Search

The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of the IL1B -31C/T polymorphism on gastric inflammatory response and precancerous lesions development – atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) – in patients positive for Helicobacter pylori infection with functional dyspepsia (FD). The diagnosis of FD followed the Rome III criteria, and the H. pylori infection was evaluated by urease test and histological examination of gastric biopsies (corpus, antrum, and incisura). The severity of chronic inflammation and inflammatory activity, as well as the presence of precancerous lesions were evaluated accordingly to the updated Sydney System. Genotyping of the IL1B -31C/T polymorphism (rs1143627) was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. A total of 303 patients positive for H. pylori infection with FD were analyzed (81.8% women; mean age of 46.3 ± 12.3 years). No differences were observed in overall genotype frequencies among outcomes evaluated. However, in the dominant -31C allele model (CC+CT vs. TT), the frequency of the TT genotype was significantly higher among patients with moderate/severe chronic inflammation of the antrum than the frequency of the CC+CT genotypes (80.8% vs. 65.2%; OR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.23-4.24; P = .005). The presence of AG and IM in the gastric mucosa of patients was of 19.5% and 19.1%, respectively. No significant association was observed concerning the frequencies of the genotypes of IL1B -31C/T polymorphism with development of precancerous lesions. In conclusion, our data suggest that genetic variants of the IL1B -31C/T polymorphism play a role in chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa in H. pylori-infected FD patients.

Os avanços significativos ocorridos desde o III Consenso Brasileiro sobre H. pylori realizado em 2012, em Bento Gonçalves, justificam este quarto consenso. O evento foi organizado pelo Núcleo Brasileiro para Estudo do Helicobacter e Microbiota, associação vinculada à Federação Brasileira de Gastroenterologia, tendo sido realizado novamente em Bento Gonçalves, RS, nos dias 25 a 27 de agosto de 2017. Participaram 26 delegados provenientes das cinco regiões brasileiras incluindo gastroenterologistas, endoscopistas e patologistas, além de um convidado internacional (EUA). Os participantes foram convidados pelo conhecimento e contribuição ao estudo da infecção por H. pylori. O encontro buscou rever diferentes aspectos relacionados ao tratamento da infecção, suas inter-relações com a dispepsia, microbiota e outras afecções, com ênfase especial ao câncer gástrico, além de promover uma reavaliação dos aspectos epidemiológicos e diagnósticos desta infecção. Os participantes foram alocados em quatro grupos, a saber: 1) Epidemiologia e diagnóstico, 2) Dispepsia, microbiota e outras afecções, 3) Neoplasias gástricas, e 4) Tratamento. Previamente à reunião do Consenso, os participantes receberam um tema a ser discutido e elaboraram texto com uma revisão recente da literatura, contendo uma assertiva de sua revisão. Todas as assertivas foram avaliadas em dois turnos de votação. Inicialmente, cada participante apresentava sua compilação e assertiva ao seu grupo, para eventuais modificações e votação. Posteriormente, em uma segunda votação, agora em sessão plenária, as assertivas eram novamente votadas e eventualmente modificadas. As votações obedeceram a cinco alternativas: 1) concorda fortemente; 2) concorda com reservas; 3) indeciso; 4) discorda e; 5) discorda fortemente. O índice de consenso adotado para cada afirmativa foi de 80% dos votantes respondendo que concorda fortemente ou concorda com reservas. As recomendações aqui apresentadas foram baseadas nas evidências científicas mais relevantes para o manuseio da infecção por H. pylori na população adulta no Brasil. Significant progress has been obtained since the III Brazilian Consensus Conference on H. pylori infection held in 2012, in Bento Gonçalves, Brazil, and justify a fourth meeting to establish updated guidelines on the current management of H. pylori infection. Therefore, the Núcleo Brasileiro para Estudo do Helicobacter pylori e Microbiota (NBEHPM), association linked to Brazilian Federation of Gastroenterology (FBG) held its fourth meeting again in Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil, on August 25-27, 2017. Twenty-six delegates, including gastroenterologists, endoscopists, and pathologists from the five regions of Brazil as well as one international guest from the United States, participated in the meeting. The participants were invited based on their knowledge and contribution to the study of H. pylori infection. The meeting sought to review different aspects of treatment for infection; establish a correlation between infection, dyspepsia, intestinal microbiota changes, and other disorders with a special emphasis on gastric cancer; and reassess the epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of H. pylori infection. Participants were allocated into four groups as follows: 1) Epidemiology and Diagnosis, 2) Dyspepsia, intestinal microbiota and other afections, 3) Gastric Cancer, and, 4) Treatment. Before the consensus meeting, participants received a topic to be discussed and prepared a document containing a recent literature review and statements that should be discussed and eventually modified during the face-to-face meeting. All statements were evaluated in two rounds of voting. Initially, each participant discussed the document and statements with his group for possible modifications and voting. Subsequently, during a second voting in a plenary session in the presence of all participants, the statements were voted upon and eventually modified. The participants could vote using five alternatives: 1) strongly agree; 2) partially agree; 3) undecided; 4) disagree; and 5) strongly disagree. The adopted consensus index was that 80% of the participants responded that they strongly or partially agreed with each statement. The recommendations reported are intended to provide the most current and relevant evidences to management of H. pylori infection in adult population in Brazil. ASSUMPÇÃO, P. P. Universidade Federal do Pará

