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El presente documento, producto del proceso de investigación cualitativa y estudio de caso, tiene como objetivo describir las prácticas organizacionales desarrolladas por una empresa maderera ubicada cerca a Bogotá (Colombia), su aporte a la industria y las comunidades, y cómo estas acciones incorporan economía circular, marketing y responsabilidad social corporativa para la sostenibilidad. Este tema se considera relevante debido a la crítica creciente en torno a la crisis de los recursos naturales que involucra a toda la humanidad y demanda acciones que contribuyan a su mitigación, a partir de la vinculación responsable de las personas y las organizaciones. A lo anterior se suma la necesidad de transformar la mentalidad del ser humano sobre el manejo de los residuos sólidos, como el plástico, llevando a que empresas, como Maderas Cobos, diseñen nuevas estrategias que articulen la economía circular, el mercadeo y la responsabilidad social corporativa El documento incorpora las teorías de las tres variables abordadas y detalla las estrategias que la empresa desarrolla mediante el trabajo en red de colaboración, donde se articulan algunos de sus stakeholders, como son otras empresas, proveedores, clientes, comunidades y fundaciones, integración que contribuye a la producción económica, la inclusión desde el trabajo asociativo, la disminución de residuos y la promoción de un cambio de mentalidad desde el mercadeo social que implique compromiso de las personas y empresas en la defensa de los recursos naturales, y que resultan ser experiencias que pueden multiplicarse en otros contextos.

El presente artículo ofrece un acercamiento a los conceptos de ecología y feminismo como dos movimientos que aportan a la sostenibilidad de la vida y al desarrollo territorial. El documento aborda aspectos teóricos y, utilizando la metodología de estudio de caso de una de las organizaciones de mujeres rurales que ha desarrollado emprendimientos en la provincia de Soto, en Santander (Colombia), se realiza un análisis sobre las prácticas ecofeministas de las mujeres y su contribución a la solución de necesidades colectivas, destacando los aportes que realizan a sus comunidades en factores determinantes del desarrollo local y territorial en lo político, económico, social, cultural y ambiental.

La Constitución de 1991 abrió una oportunidad para que Colombia, luego de diferentes procesos de paz maltrechos, construyera las bases de un contrato social que evitara la exclusión y la desigualdad social, económica y política de una buena parte de la población, sobre todo la campesina. La exclusión y la desigualdad son algunas de las principales causas y orígenes del conflicto colombiano (Alape, 2004; Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, 2013), por más de que no exista una única versión sobre cuándo y por qué inició la guerra en Colombia (Comisión Histórica del Conflicto y sus Víctimas [CHCV], 2015). A pesar de que algunos grupos guerrilleros se incorporaron a la vida política institucional y fueron garantes del nuevo pacto social, la nueva Constitución fue una oportunidad perdida. Las desigualdades y la exclusión no cesaron para muchos colombianos y colombianas y el conflicto armado se recrudeció en la última década del siglo XX.

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, changes have occurred in the regional dynamics of international migration and in the ways governments manage human mobility. This article argues that the migratory system connecting the three northern countries of Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras) with Mexico and the United States has not been accompanied by regional management of migratory flows. Instead, a succession of government plans and projects reveals a perspective marked by the effects of the “externalization” of US borders, leading to more complex migration routes and increased vulnerability of migrants. The article discusses how externalized control policies influence migratory spaces, routes, and timelines, and leave many stranded in transit countries before they eventually arrive at their intended destinations. Reconsidering the process of mobility in light of migration management policies would appropriately enlarge the traditional economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors that affect migration strategies.

We assessed maternal and infant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in Colombia. Maternal serum was tested for CMV immunoglobulin G antibodies at a median of 10 (interquartile range: 8–12) weeks gestation (n = 1501). CMV DNA polymerase chain reaction was performed on infant urine to diagnose congenital (≤21 days of life) and postnatal (>21 days) infection. Maternal CMV seroprevalence was 98.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 97.5%–98.8%). Congenital CMV prevalence was 8.4 (95% CI: 3.9%–18.3%; 6/711) per 1000 live births. Among 472 infants without confirmed congenital CMV infection subsequently tested at age 6 months, 258 (54.7%, 95% CI: 50.2%–59.1%) had postnatal infection.

