolates from the Indonesian Culture Collection of National Research and Innovation Agency (InaCC, BRIN), namely isolate InaCC B538 and InaCC B947, were further observed for their potential in PET plastic degradation. Firstly, both isolates were determined by the molecular marker 16S rDNA. The potential of both isolates was measured with following method: 10 days of degradation using PET and PCL substrates, esterase enzyme activity assay, and observation of the PET plastic surface using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Species identification was performed using DNA sequencing of 16S rDNA. InaCC B538 and InaCC B947 were closely related to Bacillus altitudinis TBMAX41 and Alcaligenes faecalis AN-13, respectively. InaCC B947 isolate has a better potential in degrading PET plastic and PCL with a degradation percentage of 0.32% for PET plastic and 3.22% for PCL film for 10 days, respectively, and esterase activity of 0.06 U/ml; while InaCC B538 did not cause weight loss of PET and 2.49% for PCL, respectively, with esterase activity of 0.04 U/ml. The degradation of PET plastic by the isolates InaCC B947 was able to cause damage to the plastic surface leading to the degradation of PET plastic.

Protein structure has a direct impact on thermostability. Deviations in the primary sequence can affect structural changes, leading to alterations in thermostability properties. However, the molecular basis of protein thermostability is unspecified; thus, elucidation of key factors that role particular protein thermostability is required when engineering proteins to be thermostable. To address this challenge, the amino acid composition, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity ratio, cysteine bridges, and intrinsic features of two structurally homologous but different thermostability, poly(ethylene terephthalate) hydrolase (PETase) were compared. According to the findings, thermostable and thermolabile PETases have similar folds, compactness, and disulfide bridges. Interestingly, an abundance gap of aromaticity, hydrophobic cluster area, polar amino acid and hydrogen bond network compositions demonstrated dominant trends of variations for both PET hydrolases, indicating a pivotal role of these features in the thermostability of PET hydrolase. Furthermore, increased hydrophobic amino acid frequency in the inner surface of thermostable proteins contributed significantly to thermostability by forming more internal hydrophobic interactions and a less hydrophobic patch. There are no consistent trends in insertions and deletions between both PETases. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that hydrophobicity and hydrogen bond networks are essential factors in thermostability of thermostable PETase.

Diazinon merupakan pestisida organofosfat yang paling umum digunakan untuk mengendalikan hama. Konsumsi produk pertanian yang mengandung residu diazinon mengakibatkan akumulasi diazinon dan metabolitnya pada hati dan menimbulkan stress oksidatif. Kulit bawang merah (Allium cepa L.) mengandung flavonoid kuersetin yang dapat mengikat radikal bebas, menginduksi aktivitas enzim yang berperan penting dalam perbaikan sel, dan meningkatan jumlah dan kapasitas antioksidan endogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek ekstrak ethanol kulit bawang merah (EKBM) dalam memperbaiki kerusakan hati tikus Wistar yang diinduksi diazinon. Tikus dibagi menjadi kelompok normal, diazinon, dan EKBM. Diazinon diberikan dengan dosis 40 mg/kgBB selama 7 hari dilanjutkan dengan EKBM dengan dosis 600, 900, dan 1200 mg/kgBB selama 7 hari. Pengamatan mikroskopik dilakukan terhadap 100 sel hati secara acak pada setiap preparat. Skor kerusakan sel hati ditentukan berdasarkan kriteria skor Manja Roenigk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diazinon meningkatkan skor kerusakan sel hati (p

