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Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have evolved with plants and dispersed throughout the world in response to key geological events. However, these hypotheses have not been extensively tested because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets for butterfly larval hosts and global distributions are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,300 butterfly species, sampled from 90 countries and 28 specimen collections, to reconstruct a new phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera. Our phylogeny has strong support for nearly all nodes and demonstrates that at least 36 butterfly tribes require reclassification. Divergence time analyses imply an origin ~100 million years ago for butterflies and indicate that all but one family were present before the K/Pg extinction event. We aggregated larval host datasets and global distribution records and found that butterflies are likely to have first fed on Fabaceae and originated in what is now the Americas. Soon after the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, butterflies crossed Beringia and diversified in the Palaeotropics. Our results also reveal that most butterfly species are specialists that feed on only one larval host plant family. However, generalist butterflies that consume two or more plant families usually feed on closely related plants., Funding came from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) GoLife ‘ButterflyNet’ collaborative grant (DEB-1541500, 1541557, 1541560) to A.Y.K., R.P.G., D.J.L. and N.E.P. Specimen collection and preservation was funded by NSF DBI-1349345, 1601369, DEB-1557007 and IOS-1920895 (A.Y.K.), NSF DEB-1120380 (D.J.L.), grants 9285-13 and WW-227R-17 from the National Geographic Society (D.J.L.), NSF DBI-1256742 (A.Y.K. and K.R.W.), NSF DEB-0639861 (K.R.W.) and NSF SES-0750480, DEB-0447244 and DEB-9615760 (N.E.P.). M.E. was supported by the Research Council of Norway (no. 204308) and the Hintelmann Scientific Award for Zoological Systematics. F.L.C. was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project GAIA, no. 851188). M.P.B. was supported by the Swedish Research Council (IPG no. 2020‐06422). R.V. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grant PID2019-107078GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. G.T. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grants PID2020-117739GA-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and RYC2018-025335-I). V.L. was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 19-14-00202) and by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant 075-15-2021-1069). M.Y. was supported by MEXT KAKENHI no. 19916010 and JSPS KAKENHI grants 13010131, 23570111, 26440207, 17K07528 and 21H02215. A.B.B.M., H.P.R. and N.O.M. were supported by CNPQ grants proc 563332/2010-7 and 304273/2014-7., Main Results and discussion Methods Data availability Code availability References Acknowledgements Author information Ethics declarations Peer review Additional information Supplementary information Rights and permissions About this article

Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have diversified via coevolution with plants and in response to dispersals following key geological events. These hypotheses have been poorly tested at the macroevolutionary scale because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets on global distributions and larval hosts of butterflies are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,000 butterfly species to construct a new, phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera and aggregated global distribution records and larval host datasets. We found that butterflies likely originated in what is now the Americas, ∼100 Ma, shortly before the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, then crossed Beringia and diversified in the Paleotropics. The ancestor of modern butterflies likely fed on Fabaceae, and most extant families were present before the K/Pg extinction. The majority of butterfly dispersals occurred from the tropics (especially the Neotropics) to temperate zones, largely supporting a “cradle” pattern of diversification. Surprisingly, host breadth changes and shifts to novel host plants had only modest impacts.

We studied the population biology and natural history of the endangered Swallowtail butterfly, Euryades corethrus to establish parameters for its conservation. We used capture-mark-recapture techniques and observations to study demography, mobility, foraging strategies, and sexual behavior. We captured 588 males and 367 females. Daily captures varied from zero to 44 per sex; sex ratio was male-biased. Abundance estimates showed that the population peaked during early spring and summer. Survival probability related to age, while temperature negatively affected recapture probability. Wing size varied throughout the study similarly for males and females, and both sexes displayed similar mobility. The distribution of flowers along sampling transects was not homogenous; Aristolochia sessilifolia was the only host plant recorded. The number of butterfly captures was higher in meadows and shrublands when compared to swamplands. Both the presence of flowers and host plants increased the chances of capturing individuals. The results shown here are relevant to design conservation strategies for the species, suggesting that classic conservation strategies, aimed to maintain a single patch of habitat protecting a single population, may not be the best strategy for the E. corethrus.

We provide an update, based on literature records, on biodiversity and distribution of echinoderms along the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Sixty-one echinoderms taxa are reported, in 36 families. We present information on habitat distribution, taxonomy and possible threats to these species. The highest number of echinoderm records was between 25°19′S and 28°11′S latitudes, and sites of the Continental Shelf and the Reserva Biológica Marinha of Arvoredo area had the most species records (30 and 26 species, respectively). In addition, Santa Catarina is the southernmost record, in the Atlantic Ocean, for 40 echinoderm species; of these, 10 are on the regional list of endangered species. Eight species are endemic to Brazil and one ophiuroid species was reported herein for the first time at Santa Catarina: Ophiacantha pentacrinus Lütken, 1869.