Background Propofol is an accepted method of sedation for an ERCP and generally achieves deep sedation rather than conscious sedation, and dexmedetomidine has sedative properties of equivalent efficacy. Objective To examine the hypothesis that dexmedetomidine is as effective as propofol combined with fentanyl for providing conscious sedation during an ERCP. Design and Setting Randomized, blind, double-dummy clinical trial. Patients Twenty-six adults, American Society of Anesthesiologists status I to III, underwent an ERCP. Interventions Patients were randomized to receive either propofol (n = 14) (target plasma concentration range 2-4 μg/mL) combined with fentanyl 1 μg/kg, or dexmedetomidine (n = 12) 1 μg/kg for 10 minutes, followed by 0.2 to 0.5 μg/kg/min. Additional sedatives were used if adequate sedation was not achieved at the maximum dose allowed. Main Outcomes Measurements The sedation level was assessed by the Richmond alertness-sedation scale and the demand for additional sedatives. Furthermore, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate were continuously assessed. Results The relative risk (RR) was 2.71 (95% CI, 1.31-5.61) and the number of patients that needed to be treated (NNT) was 1.85 (95% CI, 1.19-4.21) to observe one additional patient with drowsiness 15 minutes after sedation in the dexmedetomidine group. Also, the RR was 9.42 (95% CI, 1.41-62.80), and the NNT was 1.42 (95% CI, 1.0-2.29) to require additional analgesic. However, there was also a greater reduction in blood pressure, a lower heart rate, and greater sedation after the procedure. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine alone was not as effective as propofol combined with fentanyl for providing conscious sedation during an ERCP. Furthermore, dexmedetomidine was associated with greater hemodynamic instability and a prolonged recovery.

There are few data regarding endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) usefulness in children and adolescents. We reviewed the long-term experience with diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP in a tertiary single center in Southern Brazil.A retrospective chart review of patients aged 0-18 years who had undergone ERCPs from January 2000 to June 2012 was done. Data on demographics, indications, diagnosis, treatments, and complications were collected.Seventy-five ERCPs were performed in 60 patients. The median age of the patients at the procedure was 13.9 years (range: 1.2-17.9). Of the 60 patients, 47 (78.3%) were girls. Of all ERCPs, 48 (64.0%) were performed in patients above 10 years and 35 (72.9%) of them were in girls. ERCP was indicated for patients with bile duct obstruction (49.3%), sclerosing cholangitis (18.7%), post-surgery complication (12%), biliary stent (10.7%), choledochal cyst (5.3%), and pancreatitis (4%). The complication rate of ERCP was 9.7% involving mild bleeding, pancreatitis and cholangitis. Patients who had therapeutic procedures were older (13.7±3.9 vs. 9.9±4.9 years; P=0.001) and had more extrahepatic biliary abnormalities (82% vs. 50%; P=0.015) than those who had diagnostic ERCPs. A marked change in the indications of ERCPs was found, i.e., from 2001 to 2004, indications were more diagnostic and from 2005 therapeutic procedures were predominant.Diagnostic ERCPs are being replaced by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and also by endoscopic ultrasound. All these procedures are complementary and ERCP still has a role for therapeutic purposes.

