Search

This study investigated the magnitude and trends of cause-specific mortality among children 5 to 14 years of age in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) from 2000 to 2019. We performed an ecological study, using data from the Mortality Information System (MIS). We calculated mortality rates per 100,000 children by chapters, groups, and categories of causes of death (ICD-10). Trends were estimated by joinpoint regression. Mortality rates among children aged 10 to 14 years were higher than those among children 5 to 9. The five leading causes of death were the same in both age groups, but they ranked differently. The two leading ones were external causes and neoplasms (31% and 15% among children aged 5 to 9 years; 45% and 11% among children aged 10 to 14 years). Among children 5 to 9 years, the mortality trend showed an annual decline (8%) from 2011 to 2015. Among children aged 10 to 14 years, the annual decline was 1.3% from 2000 to 2019. Mortality due to external causes decreased in both age groups, except for the category “Assault by unspecified firearm” (boys, 10 to 14 years) and “Unspecified drowning and submersion” (boys, 5 to 9 years). Mortality caused by neoplasms remained steady in both age groups. Infectious and respiratory diseases decreased differently between the two groups. Most causes of death are preventable or treatable, indicating the need for health and intersectoral investments.

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar a magnitude e a tendência da mortalidade de crianças de 5 a 14 anos por causas, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 2000 a 2019. Estudo ecológico de tendência temporal utilizando dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade por 100 mil crianças, por capítulos, grupos e categorias (CID-10). Estimou-se a série temporal por regressão joinpoint. As taxas de mortalidade de 10 a 14 anos foram superiores às da faixa de 5 a 9 anos. As cinco principais causas foram as mesmas de 5 a 14 anos, com diferente ordem de importância. As duas principais foram causas externas e neoplasias (31% e 15% para 5 a 9 anos; 45% e 11% para 10 a 14 anos). De 5 a 9 anos, a tendência da mortalidade teve declínio anual (8%) entre 2011 e 2015. De 10 a 14 anos, o declínio anual foi 1,3%, de 2000 a 2019. A mortalidade por causas externas decresceu em ambas as faixas, menos para a categoria “Agressão por arma de fogo” (meninos,10-14 anos) e “Afogamento” (meninos, 5-9 anos). A mortalidade por neoplasias ficou estável para todos. Doenças infecciosas e respiratórias decresceram de forma diferenciada entre os grupos. A maioria das causas de morte é evitável ou tratável, apontando necessidade de investimentos em saúde e intersetoriais. Abstract This study investigated the magnitude and trends of cause-specific mortality among children 5 to 14 years of age in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) from 2000 to 2019. We performed an ecological study, using data from the Mortality Information System (MIS). We calculated mortality rates per 100,000 children by chapters, groups, and categories of causes of death (ICD-10). Trends were estimated by joinpoint regression. Mortality rates among children aged 10 to 14 years were higher than those among children 5 to 9. The five leading causes of death were the same in both age groups, but they ranked differently. The two leading ones were external causes and neoplasms (31% and 15% among children aged 5 to 9 years; 45% and 11% among children aged 10 to 14 years). Among children 5 to 9 years, the mortality trend showed an annual decline (8%) from 2011 to 2015. Among children aged 10 to 14 years, the annual decline was 1.3% from 2000 to 2019. Mortality due to external causes decreased in both age groups, except for the category “Assault by unspecified firearm” (boys, 10 to 14 years) and “Unspecified drowning and submersion” (boys, 5 to 9 years). Mortality caused by neoplasms remained steady in both age groups. Infectious and respiratory diseases decreased differently between the two groups. Most causes of death are preventable or treatable, indicating the need for health and intersectoral investments.