Diazinon is an organophosphate pesticide often used by farmer. The residue of diazinon may contaminate agricultural products and if accidentally consumed in a long term, may potentially led to health problems such as kidney disorders. Shallot (Allium cepa) peel was recently proposed to help recover the kidney damage due to its high flavonoid antioxidant content. This study aims to determine the antioxidant effect of shallot peel extract in reducing oxidative stress caused by diazinon with malondialdehyde (MDA) level indicator on the kidney of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). This research was a true experimental with an in-vivo posttest-only control group design. The 28 rats were divided using a simple random sampling technique. The groups were the control group (K0), the diazinon group (K1), SPEE (Shallot Peel Ethanol Extract) groups which are P1 (300 mg/kg BW), P2 (600 mg/kg BW), P3 (900 mg/kg BW), P4 (1200 mg/kg BW) and P5 (2400 mg/kg BW). At the end of the study, the MDA kidney levels was analysed using the TBARS method. Effective doses were found in 600 mg/kg BW/day, 900 mg/kg BW/day, 1200 mg/kg BW/day, and 2400 mg/kg BW/day. The optimal dose of shallot peel extract in this study was 600 mg/kg BW/day. This study showed the effectiveness of shallot peel extract in reducing kidney MDA levels in diazinon-induced Wistar rats. Keywords: shallot peel, diazinon, kidney MDA level

Protease contributes significantly to various industrial sectors, as shown by its increasing demand. An indigenous previously isolated bacteria, Bacillus halodurans CM1, is a wild-type bacterium whose ability to produce alkalotermophilic protease. In this study, the transformation of methylated pBBRE194 plasmid containing alkaline protease gene from this strain (PBBRE194-prot-CM1) into itself using a conjugation approach was conducted, and the measurement of the alkaline protease activity of the recombinant bacterium was carried out. The recombinant B. halodurans CM1 has been verified to carry the methylated pBBRE194 prot-CM1 by examining its ability to degrade protein in media containing skim milk and tetracycline, but also by amplifying tetracycline resistance gene sequence with 1,024 bp length of plasmid pBBRE194 prot-CM1 by PCR method from the recombinant bacterium. The results confirmed that recombinant B. halodurans CM1 was positively harboring plasmid pBBRE194 prot-CM1. Alkaline protease produced by recombinant CM1 reached higher activity than wild type between 18-36 h of cultivation. The alkalotermophilic wild type B. halodurans could accept the recombinant plasmid into their cells via conjugational transformation is firstly reported to our further knowledge.

Thermoalkalophilic xylanases promise potential application in pulp biobleaching to reduce the use of toxic chlorinated chemical agents, which are harmful to the environment. In this study, a thermoalkalophilic endoxylanase gene (bhxyn3) originating from Indonesian indigenous Bacillus halodurans CM1 was cloned into yeast expression vector pPICZα A and expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71 under the control of AOX1 promoter. Recombinant P. pastoris expressed the highest final level of xylanase (146 U/mL) on BMGY medium after five days of cultivation. Optimization of xylanase production on a small scale was carried out by varying the methanol concentrations and the optimal xylanase production by the recombinant P. pastoris was observed in the culture with 2% (v/v) methanol after four days of the induction phase. The recombinant xylanase (BHxyn3E) was thermotolerant and alkalophilic, with an optimal temperature at around 55‐65 °C and under pH 8.0. The enzyme activity was slightly induced by K+, Fe2+, and MoO42‐. Enzymatic bleaching of bagasse pulp with no prior pH adjustment (pH 9) using BHxyn3E at 200 U/g oven dried pulp increased the lightness index (L*) and changed substantially the color a index (a*); however, the treatments did not change the whiteness index in a significant way. Therefore, further optimization and assessment such as adjustment of incubation temperature and pH in biobleaching were needed to reduce the use of harmful chemical agents in industrial applications.

Abstract This study aims to investigate the practice of fraudulent accountability reports on Student Organization at State University X based on the perspective of fraud pentagon theory. This research used qualitative methods with a case study approach. The type of case study was multiple-case conducted on Student Organizations at State University X. Data were obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation of relevant data related to Student Organizations’ financial reporting practices. The data was then analyzed by the fraud pentagon theory. The research findings indicate that the practice of public fraud was caused by elements of the pentagon fraud. There are similarities and differences in the types of pentagon fraud elements encountered by the management committee. This is due to the existence of different policies in each community in a campus. Abstrak Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui praktik kecurangan laporan pertanggungjawaban organisasi kemahasiswaan di Universitas Negeri X jika ditinjau dari perspektif fraud pentagon theory. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Jenis studi kasus yang digunakan adalah multi kasus yang dilakukan pada organisasi kemahasiswaan di Universitas Negeri X. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara, observasi dan, dokumentasi data yang relevan terkait dengan praktik pelaporan keuangan organisasi kemahasiswaan. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan fraud pentagon theory. Hasil temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik kecurangan organisasi kemahasiswaan disebabkan oleh elemen-elemen fraud pentagon. Terdapat persamaan dan perbedaan jenis elemen fraud pentagon yang dihadapi pengurus organisasi kemahasiswaan. Hal ini disebabkan adanya kebijakan yang berbeda di masing-masing organisasi kemahasiswaan dalam satu kampus.