Introdução – O mate, ou chimarrão, uma infusão popular de uma erva (Ilex paraguayensis) bebida em grandes volumes, é um conhecido fator de risco para carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago e há suspeitas de que a água quente utilizada para o consumo possa ser fator importante na carcinogênese. Métodos - Pesquisou-se a temperatura em que a infusão é ingerida por uma amostragem da população sob risco para carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago. Realizaram-se entrevistas com indivíduos consumidores de mate na área urbana de Taquara, RS, com relação aos hábitos de ingestão de mate, e a temperatura do mate foi medida através de termômetros de precisão. A percepção da temperatura, estimada pelos usuários, foi também registrada. Resultados - Em 36 residências, 107 pessoas estavam ingerindo mate. A maioria bebia a infusão diariamente (97,2%) e o consumo médio diário foi de 1.265 mL por usuário (desvio padrão de 1.132 mL, variando de 250 a 6.000 mL). A temperatura medida era igual ou superior a 60 o C em 72% das residências, com média de 63,4 o C (51-78 o C) e mediana de 64,4 o C. Conclusão - Neste estudo foi possível evidenciar que o mate é consumido em grandes volumes e alta temperatura e que os usuários não foram capazes de estimar corretamente a temperatura do mate consumido. A temperatura elevada do mate consumido nessa população pode estar contribuindo à carcinogênese esofágica. “Matè”, a popular hot infusion of a herb (Ilex paraguayensis) drunk in large volumes, is a known risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and there is a suspicion that high temperature of boiled water used for the infusion may contribute for carcinogenesis. Methods - We measured the temperature of “matè” infusion drank by a sample of the population at risk for this carcinoma in Taquara, southern Brazil. We interviewed inhabitants for drinking habits and the temperature of the infusion was measured with high precision thermometers. Temperature of the infusion was asked to consumers and their estimate compared to our measurements. We considered 60 oC or higher as “hot”. Results - In 36 residencies, 107 individuals were drinking “matè”. Most individuals drunk it daily (97,2%), and the medium daily volume was 1,265 ml (SD ± 1,132 mL) ranging from 250 to 6,000 mL. The measured temperature was 60 oC or higher in 72% of residencies with medium of 63.4 oC (51-78 oC) and median 64.4 oC. Conclusion - In this study, “matè” was consumpted in large volumes at high temperature and individuals did not estimate correctly the temperature of infusion. High temperatures of “matè” may contribute to carcinogenesis in this population.