Resumo: Dados sobre aborto inseguro são escassos e estimativas baseadas em internações apontaram decréscimo nos últimos anos. O objetivo foi analisar a evolução temporal de aborto inseguro no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, de 2008 a 2017. Utilizamos dados secundários de internações hospitalares no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) por complicações de aborto, para mulheres em idade fértil de 15-44 anos. Aplicamos estimativa indireta com fator de correção baseado em dados nacionais e do estado. Calculamos: taxa de abortos inseguros por mulheres em idade fértil (TAI-MIF), razão de abortos inseguros por nascidos vivos (RAI-NV), segundo faixa etária. Adicionalmente, calculamos novos indicadores: taxa de aborto espontâneo (TAE) e não especificado (TANE) por mulheres em idade fértil; razão de aborto espontâneo (RAE) e não especificado (RANE) por nascidos vivos, independentemente da idade. A tendência temporal foi por regressão Joinpoint, calculando a mudança percentual anual (MPA) e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). As mulheres que mais induziram aborto têm de 20-24 anos: TAI de 8 por mil. Gestações terminaram em aborto inseguro mais frequentemente na faixa de 40-44 anos: RAI entre 16 e 20 por 100 nascidos vivos. As adolescentes tiveram redução da TAI entre 2015 e 2017 (MPA = -10; IC95%: -18,2; -1,1), e houve aumento para aquelas de 40-44 anos, entre 2008 e 2017(MPA = 2,2; IC95%: 0,5; 4,0). Para outras faixas e para o indicador RAI-NV houve estabilidade. A TAE (MPA = -3,5; IC95%: -5,9; -1,0), e a RAE (MPA = -3,8; IC95%: -6,3; -1,2) reduziram enquanto a TANE (MPA = 6,6; IC95%: 1,7; 11,8) e a RANE (MPA = 6,4; IC95%: 1,6; 11,3) aumentaram no período. O aborto inseguro no Estado do Rio de Janeiro mostrou magnitude e evolução temporal diferenciadas segundo faixas etárias e código da CID-10. Abstract: Data on unsafe abortions are scarce, and estimates based on hospitalizations have pointed to a decline in recent years. The study aimed to analyze the time trend in unsafe abortions in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2008 to 2017. We used secondary data on hospitalizations in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) due to complications of abortion in childbearing-age women (CAW) 15 to 44 years of age. We applied indirect estimation with a correction factor based on national and state data. We calculated the unsafe abortion rate per CAW (UAR-CAW), ratio of unsafe abortions per live births (RUA-LB), according to age bracket. We also calculated new indicators: spontaneous abortion rate (SAR) and unspecified abortion rate (USAR) per CAW; ratio of spontaneous abortions (RSA) and ratio of unspecified abortions (RUSA) per live births, independently of age. Time trend was calculated by Joinpoint regression, calculating the annual percent change (APC) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The women that most induced abortions were 20 to 24 years of age, with UAR of 8 per 1,000. Pregnancies that ended in unsafe abortion were most frequent in the 40-44-year bracket: UAR of 16 to 20 per 100 live births. Adolescents showed a reduction in UAR from 2015 to 2017 (APC = -10; 95%CI: -18.2; -1.1), while there was an increase in women 40-44 years of age from 2008 to 2017 (APC = 2.2; 95%CI 0.5 to 4.0). The other age brackets and the indicator UAR-LB showed stability. SAR (APC = -3.5; 95%CI: -5.9; -1.0), and RSA (APC = -3.8; 95%CI: -6.3; -1.2) decreased, while USAR (APC = 6.6; 95%CI: 1.7; 11.8) and RUSA (APC = 6.4; 95%CI: 1.6; 11.3) increased during the period. The magnitude and time trend of unsafe abortions in the State of Rio de Janeiro differed according to age bracket and ICD-10 code. Resumen: Los datos sobre aborto inseguro son escasos y las estimativas basadas en internamientos aportaron un descenso durante los últimos anos. El objetivo fue analizar la evolución temporal de aborto inseguro en el Estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, de 2008 a 2017. Utilizamos datos secundarios de internamientos hospitalarios en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) por complicaciones de aborto, en mujeres en edad fértil de 15 a 44 años. Aplicamos una estimativa indirecta con factor de corrección, basado en datos nacionales y del estado. Calculamos: tasa de abortos inseguros por mujeres en edad fértil (TAI-MIF), razón de abortos inseguros por nacidos vivos (RAI-NV), según franja de edad. Asimismo, calculamos nuevos indicadores: tasa de aborto espontáneo (TAE) y no especificado (TANE) por mujeres en edad fértil; razón de aborto espontáneo (RAE) y no especificado (RANE) por nacidos vivos, independientemente de la edad. La tendencia temporal fue por regresión Joinpoint, calculando el cambio de porcentaje anual (MP) e intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las mujeres que más indujeron el aborto tienen de 20 a 24 años: TAI de 8 por mil. Las gestaciones terminaron en aborto inseguro más frecuentemente en la franja de 40-44 años: RAI entre 16 y 20 por 100 nacidos vivos. Las adolescentes tuvieron una reducción de la TAI entre 2015 y 2017 (MPA = -10; IC95%: -18,2; -1,1), y hubo aumento para aquellas de 40-44 años, entre 2008 y 2017 (MPA = 2,2; IC95%: 0,5; 4,0). Para otras franjas y para el indicador RAI-NV hubo estabilidad. La TAE (MPA = -3,5; IC95%: -5,9; -1,0), y la RAE (MPA = -3,8; IC95%: -6,3; -1,2) se redujeron mientras la TANE (MPA = 6,6; IC95%: 1,7; 11,8) y la RANE (MPA = 6,4; IC95%: 1,6; 11,3) aumentaron durante el período. El aborto inseguro en el Estado de Río de Janeiro mostró magnitud y evolución temporal diferenciadas, según franjas etarias y código de la CIE-10.