Ascaris lumbricoides is nematode which often infest human in the world. The infestation of A. lumbricoides in the human will trigger the formation of Th2 immune responses through increased interleukin-4 released by innate immune cells. Th2 immune response generates B lymphocyte cells to produce IgE antibodies to eliminate A. lumbricoides. Therefore, IL-4 is a marker of Th2 immune response. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of ascariasis and an increase of IL-4 in planters infested with A. lumbricoides as a marker of Th2 immune response. Our study was observational analytic with cross sectional design. 230 planters who were willing to be involved in the study gave stool samples for the diagnosis of ascariasis. 20 people who were positive for ascariasis and 20 people who were negative selected randomly for blood plasma samples. IL-4 levels in blood plasma were measured using ELISA. Differences in IL4 levels between positive and negative ascariasis were analyzed by the Mann Whitney statistical test with p value ≤ 0.05. The prevalence of ascariasis among planters in rural area of Jember was 16,52% which was included low prevalence. Univariate analysis showed that the mean and median levels of IL-4 ascariasis were greater than those of healthy planters. Mann Whitney test results showed that there were differences in levels of IL-4 between ascariasis and healthy planters (p≤0.05). Increased levels of IL-4 in planters with ascariasis indicate that A. lumbricoides infection triggers the formation of Th2 immune response as a mechanism for eliminating A. lumbricoides. Keywords: Interleukin-4, A. lumbricoides, Th2 immune response.

ABSTRACT Diazinon has a hepatotoxic effect since it is metabolized in the liver involving Kupffer cells (KCs) activation, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The flavonoids contained in shallot (Allium cepa L.) skin act as antioxidants neutralizing oxidative stress. This study aims to determine the effect of shallot skin ethanol extract (SSEE) on liver MDA level and activated KCs histopathology. The total flavonoids level of SSEE was measured using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method and resulted in 228.1 mg QE/g. Rats were divided into normal, diazinon, and SSEE groups. Diazinon was administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. for 7 days, followed by SSEE at the dose of 600, 900, and 1,200 mg/kg b.w. for 7 days. Liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured using the MDA-TBA method. The results revealed that diazinon increased liver MDA level (p 0.05). Activated KCs in the SSEE group at a dose of 1,200 mg/kg b.w. was impressively equal to the normal group. In conclusion, SSEE at dose of 1,200 mg/kg b.w. neutralize liver oxidative stress due to diazinon indicated by the decrease of liver MDA level and activated KCs equal to normal. Keywords: antioxidant, diazinon, Kupffer cell, liver, MDA, shallot Correspondence: rosita.fk@unej.ac.id

Ramie fiber is a potential raw material to substitute imported raw materials such as cotton. Due to its higher hemicellulose content, ramie fiber required hydrolysis in a process called degumming. Enzymatic degumming is environmentally friendly compared to traditional process which using chemicals. Alkalithermophilic xylanase have high ability in hemicellulose hydrolysis. The production of xylanase was conducted by submerged fermentation of Bacillus halodurans CM1 in 20L bioreactor using Mamo and corncob medium with optimum conditions at 50°C, pH 9, 150 RPM and 1 vvm. The optimum specific activity of xylanase measured by Bailey method at 70°C and pH 9 is 475.41 U/mg. Xylanase was stable at 50°C, pH 9 and relatively stable to K+, Na2+, Co2+ and Ca2+ metal ions and Triton-X, Saba dan Tween-80 surfactants. Degumming process was carried out by immersing ramie fibers in formulated degumming solution with vlot 1:20 at 50°C, 150 RPM and 180 minutes. The enzymatic degumming process may substitute or reduce the use of chemicals due to its significant effect on ramie fiber quality. Enzymatic and chemical degumming process reduce the weight of Ramie Fiber to 7.23 %, and 7.72 %, slightly higher than enzymatic degumming 7.15%. Enzymatic degumming maintains tensile strength at 27.51 %. Whiteness index enhanced to 2.99% enzymatically and 3.49% chemically. Keywords: Bacillus halodurans CM1, enzymatic degumming, ramie fiber, textile industry, thermoalkaliphilic xylanase