We report the Bombycoidea and Mimallonoidea (Lepidoptera) observed at the the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul’s (UFRGS) Agronomic Research Station in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil from September 7th to November 6th, 2018. This research station is situated in the Campos Sulinos (southern Brazilian grasslands) environment. As part of our inventory, we report the following Bombycoidea: 29 species of Sphingidae, 26 species of Saturniidae, at least seven species of Apatelodidae, and at least four species of Bombycidae. Within Mimallonidae we recorded eight species. New state records include the following Sphingidae: Xylophanes alineae, X. crenulata, and Perigonia stulta; and Mimallonidae: Mimallo grisea and the genus Menevia. Our study represents the first inventory of moths from this location and one of the few from the Campos Sulinos more broadly.

Male butterflies in the hyperdiverse tribe Eumaeini possess an unusually complex and diverse repertoire of secondary sexual characteristics involved in pheromone production and dissemination. Maintaining multiple sexually selected traits is likely to be metabolically costly, potentially resulting in trade-offs in the evolution of male signals. However, a phylogenetic framework to test hypotheses regarding the evolution and maintenance of male sexual traits in Eumaeini has been lacking. Here, we infer a comprehensive, time-calibrated phylogeny from 379 loci for 187 species representing 91% of the 87 described genera. Eumaeini is a monophyletic group that originated in the late Oligocene and underwent rapid radiation in the Neotropics. We examined specimens of 818 of the 1096 described species (75%) and found that secondary sexual traits are present in males of 91% of the surveyed species. Scent pads and scent patches on the wings and brush organs associated with the genitalia were probably present in the common ancestor of Eumaeini and are widespread throughout the tribe. Brush organs and scent pads are negatively correlated across the phylogeny, exhibiting a trade-off in which lineages with brush organs are unlikely to regain scent pads and vice versa. In contrast, scent patches seem to facilitate the evolution of scent pads, although they are readily lost once scent pads have evolved. Our results illustrate the complex interplay between natural and sexual selection in the origin and maintenance of multiple male secondary sexual characteristics and highlight the potential role of sexual selection spurring diversification in this lineage., Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 288 (1950), ISSN:0080-4649, ISSN:0950-1193, ISSN:1471-2954, ISSN:0962-8452

Pseudolucia parana Bálint, 1993 was described from Castro, Paraná, Brazil, where it was first collected over 120 years ago. It was observed/collected quite sporadically in the second half of the 20th century in a few isolated habitats in the State of Paraná. Excluding a single record since the early 2000s, the species was not observed in all its known sites in Paraná due to urbanization of its habitats or change of land use. Consequently the species in Paraná state is highly endangered, possibly extinct. Efforts to find the species in the state Santa Catarina failed. A new hope to the survival of the species appeared in the southernmost state Rio Grande do Sul, where some relict populations are documented. The results of rescue expeditions to several granitic hills in the region are presented and the current distribution P. parana is assessed. First descriptions of its early stages, ecology, ethology and recommendations for conservation are given. The data provided indicate that the global status of P. parana should be Critically Endangered. Some molecular traits of P. parana are analysed resulting in a preliminary assessment for the age of the populations. With 24 figures.