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease, and a premalignant lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Observational studies suggest that endoscopic surveillance is associated with the detection of dysplasia and EAC at an early stage along with improved survival, but controversies still remain. The management of patients with BE involves endoscopic surveillance, preventive and clinical measures for cancer, and endoscopic and surgical approaches to treatment. Deciding upon the most appropriate treatment is a challenge. This study presents the results and the effectiveness of these practices.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hypoxemia can occur during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography probably induced by the analgesia and sedation done. Moreover the patient’s prone position difficults the adequate ventilation. The hypoxemia and hypoventilation may not be noticed by nursing staff. A transversal study was used to investigate possible predictive factors of oxygen desaturation in sedated patients with midazolam associated to meperidine undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 186 patients were monitored with continuous pulse oximetry. Poisson regression was used to measure the independent effect of each factor adjusted for effects of each of the other factors. The variables studied were: age, gender, hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, scopolamine use, diagnostic or therapeutic exam, American Society of Anesthesiologists Scores (ASA), duration time of exam, sedative used midazolam in the average of 0.07 mg/kg and analgesic drug meperidine in the average of 0.7 mg/kg that was titrated according patient’s reaction. RESULTS: No desaturation was found in 113 (60.8%) patients, mild desaturation (SpO2 60 years old and ASA score III. The duration of exam was barely significant for desaturation. CONCLUSIONS:The variables of age of 60 years old or more, and ASA III score are identified as increased risk for desaturation for patients who undergo endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography under conscious sedation. Long time of exam suggests the patient oxygen desaturate. Such patients require very close monitoring to desaturation and hypoventilation by the assistants and nursing staff alerting to respiratory depression. The use of pulse oximeter and asking for deep breaths during the exam helps to diminish such risks. RACIONAL: A hipoxemia pode ocorrer durante a colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada, provavelmente induzida pela analgesia e sedação realizadas, além da posição do paciente em pronação, que dificulta a ventilação adequada. A hipoxemia e a hipoventilação podem não ser observadas pela equipe de enfermagem. OBJETIVOS: Estudo transversal para investigar possíveis fatores preditivos de dessaturação de oxigênio em pacientes sedados com midazolam associado à meperidina durante a colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: O total de 186 pacientes foi monitorado com oxímetro de pulso continuamente. Foi utilizada a regressão de poisson para medir o efeito independente de cada fator ajustado para os efeitos de cada um dos outros fatores. As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, gênero, níveis de hematócrito e hemoglobina, uso de escopolamina, exame diagnóstico ou terapêutico escores da Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologia (ASA), duração do exame, sedativo midazolam usado na média de 0,07 mg/kg e a droga analgésica meperidina na média de 0,7 mg/kg, tituladas de acordo com as reações do paciente. RESULTADOS: Não dessaturaram 113 (60,8%) pacientes, dessaturação moderada (SpO2 60 anos e escore ASA III. O tempo do exame foi levemente significativo para a dessaturação. CONCLUSÕES: As variáveis idade de 60 anos ou mais e escore ASA III foram identificadas como risco aumentado para dessaturação para pacientes submetidos a colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada sob sedação consciente. Longo tempo de exame sugere dessaturação de oxigênio do paciente. Tais pacientes requerem uma monitorização mais acurada da equipe de enfermagem para a dessaturação e hipoventilação, alertando para a depressão respiratória. O uso do oxímetro de pulso e a solicitação de respiração profunda durante o exame auxilia a diminuir tais riscos.

Background: Methylene blue has been used to selectively stain areas of specialized intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values for the detection of specialized intestinal metaplasia by methylene blue chromoendoscopy were determined in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Methods: Thirty patients with Barrett's esophagus underwent endoscopy with biopsy specimens obtained from areas that stained positive and negative with methylene blue. Histopathologic findings were compared with methylene blue chromoendoscopy findings. Results: Two hundred ninety-two biopsy specimens (mean 9.7/patient) were obtained: 203 from stained and 89 from unstained areas. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values for detection of specialized intestinal metaplasia were, respectively, 72%, 46%, 22%, and 89%. Comparing 187 biopsy specimens from patients with long-segment Barrett's esophagus with 105 specimens from patients with short-segment Barrett's esophagus, the sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values were, respectively, 77% versus 63% ( p =0.044), 79% versus 21% ( p p =0.219), and 97% versus 73% ( p =0.002). The odds ratio for detection of specialized intestinal metaplasia in stained areas was 12.40 in long-segment and 0.45 in short-segment Barrett's esophagus. Conclusions: Data from this study confirm the value of methylene blue chromoendoscopy for detection of specialized intestinal metaplasia in long-segment Barrett's esophagus, but not in short-segment Barrett's esophagus.

Diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is usually late. Staining of the mucosa with Lugol's solution during endoscopy has been suggested to identify early cancer/dysplasia and may improve prognosis. Lugol was tested during endoscopy in 96 asymptomatic subjects at risk for this tumor, who were found to have atypias after exfoliative cytology in southern Brazil. Biopsies were obtained in Lugol's 'stained' and 'unstained' areas in the esophageal mucosa and the histologic results were compared. 'Unstained' areas were present in 64 (66.7%) instances: 44 'unstained' areas over mucosa with normal appearance revealed seven dysplasias (four high and three low grade), whereas 20 'unstained' areas with visible lesions contained only one dysplasia (low grade). 'Stained' areas in 96 (100%) subjects showed two additional dysplasias (one high and one low grade). In this study, Lugol 'unstained' areas were of great value for detection of dysplasias (sensitivity = 80%; specificity = 63%; p = 0.01, Fisher's exact test; CI = 95%; odds ratio = 6.7).

Barrett's esophagus(BE)is a change in the esophageal epithelium of any lenght that can be recognized at endoscopy and is confirmed to have intestinal metaplasia(IM)by biopsy. Intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus is the premalignant lesion for adenocarcinoma.Multiple biopsies are necessary because of the often focal nature of IM, dysplasia and cancer in these patients. Methylene blue(MB)is a vital stain taken up by actively absorting tissues, such as small intestinal and colonic epithelium. The potential of MB directed biopsy for intestinal metaplasia in BE was suggested in a pilot study by Canto et al.We report preliminary results of a study that prospectively evaluated the use of MB staining in patients previously proven to have BE. Methods:A total of 30 patients underwent upper G.I endoscopy with 0.5% MB staining after cleaning the mucosa with 10% solution of N-acetylcystein.Water was gently sprayed on the esophageal mucosa to wash off excess dye.Positive staining was defined as blue-stained esophageal mucosa that persisted despite water irrigation. Biopsy specimens from positively stained and negatively stained mucosa were obtained and compared.All specimens were independently examined by two pathologists. The mean lenght of BE was 5.7 cm(range 2 to 14)and 18 subjects had long barrett's and 12 with short barrett's. We obtained 296 endoscopic biopsy specimens from stained and nonstained ares(medium 9.86 biopsies/patient, see table). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of MB staining for detecting IM was 73%, 59%, 93% and 21% respectively. Conclusion: In patients previously diagnosed to have Barrett's esophagus MB had good sensitivity but a hight frequency of false negatives.

Objectives: Subjects at risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus were examined for mucosal abnormalities that could contain high grade dysplasias and/or early cancer with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Methods: Individuals found with cytology atypias at a screening program using esophageal balloon were submitted to esophagoscopy and the mucosa examined before and after Lugol spraying and biopsies obtained from unstained and stained areas. Results: 1495 subjects were screened and 122 underwent endoscopy. Their mean age was 57,8 and 75 (61.5%) were males. They were exposed, daily, to known risk factors as hot mate infusion drinking (91%), cigarrette smoking (51.6%) and alcohol drinking (19.7%). Conventional esophagoscopy visualized minute mucosal lesions (focal hyperemia, erosion, ulceration, nodule, depression / elevation, white plaque, red focal area) in 78 (63.9%) subjects but it was normal in 44 (36.1%). After Lugol spraying unstained areas were seen in 82 (67.2 %) individuals, 61 of which localized in mucosa with normal appearance with biopsies disclosing 10 dysplasias ( 5 high and 5 low grade) while 21, coincident with visible abnormalities had adenocarcinoma in one and a low grade dysplasia in another. Stained mucosa were also biopsied randomly in all subjects and 2 dysplasias were found (1 high and 1 low grade). Lugol esophagoscopy unstained areas had sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity of 61.1 %, positive predictive value of 6.09% and negative predictive value of 99.1% to detect high grade dysplasias ( p = 0.03, Fisher's exact test). All high grade dysplasias were present in normal appearing esophageal mucosa. Conclusions: High grade dysplasias were occult in normal appearing mucosa and most were detected only after addition of Lugol staining to the esophageal mucosa.