To describe the temporal distribution and epidemiologic characteristics of congenital syphilis (CS) cases in the city of Niterói, southeastern Brazil, from 2007 to 2016.This descriptive time series analysis of the incidence of CS used data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and the Live Birth Information System (SINASC). The sample included all notified cases. A probabilistic matching was performed between SINAN and SINASC data to recover ignored information. The time series was estimated using logarithmic regression according to sociodemographic and prenatal care variables.There were 754 identified cases of CS in the study period (mean incidence: 11.9 cases/1 000 live births). The incidence was higher in younger women (10 to 19; 20 to 24 years) and in those with black skin, low schooling, and without prenatal care. Of the overall group, only 57.6% received a diagnosis of syphilis during prenatal care. Treatment was not adequate in 87,7%, and only 12.2% of partners were treated. SC incidence presented a growing trend of 16%/year, reaching 23.2 cases/1 000 living births in 2016. This growth was especially marked in female adolescents (25.2%/year), brown race/skin color (16.8%/year), women with low schooling (57.1%/year) and women who received prenatal care (17.3%/year); and, from 2012 to 2016, in women without information on skin color.Social inequalities were linked to CS in the present sample. Also, increasing CS incidence was detected in youth. Health care professionals must be trained to manage gestational syphilis, and public policies must effectively address the social determinants of this condition.Describir la distribución temporal y las características epidemiológicas de la sífilis congénita en Niterói, sureste de Brasil, de 2007 a 2016.Estudio descriptivo de series temporales sobre la incidencia de la sífilis congénita; se utilizaron datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables (SINAN) y del Sistema de Información de Nacimientos Vivos (SINASC). La muestra incluyó todos los casos reportados. Se realizó además una relación probabilística entre el SINAN y el SINASC para recuperar información ignorada. La serie temporal se estimó mediante regresión logarítmica, según variables sociodemográficas y prenatales.En el período estudiado se identificaron 754 casos de sífilis congénita (incidencia media de 11,9 casos/1 000 nacidos vivos). La incidencia fue mayor en las mujeres jóvenes (10-19, 20-24 años), mujeres de raza negra, con baja escolaridad y sin atención prenatal. Del total de mujeres, sólo se realizó el diagnóstico de sífilis durante la atención prenatal en 57,6%. El tratamiento fue inadecuado en 87,7% de las mujeres, solo el 12,2% de las parejas fueron tratadas. La enfermedad presentó una tendencia creciente (16%/año), y alcanzó 23,2 casos/1 000 nacidos vivos en 2016. El aumento fue más pronunciado en las adolescentes (25,2%/año), raza/color de piel morena (16.8%/año), mujeres con baja educación (57,1%/año), mujeres que recibieron atención prenatal (17,3%/año) y, de 2012 a 2016, en mujeres sin información sobre el color de la piel.En esta muestra se destacaron las desigualdades sociales en la aparición de sífilis congénita, con una incidencia creciente en las jóvenes. Se requiere capacitación de los profesionales de la salud en el manejo de la sífilis gestacional y la acción efectiva de políticas públicas sobre los determinantes sociales de la sífilis.