Protein structure has a direct impact on thermostability. Deviations in the primary sequence can affect structural changes, leading to alterations in thermostability properties. However, the molecular basis of protein thermostability is unspecified; thus, elucidation of key factors that role particular protein thermostability is required when engineering proteins to be thermostable. To address this challenge, the amino acid composition, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity ratio, cysteine bridges, and intrinsic features of two structurally homologous but different thermostability, poly(ethylene terephthalate) hydrolase (PETase) were compared. According to the findings, thermostable and thermolabile PETases have similar folds, compactness, and disulfide bridges. Interestingly, an abundance gap of aromaticity, hydrophobic cluster area, polar amino acid and hydrogen bond network compositions demonstrated dominant trends of variations for both PET hydrolases, indicating a pivotal role of these features in the thermostability of PET hydrolase. Furthermore, increased hydrophobic amino acid frequency in the inner surface of thermostable proteins contributed significantly to thermostability by forming more internal hydrophobic interactions and a less hydrophobic patch. There are no consistent trends in insertions and deletions between both PETases. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that hydrophobicity and hydrogen bond networks are essential factors in thermostability of thermostable PETase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: In first May 2020, Indonesia has been successfully submitted the first three full-length sequence of SARS-CoV-2 to GISAID database. Until September 10th, 2020, Indonesia had submitted 54 WGS. In this study, we have analyzed and annotated SARS-CoV-2 mutations in spike protein and main proteases. Materials and Methods: The Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) of Indonesia were obtained from GISAID data base. The 54 data were taken from March to September 10th, 2020. The sequences corresponded to Spike Protein (SP), 3-chymotrypsin like protease (3CLpro), and papain like protease (PLpro) were selected. The Wuhan genome was used as reference. Results: In total WGS from Indonesia, we found 5 major clades, which dominated as G clade, where the mutation of D614G was found. This D614G was identified as much as 59%, which mostly reported in late samples submitted. Beside D614G mutation, we report three unique mutations: A352S, S477I, and Q677H. Besides, some mutations were also detected in two domains that were expected to be conserved region, the main viral proteases: PLpro (P77L and V205I), 3CLpro (M49I and L50F). Conclusion: The analysis of SARS-CoV-2 from WGS Indonesia showed a high genetic variation. The diversity in SARS-CoV-2 may epidemiologically enhance virulence and transmission of this virus. The prevalence of D614G over the time in different locations, indicating that changes in this mutation may related to host infection and the viral transmission. However, some mutations that have been reported in this study were not eligible for the most stable conformation.

Prior research has explored qualitative studies in relation to the paradigms used. This paper enriches the literature by investigating the quality of qualitative studies in relation to the data collection method and participants' selection. In this study, we collected SNA qualitative paper proceedings from 2007 to 2017. Guided by the minimum criteria of the data collection method described in the literature review sections, we analyze those proceedings. We found the three most common methods used in the studies: interview, observation, and documentation. The majority of the paper clearly stated their data collection method. However, only a minority of them provides a clear description of how the data were collected and how to obtain participants/data used in their studies and why invite dthem in the research. Thus, it is suggested that researchers provide a detail explanation of their methods to show the rigour of the study that they conducted