The Pampa is a biome shared by Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Despite its high biodiversity, little is known about the invertebrate fauna. The few inventories done so far were conducted outside protected areas, which could result in underestimated real biodiversity. Thus, species inventories from protected areas should be done to serve as reference for conservation. Here we survey the butterflies occurring in the Banhado dos Pachecos Wildlife Refuge, Uruguayan Savanna, Brazil. Sampling was performed between April 2012 and March 2013. After 288 hours of sampling, 1,508 individuals from 113 species were sampled; five new species records for Rio Grande do Sul state and 12 for the Uruguayan Savanna were found. Richness among families was compared to other inventories and butterfly conservation discussed concerning the conversion of grasslands into croplands/pastures. The evidence presented supports that the Pampa is a fragile environment under the pressure of habitat conversion. Biodiversity studies in fragmented areas are needed to provide essential information for conservation programs.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-12T16:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018 Butterflies are one of the best-known insect groups, and they have been the subject of numerous studies in ecology and evolution, especially in the tropics. Much attention has been given to the fruit-feeding butterfly guild in biodiversity conservation studies, due to the relative ease with which taxa may be identified and specimens sampled using bait traps. However, there remain many uncertainties about the macroecological and biogeographical patterns of butterflies in tropical ecosystems. In the present study, we gathered information about fruit-feeding butterfly species in local communities from the Atlantic Forests of South America. The ATLANTIC BUTTERFLIES data set, which is part of ATLANTIC SERIES data papers, results from a compilation of 145 unpublished inventories and 64 other references, including articles, theses, and book chapters published from 1949 to 2018. In total, the data set contains 7,062 records (presence) of 279 species of fruit-feeding butterflies identified with taxonomic certainty, from 122 study locations. The Satyrini is the tribe with highest number of species (45%) and records (30%), followed by Brassolini, with 13% of species and 12.5% of records. The 10 most common species correspond to 14.2% of all records. This data set represents a major effort to compile inventories of fruit-feeding butterfly communities, filling a knowledge gap about the diversity and distribution of these butterflies in the Atlantic Forest. We hope that the present data set can provide guidelines for future studies and planning of new inventories of fruit-feeding butterflies in this biome. The information presented here also has potential use in studies across a great variety of spatial scales, from local and landscape levels to macroecological research and biogeographical research. We expect that such studies be very important for the better implementation of conservation initiatives, and for understanding the multiple ecological processes that involve fruit-feeding butterflies as biological indicators. No copyright restrictions apply to the use of this data set. Please cite this Data paper when using the current data in publications or teaching events. [dos Santos, Jessie Pereira; Lucci Freitas, Andre Victor; Brown, Keith Spalding, Jr.; Oliveira Carreira, Junia Yasmin; Gueratto, Patricia Eyng; Batista Rosa, Augusto Henrique; Lourenco, Giselle Martins; Accacio, Gustavo Mattos] Univ Estadual Campinas UNICAMP, Inst Biol, Dept Biol Anim, Campinas, SP, Brazil [Uehara-Prado, Marcio] Inst Neotrop Pesquisa Conservacao, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil [Iserhard, Cristiano Agra; Richter, Aline] Univ Fed Pelotas, Dept Ecol Zool & Genet, Campus Univ Capao Leao, Pelotas, RS, Brazil [Romanowski, Helena Piccoli; Mega, Nicolas Oliveira; Teixeira, Melissa Oliveira; Moser, Alfred] Univ Fed Rio Grande, Dept Zool, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil [Ribeiro, Danilo Bandini; Araujo, Poliana Felix] Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Inst Biociencias, Campo Grande, Brazil [Cordeiro Filgueiras, Bruno Karol; Alves Melo, Douglas Henrique] Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Zool, Recife, PE, Brazil [Leal, Inara Roberta] Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Bot, Recife, PE, Brazil [Beirao, Marina do Vale] Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Programa Posgrad Ecol Biomas Tropicais, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil [Ribeiro, Danilo Bandini] Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Dept Biodiversidade, Lab Ecol Evolut Insetos Dossel & Sucessao Nat, Minas Gerais, Brazil [Barbosa Cambui, Elaine Cristina] Univ Fed Bahia, PPG Multiinst Multidisciplinar Difusao Conhecimen, Salvador, BA, Brazil [Vasconcelos, Rodrigo Nogueira] Univ Estadual Feira de Santana, PPG Modelagem Ciecias Terra & Ambiente, Feira De Santana, Brazil [Cardoso, Marcio Zikan] Univ Fed Rio Grande do Norte, Dept Ecol, Natal, RN, Brazil [Paluch, Marlon] Univ Fed Reconcavo Bahia, Cruz Das Almas, BA, Brazil [Greve, Roberto Rezende] Univ Fed Integracao Latino Amer UNILA, Inst Latino Amer Ciencias Vida & Nat, Lab Ecol Metacomunidades, Foz Do Iguacu, Brazil [Voltolini, Julio Cesar] ECOTROP Grp Pesquisa & Ensino Biol Conservacao, Unitau, Dept Biol [Galetti, Mauro] Univ Estadual Sao Paulo UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Ecol, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil [Regolin, Andre Luis; Sobral-Souza, Thadeu; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar] Univ Estadual Sao Paulo UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Ecol, Lab Ecol Espacial Conservacao LEEC, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