RESUMO: Introdução: A ocorrência da tuberculose tem sido relacionada à organização espacial e à melhoria das condições de vida da população. Contudo, essa relação não é de forma direta, e o adoecimento por tuberculose envolve processos de diferentes níveis de organização. Método: Estudo ecológico que analisa a relação entre condições de vida e tuberculose no município de Niterói, Brasil. Foram criados dois indicadores, socioambiental e programático, por meio de análise fatorial e analisados por regressão no período de 2008 a 2012. Foram construídos mapas temáticos com os dados referentes à taxa de incidência e aos indicadores, para verificar o padrão da distribuição da taxa de incidência e desses indicadores no município. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram associação direta e significativa entre os dois indicadores com a taxa de incidência de tuberculose. O aumento em uma unidade no indicador programático esteve associado com um aumento na taxa de incidência em 7%. Já o indicador socioambiental associou-se com uma taxa de tuberculose 27% mais elevada. Discussão: Os resultados do presente trabalho foram consistentes ao constatar relação direta entre tuberculose e condições de vida no município de Niterói. Conclusão: Podemos concluir que a dinâmica da transmissão da tuberculose no município de Niterói pode ser explicada pela ocorrência da doença em áreas de periferia social consolidada e pela vulnerabilidade social de grupos específicos.

Introdução: a preocupação quanto à capacidade de atendimento em saúde, principalmente hospitalar, aumenta com o recrudescimento da epidemia do Covid-19. Objetivo: analisar dados do SIVEP-Gripe de 18 municípios da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, de pacientes internados por SRAG em hospitais públicos e privados. Métodos: é um estudo epidemiológico ecológico e de coorte histórica com o município e o paciente como unidades de análise, no período de março a novembro de 2020. Foram estimadas as razões de chances para sinais e sintomas, fatores de risco, se hospital público ou privado, internação em UTI e óbitos. Empregou-se o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson (p90% dos seus residentes. Pelo menos 25% dos hospitais, públicos e privados, internaram somente um paciente levando à dificuldade de aprendizado. Os hospitais públicos apresentaram maior chance de terem internado pacientes mais velhos, de cor de pele preta ou parda, com dispneia, desconforto respiratório e baixa saturação de oxigênio, doença hepática e imunossupressão, condições de maior risco para resultados negativos. A chance de um paciente ter passado por uma UTI em um hospital público foi cerca da metade do hospital privado e a de morte foi cerca do triplo. Conclusão: os municípios estudados, exceto Niterói, não estão preparados para dar suporte a seus residentes na pandemia de Covid-19. Verificou-se discrepância no atendimento dos hospitais públicos e privados, assim como falhas na atenção básica levando a um maior risco de resultados desfavoráveis e um elevado número de óbitos nas unidades hospitalares públicas.

O Estado do Rio de Janeiro tem a maior proporção de municípios com piores índices de vulnerabilidade ao Covid-19 (IVC) do sul e sudeste. Objetivo: descrever os padrões de ocorrência da pandemia do COVID-19 nos 18 municípios da Região Metropolitana do Rio do Janeiro, considerando a vulnerabilidade ao vírus. Resultados: Os gráficos mostram tendência à estabilização da epidemia, a exceção de São Gonçalo que apresenta tendência crescente e Itaguaí, decrescente. Houve uma associação moderada, positiva e significativa entre os indicadores de vulnerabilidade sugerindo que as maiores incidências ocorreram em municípios menos vulneráveis, em municípios com menores proporção de população preta e parda e com maior número de ubs/habitante, e essas correlações não diminuíram nos último dois meses. Conclusão: A COVID-19 se disseminou de forma desigual. Municípios menos vulneráveis apresentaram mais casos e apenas um município da região apresentou tendência à redução de casos. A importância da divulgação de informações sobre o funcionamento das UBS e as políticas de atendimento e monitoramento de sintomáticos, além da testagem dos contatos ficou clara para permitir um adequado acompanhamento dos padrões de disseminação da doença visando contribuir para a orientação das atividades de controle dirigidas ao enfrentamento da epidemia.