En décadas recientes, el panorama migratorio de China en su interior y su exterior, se ha transformado notablemente. Hacia el exterior, una nueva oleada de trabajadores está emigrando hacia diversos países del mundo, entre ellos México. Se analizan tres modalidades de inserción laboral de un conjunto de inmigrantes chinos que han llegado a México en el presente siglo XXI, se destaca la relevancia de sus redes sociales, a partir de información obtenida mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y utilizando el enfoque de trayectoria laboral.

Objetivo. Evaluar la capacidad operativa de nueve pruebas serológicas rápidas para detectar la respuesta de anticuerpos IgM/IgG en el suero de pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 en diferentes etapas clínicas. Métodos. Se diseñó un estudio transversal de las pruebas serológicas rápidas para comparar su rendimiento respecto del diagnóstico del SARS-CoV-2. Se utilizaron en total 293 muestras, inclusive muestras de suero de pacientes negativos, asintomáticos y sintomáticos. Resultados. La sensibilidad de las pruebas evaluadas fue baja y moderada en las muestras de suero del grupo de pacientes asintomáticos y en el grupo de pacientes con menos de 11 días desde el inicio de los síntomas. La especificidad de las pruebas de anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2 varió entre 86,5%-99% para la IgM y 86,5%-99,5% para la IgG. La sensibilidad y la razón de verosimilitud (likelihood ratio) fueron diferentes según los grupos de estudio. La utilidad de estas pruebas se limita a los pacientes sintomáticos y su sensibilidad es superior al 85% después de 11 días de la aparición de los síntomas. Conclusiones. Las pruebas serológicas no son una estrategia adecuada para la identificación de los pacientes asintomáticos y presintomáticos. Las pruebas serológicas rápidas para la detección de anticuerpos específicos anti-SARS-CoV-2 pueden ser utilizadas como ayuda diagnóstica, pero el diagnóstico debe ser confirmado por RT-PCR. Las pruebas rápidas deben reservarse para los pacientes con síntomas que duren más de 11 días. Objective. To evaluate the operative capacity of nine serological rapid tests to detect the IgM/IgG antibodies response in serum from patients with SARS-CoV-2 in different clinical stages. Methods. A cross-sectional study of serological rapid tests was designed to compare the performance of the evaluated immunochromatographic tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. A total of 293 samples was used, including negatives, asymptomatic, and symptomatic serum samples. Results. The sensitivity of the evaluated tests was low and moderate in the groups of asymptomatic serum samples and the group of serums coming from patients with less than 11 days since the onset of the symptoms. The specificity for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies tests ranged between 86.5%-99% for IgM and 86.5%-99.5% for IgG. The sensitivity and the likelihood ratio were different according to the study groups. The usefulness of these tests is restricted to symptomatic patients and their sensitivity is greater than 85% after 11 days from the appearance of symptoms. Conclusions. Serological tests are not an adequate strategy for the identification of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic patients. Serological rapid tests for the detection of specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies can be used as a diagnostic aid, but diagnosis must be confirmed by RT-PCR. Rapid tests should be reserved for patients with symptoms lasting more than 11 days.

As an emergent virus, serological testing for SARS-Cov-2 is crucial. Even though the detection of the virus has been based by using RT-PCR, the serological tests for antibody detection are also need. This study evaluated nine SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG commercial rapid tests. Methods: a cross-sectional study of diagnosis test was designed to compare the performance of the evaluated immunochromatographic tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. It was used a total of 293 samples including negatives, asymptomatic and symptomatic serum samples. Results: the sensibility of the evaluated tests were low and moderate in the groups of asymptomatic serum samples and in the group of serums coming from patients with less than 11 days since the symptoms onset. Conclusion: The usefulness of these tests is restricted to symptomatic patients and their sensitivity is greater than 85% after 11 days from the appearance of symptoms.