Strong promoters are one of the fundamental aspects to increase the level of gene expression, and one of approach to improve the recombinant enzyme productivity so that the efficiency of production cost for enzyme production in industrial scale can be reached. Here we assessed the application of a cell density-dependent promoter and media optimation to promote cell growth and protein expression of Bacillus subtilis without excess usage of inducers. An auto-inducible Pylb promoter that is potential to provide inducer-free enzyme production was cloned and introduced into xylanase recombinant system in B. subtilis DB104 by PCR cloning and protoplast transformation. A 200 bp target gene was successfully inserted in between xynCM1 ORF -coding for B. halodurans CM1 xylanase- and its native promoter sequence at the upstream region. The disruption of the native promoter was intended to replace the native promoter with Pylb. Recombinant xylanase gene under Pylb was successfully expressed in B. subtilis DB104 and the enzyme was produced at stationary phase. Different media with various concentrations of glucose and nitrogen were used to optimize recombinant xylanase expression. It achieved a higher level of xylanase expression compared to wild-type and recombinant xylanase with native promoter B. subtilis in media containing a 2-fold recipe of LB media thus leads to increase cell density and xylanase expression (81.461 U mL-1).

Xylanase is an enzyme that can break down xylan into xylose and xylooligosaccharide that is widely used in industry. Seeing the many applications of this enzyme, researchers conducted many studies on how to increase the productivity and effectiveness of the xylanase enzyme. One of the method that can be used to increase the xylanase enzyme production process is by using recombinant DNA technology such as cloning. Bacillus halodurans CM1 is a local alkalothermophilic bacterium that potential producer for xylanase and other industrial enzymes. This research was conducted to clone the GH11 xylanase coding gene from B. halodurans CM1 using pJET 1.2 / blunt plasmid as vector into Escherichia coli DH5α as cell host and determine the nucleotide base sequence of the GH11 xylanase coding gene from B. halodurans CM1. The results showed the GH11 xylanase gene from B. halodurans CM1 was successfully cloned in E. coli DH5α and based on the results of BLAST nucleotides had 99% similarities with that of endo-1,4-beta -xylanhydrolase (xyn11A) from B. halodurans C-125. Key words: Bacillus halodurans CM1, cloning, xylanase glycoside hydrolase family 11

Bacillus halodurans strain CM1 is an Indonesia alkalothermophilic bacterium isolated from Cimanggu Hot Spring, Bandung, West Java. This bacterial strain produces high levels of thermoalkalophilic xylanase. It has also been predicted to produce other potential industrial enzymes, including protease. For production and application of protease in the future, the protease gene from B. halodurans CM1 was cloned into Escherichia coli. The protease gene was isolated from B. halodurans CM1 by the PCR approach using primers designed based on the GenBank. The PCR product was then ligated into pGEM-T Easy vector, transformed into E. coli DH5α, verified, and analyzed based on DNA sequencing data using the BLAST search tool. A 1086-bp protease gene was obtained that exhibited a very high sequence similarity (99%) with that of alkaline protease gene from B. halodurans C-125. When the culture of this positive recombinant E. coli DH5α containing the protease gene was spotted onto calcium caseinate agar, a clear zone appeared after incubation at 50°C. This result demonstrated that the protease gene was expressed in this recombinant E.coli DH5α.

Lipase is a biocatalyst widely used in industry, for example detergent, pharmaceutical, food, or oil purification. One of the most widely lipase used for oil purification is lysophospholipase. As much as 50% of industrial enzyme needs are supplied from microorganisms. However, enzyme productivity from wild type microbial strain is usually limited and not applicable in industry, so that genetic engineering is necessary. Cloning gene encoding for lysophospholipase from Aspergillus niger and Cryptococcus neoformans have been conducted, but has never been conducted from alkalothermophilic bacteria, such as Bacillus halodurans. Bacillus halodurans CM1 is an alkalothermophilic bacterial strain isolated previously that has many industrially potential enzymes. This study aimed to isolate one of the gene encoding lipase from Bacillus halodurans CM1 and cloned into Escherichia coli DH5α using the pGEM-T easy vector. The gene fragment encoding lysophospholipase obtained with size 783 base pairs and had 100% similarity with gene encoding lysophospholipase from Bacillus halodurans C-125 (No access GenBank: BA000004.3). E. coli harbouring the recombinant plasmid with the gene also showed activity on trybutiryn medium compared to negative control.