Introduction Despite young people being a key population for HIV prevention, the HIV epidemic amongst young Brazilians is perceived to be growing. We therefore reviewed all published literature on HIV prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection amongst 10–25 year olds in Brazil. Methods We searched Embase, LILACS, PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science for studies published up to May 2015 and analysed reference lists of relevant studies. We included peer-reviewed studies from any time in the HIV epidemic which provided estimates specific to ages 10–25 (or some subset of this age range) for Brazilians on either: (a) HIV prevalence or incidence; or (b) the association between HIV and socio-demographic or behavioural risk factors. Results 37 studies in 36 publications met the inclusion criteria: 33 cross-sectional, two case-control, two cohort. Three studies analysed national data. 31 studies provided HIV prevalence estimates, largely for six population subgroups: Counselling and Testing Centre attendees; blood donors; pregnant women; institutional individuals; men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) and female sex workers (FSW); two provided HIV incidence estimates. Ten studies showed HIV status to be associated with a wide range of risk factors, including age, sexual and reproductive history, infection history, substance use, geography, marital status, mental health and socioeconomic status. Conclusion Few published studies have examined HIV amongst young people in Brazil, and those published have been largely cross-sectional and focused on traditional risk groups and the south of the country. Despite these limitations, the literature shows raised HIV prevalence amongst MSM and FSW, as well as amongst those using drugs. Time trends are harder to identify, although rates appear to be falling for pregnant women, possibly reversing an earlier de-masculinization of the epidemic. Improved surveillance of HIV incidence, prevalence and risk factors is a key component of efforts to eliminate HIV in Brazil.

Leprosy remains a public health problem in developing countries. Among communicable diseases, it is one of the leading causes of permanent disability. Brazil had not reached the goal of reducing cases to less than 1 per 10,000 population. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of leprosy cases in Brazil, using a literature review. The search strategy included the LILACS and MEDLINE databases with no language or period restriction. Ecological studies with spatial data analysis were considered as a criterion for the inclusion. We found 38 studies for review after the selection criteria. Among the epidemiological indicators of the disease, the most common was the new case detection rate. Several articles have explored the association between spatial distribution of leprosy and socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors. The most common unit of analysis was the municipality. The spatial distribution methods mostly used were: empirical Bayesian method, autocorrelation (Moran’s I index) and Kernel estimates. The distribution of leprosy was very heterogeneous, independent of the unit of analysis. There was a decrease in the rate of detection and among under-15-year-olds, but some regions maintained high endemicity during the study period. The distribution and risk of illness were directly related to living conditions of the population. Improved access to health services was associated with increased detection rate in some regions. Spatial analysis seems to be a very useful tool to study leprosy and to guide interventions and surveillance.

Background We identified dengue transmission areas by using the Geographic Information Systems located at local surveillance units of the Itaboraí municipality in state of Rio de Janeiro. We considered the association among the house infestation index, the disease incidence, and sociodemographic indicators during a prominent dengue outbreak in 2007 and 2008. Methods In this ecological study, the Local Surveillance Units (UVLs) of the municipality were used as spatial pattern units. For the house analysis, we used the period of higher vector density that occurred previous to the larger magnitude epidemic range of dengue cases. The average dengue incidence rates calculated in this epidemic range were smoothed using the Bayesian method. The associations among the House Infestation Index (HI), the Bayesian rate of the average dengue incidence, and the sociodemographic indicators were evaluated using a Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The areas that were at a higher risk of dengue occurrence were detected using a kernel density estimation with the kernel quartic function. Results The dengue transmission pattern in Itaboraí showed that the increase in the vector density preceded the increase in incidence. The HI was positively correlated to the Bayesian dengue incidence rate (r = 0.641; p = 0.01). The higher risk areas were those that were close to the main highways. In the Kernel density estimation analysis, we observed that the regions that were at a higher risk of dengue were those that were located in the UVLs and had the highest population densities; these locations were typically located along major highways. Four nuclei were identified as epicenters of high risk. Conclusions The spatial analysis units used in this research, i.e., UVLs, served as a methodological resource for examining the compatibility of different information sources concerning the disease, the vector indices, and the municipal sociodemographic aspects and were arranged in distinct cartographic bases. Dengue is a multi-scale geographic phenomenon, and using the UVLs as analysis units made it possible to differentiate the dengue occurrence throughout the municipality. The methodological approach used in this research helped improve the Itaboraí municipality monitoring activities and the local territorial monitoring in other municipalities that are affected by this public health issue.