El presente artículo da cuenta de los resultados de la investigación que analizar los mecanismos que componen los sistemas de aseguramiento de la calidad de la educación superior en el contexto de América Latina, haciendo énfasis en Colombia, para resaltar las tendencias curriculares y académicas que se consolidan institucionalmente ante las exigencias y problemáticas que presentan los nuevos mercados laborales en la globalización capitalista, como reflejo de la implementación de las actuales políticas públicas educativas. A través del estudio de caso en Colombia y la revisión de documentos institucionales, se encuentra que la educación superior y las políticas públicas de aseguramiento de la calidad aparecen como el dispositivo de funcionamiento de una estructura asimétrica internacional. En el caso colombiano, más que dificultades en la formulación, se encuentran problemas en las fases de implementación y ejecución, debido a la inflexibilidad de las culturas académicas y administrativas de las instituciones de educación superior. Finalmente se concluye que el aseguramiento de la calidad y la acreditación contribuyen con la generación y organización de información para los sistemas de educación superior. Las políticas públicas de calidad y de internacionalización, en el sistema de educación superior colombiano, dependen del logro de niveles aceptables y productivos de consolidación, y de maniobrabilidad de la autoridad directiva y docente; en medio de una cultura académica de calidad, administrativa, e institucional de gobernabilidad favorable.

9 pages, 2 tables, 4 figures, A biobank is a non-profit service that hosts a collection of biological samples organized as a technical unit with defined quality criteria, order and destination, to ensure full traceability of the sample and, above all, is a valuable underpinning for medical and biological research. We present the first biobank for marine biological samples, stemming mainly from the activity developed on zoonotic parasites. The creation of the biobank had three objectives: (a) improve the quality and traceability of the collection of zoonotic parasite samples; (b) serve as a supplier of marine field samples for scientific, industrial and clinical studies and (c) create a solution with high added value for marine samples derived from monitoring, both in its self-studies and derivatives. Web-based technology allows for an easier, faster and less disruptive implementation. Data from 15,855 fish specimens, which included morphometric and meristic data, as well as the description, quantification and location of the zoonotic parasites found on any single host, and genetic, antigen and protein data, were introduced into the database of the biobank. These data were introduced into the Biobank software, for which the only requirement is an Internet connection, and are now stored under a traceable basis and following regulations herein described. The software has restricted access by codes and passwords. Our biobank stores more than 278,000 zoonotic anisakids, as well as their associated information, from 19 fish species and 13 fishing areas. These samples include whole animals, DNA and proteins. Furthermore, we estimated the cost for the basic functioning of the Technical Unit of Biobank to maintain its infrastructure. The constitution of this biobank and the development of the programmed action will yield several global benefits that otherwise would not be achievable in a local/regional framework in three ways: economic, ecological and transfer to stakeholders, The EU-granted PARASITE (GA312068) supported this work

10 pages, 2 tables, 2 figures, In recent years, scientific evidence from clinical case studies has been accumulated to suggest that consumption of homemade raw anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) in vinegar (referred to locally as “boquerones en vinagre”) represented the main potential risk source for anisakiasis and IgE sensitization to Anisakis in Spain. Conversely, most epidemiological surveys for this fish species in fishing grounds along the Spanish coast and in Spanish markets showed parasite-free fish lots or parasite prevalence below 10%. In order to update the anchovy infection data and to re-evaluate the importance of this species as a potential source of risk exposure to zoonotic and allergy diseases, 956 anchovies collected by Spanish commercial fishing vessels operating in NE Atlantic fishing grounds were analyzed, using a high performance methodology. Results revealed an overall mean prevalence for zoonotic nematodes (genera Anisakis and Hysterothylacium combined) of 64.33% (14.75% in the flesh). Infection values reached 87% in one of the lots. Prevalence in anchovy muscle was 28.65%, which represents the highest value of parasitization of the flesh ever reported for European stocks of this species. An enhanced risk communication plan focused on control measures, such as removal of anchovy viscera by retailers, and educational campaigns stressing the importance of freezing anchovies that are intended for raw consumption, may clearly contribute to avoid this emergent biohazard in seafood, The EU-granted PARASITE Project (GA312068) supported this work

10 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, A sampling programme to understand the factors affecting zoonotic parasite presence and infection intensity of Atlantic European hake populations was conducted from 2013 to 2015. Commercial fish samples comprising 430 hake specimens from northern (Grand Sole) and southern (Atlantic Iberian Peninsula) fishing grounds were sampled, recorded and inspected. We also analysed 75 additional samples collected around Scotland. Parasites were microscopically identified to genus level. Fish biometric measurements were statistically evaluated as categorical predictors of parasite recruitment into fish stocks. Stable isotope composition was determined in another sample batch of 501 hakes from the NE Atlantic (Grand Sole and Galician grounds) to explore trophic indicators as potential predictors of parasite burden. Partial sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear marker genes (mtDNA cox2 and EF1 α-1 nDNA) from a set of 915 Anisakis larvae confirmed the northern stock to be parasitized by A. simplex (s.s.) while off the Iberian Peninsula hake there was a mixed infection pattern with larvae of A. simplex s.s. (67.4% of identified larvae), A. pegreffii (31.9%) and the F1hybrid (0.7%). The observed burden of Anisakis spp. larvae differed markedly between fishing areas. The presence of very high Anisakis spp. burdens in a comparatively small proportion of individual fish was well-illustrated with characteristic tensegrity grid architecture for parasite aggregation derived from a plaque-forming cell response observed in the abdominal cavity of larger fish specimens. Demographic infection values were remarkably high in Grand Sole and off the Iberian Peninsula, with 100% prevalence and mean abundances in the fillets ranging from 247 (A. simplex) in hake from Grand Sole to 60 A. simplex and 20 A. pegreffii in southern European populations. Infections were less prevalent and less intense in the hake sample from Scottish waters. Fish size was the most important factor affecting Anisakis spp. prevalence and abundance, with larger fish containing more Anisakis larvae. Anisakis abundance within individual fish was also positively correlated with the condition index although this does not rule out negative effects on the host, and with trophic level, even after fish size was accounted for. These results suggest that higher Anisakis burden is associated with a higher food intake and with eating larger prey. The risk profile for zoonotic parasites herein described for European hake populations underlines the urgent need for adopting a contingency plan that minimizes the risk exposure, This research was supported by the European Commission under the project PARASITE (FP7-GA-312068)

Introducción. Los pacientes con síndrome de Down sin enfermedad cardiaca estructural pueden presentar disfunción de la regulación autonómica cardiaca, lo cual se manifiesta mediante una contestación reducida de la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) frente a los estímulos. Con base en las respuestas hemodinámicas, se postuló que dichos pacientes tienen una reducción en las retirada vagales y la activación simpática. En esta revisión se explica el rol del sistema autonómico en el control de la FC y la respuesta cronotrópica atenuada observada en esta población.Objetivo. Describir, mediante la presentación de un caso clínico, la disfunción autonómica presente en los pacientes con síndrome de Down a fin de identificar las causas atribuidas por la evidencia científicaMateriales y métodos.Se describió un caso clínico y se realizó una búsqueda a través de PubMed con los términos: “Down Syndrome” AND “Bradycardia”, “VO2peak”, “Heart Rate Variability”, “Vagal Withdrawal”, “Sympathetic Activation”.Resultados. Los hallazgos sugieren que el ejercicio físico puede ser una intervención efectiva para mejorar la función cardiaca autonómica en personas con síndrome de Down. Además, las mejoras inducidas por el entrenamiento fueron alcanzadas por los participantes con niveles más bajos de modulación vagal al inicio del estudio en pacientes con y sin discapacidad, por lo que el entrenamiento puede ser eficaz para mejorar la aptitud cardiorespiratoria en quienes tienen un mayor grado de disfunción autonómica.Conclusión. Se presentó un caso clínico de síndrome de Down con disfunción sinusal, que podía estar relacionado con la disfunción de la regulación de la función cardiaca autonómica, dada por una FC reducida frente a los estímulos. Introduction: Patients with Down syndrome without structural heart disease may present with a dysfunction of the cardiac autonomic regulation, which is manifested by a reduced response of the heart rate (HR) to stimuli. Based on the hemodynamic responses, it has been postulated that individuals with Down syndrome have a reduced vagal tone and sympathetic activation. This review explains the role of the autonomic system in the control of HR and the attenuated chronotropic response observed in this population.Objective: To describe, through a clinical case presentation, the autonomic dysfunction observed in patients with Down syndrome, in order to identify the causes attributed by scientific evidence.Materials and methods: A clinical case was described and a search was made in PubMed of the terms: “Down Syndrome” AND “Bradycardia”, “VO2peak”, “Heart Rate Variability”, “Vagal Tone”, “Sympathetic Activation”.Results: The findings suggest that physical exercise may be an effective intervention to improve autonomic cardiac function in patients with Down syndrome. Furthermore, training-induced improvements were achieved by participants with lower levels of vagal modulation at the start of the study, in both patients with and without disabilities. In consequence, training may be effective to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in those who have a greater degree of autonomic dysfunction.Conclusion: A clinical case of Down syndrome with sinus dysfunction was presented in this study. This condition could be related to a dysfunction of autonomic cardiac function regulation caused by reduced HR response to stimuli.