Este trabalho analisa as características de um dos lugares de transmissão de maior relevância da leishmaniose tegumentar na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, considerando sua configuração territorial e as relações desta com processos de organização do espaço. Utilizou-se o modelo de análise do processo de ocupação e organização do espaço urbano, em escala local, considerando-se as novas funções adquiridas pelos elementos espaciais expressos por diferentes relações de trabalho, uso do solo e valor da terra. Empregaram-se técnicas de geoprocessamento e de classificação de imagens obtidas por sensoriamento remoto, localização de domicílios e casos de leishmaniose tegumentar, associados a dados qualitativos sobre o processo histórico de ocupação e uso do solo. A análise mostrou áreas com distintas condições de vulnerabilidade, e que mudanças destas condições viabilizaram a produção da epidemia em um determinado período e sua posterior redução. O estudo contribui para o monitoramento da enfermidade em nível local e para a aplicação de medidas eficazes para as ações de vigilância e controle da leishmaniose tegumentar.

This article discusses the linking of data from SINAN (the Reportable Diseases Database) and population census in Brazil to identify the socio-environmental context of hepatitis A, analyzing the contribution by environmental and socio-demographic variables to reported and confirmed cases of hepatitis A. Also, based on individual case data provided by SINAN, we discuss the pattern of hepatitis A endemicity in the city of Rio de Janeiro. At the aggregate level, the unit of analysis was the census tract and census data, associated with the location of 1,553 cases in the city from 1999 to 2001. The observed pattern was high to medium endemicity, indicating a less favorable situation than observed by sero-epidemiological studies. The mean rank of number of households with unfavorable conditions was higher in the census tracts with excess risk of hepatitis A (two or more cases), a statistically significant result according to the Mann-Whitney Test. Socio-demographic variables had more impact than environmental ones (poverty and children in the household less than 5 years of age showed the highest mean ranks).

The authors analyze the historical and spatial determinants of the implantation, persistence, and spread of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro and the links between the disease and the organization of urban space and occupation processes on the periphery of the city beginning in the early 20th century through the 1980s. A pattern of outbreaks that was restricted and spatially discontinuous but sequenced was observed and seen to be linked to a dynamic process of urban real estate appreciation, comprising a large endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis. An analysis of the occupation and organization of urban space in the so-called Western Zone of Rio de Janeiro was conducted, considering new functions of spatial elements expressed through changing work relations, land use, and land value. Urbanization of the area produced the necessary conditions to intensify an endemic pattern of well-defined outbreaks where human mobility and the work process increased contact between susceptible individuals and vectors. Analysis showed spatial units with differentiated risk levels.

The authors analyze the historical and spatial determinants of the implantation, persistence, and spread of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro and the links between the disease and the organization of urban space and occupation processes on the periphery of the city beginning in the early 20th century through the 1980s. A pattern of outbreaks that was restricted and spatially discontinuous but sequenced was observed and seen to be linked to a dynamic process of urban real estate appreciation, comprising a large endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis. An analysis of the occupation and organization of urban space in the so-called Western Zone of Rio de Janeiro was conducted, considering new functions of spatial elements expressed through changing work relations, land use, and land value. Urbanization of the area produced the necessary conditions to intensify an endemic pattern of well-defined outbreaks where human mobility and the work process increased contact between susceptible individuals and vectors. Analysis showed spatial units with differentiated risk levels.