Introduction: Patients with Down syndrome without structural heart disease may present with a dysfunction of the cardiac autonomic regulation, which is manifested by a reduced response of the heart rate (HR) to stimuli. Based on the hemodynamic responses, it has been postulated that individuals with Down syndrome have a reduced vagal tone and sympathetic activation. This review explains the role of the autonomic system in the control of HR and the attenuated chronotropic response observed in this population. Objective: To describe, through a clinical case presentation, the autonomic dysfunction observed in patients with Down syndrome, in order to identify the causes attributed by scientific evidence. Materials and methods: A clinical case was described and a search was made in PubMed of the terms: “Down Syndrome” AND “Bradycardia”, “VO2peak”, “Heart Rate Variability”, “Vagal Tone”, “Sympathetic Activation”. Results: The findings suggest that physical exercise may be an effective intervention to improve autonomic cardiac function in patients with Down syndrome. Furthermore, training-induced improvements were achieved by participants with lower levels of vagal modulation at the start of the study, in both patients with and without disabilities. In consequence, training may be effective to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in those who have a greater degree of autonomic dysfunction. Conclusion: A clinical case of Down syndrome with sinus dysfunction was presented in this study. This condition could be related to a dysfunction of autonomic cardiac function regulation caused by reduced HR response to stimuli.

Bibliografía relativa a Filología Griega publicada en Es­pa­ña en 2019

El libro Optimismo, tesón y labor da cuenta de su objeto de estudio: Jorge Garcés Borrero, uno de los empresarios vallecaucanos más interesantes que se conozcan en el ámbito de la Historia Empresarial, ya que se trata de alguien sui generis, en el sentido que no corresponde al clásico empresario colombiano de la primera mitad del siglo XX, que acumula su capital en el café y luego lo invierte en el comercio, la banca y la industria, imagen cosificada del empresario exitoso, que no ha permitido conocer otras figuras o arquetipos del empresariado nacional. Las dimensiones como empresario innovador, cosmopolita, que es creativo en el uso de la información, conocimientos y experiencias logradas en su ámbito familiar, sus relaciones sociales y su capacidad para relacionarse con empresas e instituciones financieras del mundo, permiten configurar a Garcés como un empresario diversificado y que sabe relacionar los recursos y potencialidades de una región como el Valle del Cauca con las oportunidades del mercado mundial Introducción, Jaime E. Londoño M. -- Los Garcés Borrero: familia, región económica y funciones empresariales, Jaime E. Londoño M. y Catalina Ararat Ospina -- Jorge Garcés Borrero: la Droguería y la Farmacia JGB, Jaime E. Londoño M. y Rosa Helena Rodríguez -- Jorge Garcés Borrero: Laboratorios JGB, 1931-1944, Jaime E. Londoño M. y Rosa Helena Rodríguez, Jorge Garcés Borrero: banquero, inversionista y negociante de bienes raíces, Jaime E. Londoño M. y Sonia Milena Jaimes Peñaloza -- Un discreto perfil de hidalgo: representaciones de su vida, memorias de su muerte, Jaime E. Londoño M. y Rosa Helena Rodríguez

Zika en Embarazadas y Ninos (ZEN) is a prospective cohort study designed to identify risk factors and modifiers for Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnant women, partners, and infants, as well as to assess the risk for adverse maternal, fetal, infant, and childhood outcomes of ZIKV and other congenital infections. ZIKV infection during pregnancy may be associated with long-term sequelae. In the ZEN cohort, 1,519 pregnant women and 287 partners were enrolled from 3 departments within Colombia between February 2017 and January 2018, as well as 1,108 infants born to the pregnant women who were followed to 6 months. The data include baseline questionnaires at enrollment; repeated symptoms and study follow-up questionnaires; the results of lab tests to detect ZIKV and other congenital infections; medical record abstractions; infant physical, eye, and hearing exams; and developmental screening tests. Follow-up of 850 mother-child dyads occurred at 9 months, 12 months, and 18 months with developmental screenings, physical exams, and parent questionnaires. The data will be pooled with those from other prospective cohort studies for an individual participant data meta-analysis of ZIKV infection during pregnancy to characterize pregnancy outcomes and sequelae in children.

6 pages, 2 tables, 2 figures, We carried out a comparison of three different tools for determining the risk of Anisakis exposure in fish: i) a risk ranking tool registered as a trade mark (FPR standard) based on a previous risk categorization scheme (Site, abundance, density and exposure, SADE), ii) the current visual method for fish inspection (V) and iii) the UV-press/peptic digestion (UV-P/PD) method. We used 2377 fish from 9 species and three important ICES fishing areas. The percentage of rejection for each fish lot was calculated according to the criteria established for the three different methods as follows: V, presence of visible parasites in the viscera and/or abdominal cavity; UV-P/PD, presence of parasites in the fish flesh; FPR scoring for parasite risk, individuals obtaining the classification of “poor”. The highest rejection rate was for UV-P/PD method, rejecting all the fish that harbor just one Anisakis in the edible part of the fish. Follow the rejection rate of fish under visual inspection, being the lowest that catalogued using the FPR standard. Visual inspection penalizes species with far higher rates of visceral than muscular parasitation, such as the blackbellied angler. Conversely, fish individuals preliminarily accepted by visual inspection would be rejected by FPR, thus minimizing the risks for consumers in species, such as in the case of the European hake, with high flesh infection. In some cases, the edible part exceeded the number of parasites found in the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. Overall, the results obtained after combining various geographic areas and fish species clearly suggest that a risk ranking tool represents a better trade-off between a best-value for money approach and the best-assurance for fish quality and safety approach than current inspection methods FPR also allows the possibility of an objective, transparent and efficient classification of the fish lots in 5 different categories from “poor” to “excellent”. As a conclusion, the FPR scheme should be routinely used within HACCP programs to facilitate the risk standardization and communication to improve the fish quality and guarantee healthier products, The EU-granted PARASITE Project (GA312068) supported this work

Este artículo presenta un análisis contrastivo entre las metáforas encontradas en el discurso de un grupo de docentes indígenas miembros de la comunidad Sikuani y uno de docentes no indígenas, pertenecientes a las secretarías de Educación del municipio de Villavicencio y del departamento del Meta, en Colombia. Los resultados muestran cómo estos dos grupos tienen diferentes representaciones sociales de la Escuela, marcadas por la experiencia histórica de cada uno y por la manera diversa en que sus miembros se relacionan entre sí, con su espacio y con la naturaleza.

[EN] Bibliography concerning Greek Philology published in Spain in 2017, [ES] Bibliografía relativa a Filología Griega publicada en España en 2017.

Urastoma cyprinae is a turbellarian that infects the gills of numerous species of bivalves. In the current study we investigated the seasonal behavior and microhabitat preferences of this parasite in wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Vigo estuary (northwest Spain). U. cyprinae exhibited a marked seasonal pattern, with the highest levels of infection occurring during summer and autumn, coinciding with the highest abundance of juvenile worms in the gills, and the lowest in winter. We observed a positive correlation between host size and parasite intensity, with the highest values of prevalence and intensity being detected in the largest mussels (>60 mm). The number of worms observed in the posterior region of the gills was significantly higher than that observed in the middle and anterior regions. Along the dorsoventral axis, worms were especially abundant in the ventral and middle regions. Implications of these findings for clarifying the life cycle of U. cyprinae in the Vigo estua...

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