Butterfly species with broad geographical ranges are expected to be tolerant of ecological/ environmental constraints and to shifts in host plant use. This seems to be the case of the butterfly Battus polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), which in the absence of better host plants may lay eggs on low-quality Aristolochia (Piperales: Aristolochiaceae) plants, increasing the developmental time and mortality rate of immatures. Battus polydamas populations from the Uruguayan savanna were investigated to verify whether A. sessilifolia (Klotzsch) Duch. was being used as a host plant in grassland areas where no other Aristolochia species are available. Species distribution models (SDM) for both species were built to verify whether ecological conditions could cause overlapping distributions between them. Extensive field surveys were performed to investigate whether B. polydamas actually uses A. sessilifolia as larval food source in the field. The performance of larvae on such host plant was also tested under controlled conditions in a laboratory environment. The SDM analysis showed a large overlap between the distributions of B. polydamas and A. sessilifolia. Field surveys revealed the occurrence of an interaction between the butterfly and the potential host plant, and laboratory experiments corroborated that B. polydamas larvae can successfully use A. sessilifolia as a host plant. The wide distribution of B. polydamas suggests that this butterfly species evolved the ability to develop in unfavorable environments (e.g., poor host plants, adverse climate), allowing it to use virtually all Aristolochia species of the Neotropics as host plants. Thus, adult females appear to have developed the capacity to identify any Aristolochia spp. as a suitable host plant, enabling the exploitation of various landscapes and ecoregions.

Diapause is modulated by genetic responses to some environmental cues. The most common stimulus to trigger diapause is photoperiod, but temperature and humidity can also be important. Subtropical grasslands insects are overexposed to seasonality and can use diapause as strategy to overcome harsh conditions, avoiding freezing winter temperatures and drought summer conditions. Here, we investigate if photoperiod, temperature, and humidity can induce and terminate dormancy using the model Euryades corethrus, a butterfly from Pampa that diapause as pupae. We hypothesize that photoperiod, temperature, and humidity can induce dormancy; to test the hypothesis, individuals from a stock population were subjected to experiments controlling these three factors. Photoperiod and temperature interactions were also tested. To evaluate if the removal of the harsh factor that induced diapause trigger diapause termination, 50% of dormant pupae in each experiment were exposed to amenable conditions. The results indicated that diapause is mainly induced by short photophases, while temperature and humidity separately do not increase dormancy frequency. Short photoperiods and low temperatures interact with each other, increasing dormancy in experimental populations. The evidences suggest that diapause is trigger by short-day lengths and boosted by low temperatures as winter approaches. The incidence of obligatory summer diapause was not supported, but the occurrence of dormant pupae in high-temperature treatments suggests that high temperatures produce facultative diapause. Regarding diapause termination, the softening of harsh conditions that induced diapause was not sufficient to reverse the dormancy state, suggesting that diapause termination is more complex than previously thought, probably involving internal clocks.

Knowledge of species distribution is important for effective conservation measures. Considering that habitat features and abiotic factors can influence local community structure of butterflies, this study aimed to verify the existence of a pattern in the distribution of Satyrini in southern Brazil. For this objective, we updated the regional Satyrini species list based on field studies and literature, resulting in a total of 54 species. For those studies that presented clearly defined sampling sites, we analyzed the faunal similarity by site and by phytoecological region and verified the influences of environmental (altitude, average annual temperature and precipitation, and phytoecological region) and spatial variables (PCNM) in species distribution. We analyzed 156 records of 40 species at 14 sites and eight phytoecological regions. Environmental variables—namely, differences in temperature and phytoecological region—and spatial position proved to effect the distribution of Satyrini in southern Brazil. We thus urge that the future Conservation Units should be well spaced and properly distributed through environmentally distinct units in the landscape, representing different phytoecological regions. These conclusions shall provide subsidies to biodiversity conservation.

The study of fauna through long-term surveys is important in unveiling how temporal patterns shape the structure of communities in tropical habitats. The butterfly assemblage of the subtropical Atlantic Forest may be considered highly diverse and shows changes in diversity and composition over time, highlighting the importance of long-term inventories. This work assessed temporal diversity patterns in the distribution and composition of butterfly assemblages in an Atlantic Forest site in southern Brazil using combined data from three years of standardized sampling with entomological nets, increasing the knowledge on this group in the Neotropics for monitoring and conservation. The butterfly fauna was analyzed in terms of richness, abundance, and composition. The inventories reached 401 species, with 14,442 butterfly individuals sampled. All the diversity parameters evaluated show significant differences between the first year of sampling compared to the second and third years. The latter had higher values of richness and abundance, followed by the first and second years. Hesperiidae was the richest family, followed by Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae, indicating a good representation of the assemblage as a whole. The results of this work are important for developing conservation programs in the Atlantic Forest and other forested environments in the neotropics, especially concerning reliable diversity assessments for the monitoring and management of protected areas. Decision making and public policy might also benefit from knowledge on temporal patterns of diversity regarding the maintenance of native habitats and integrity of biomes and their associated fauna.

This study presents a compilation of fruit-feeding butterflies species for Rio Grande do Sul Atlantic Forest aiming to be a tool for identification of these lepidopterans from two phytophysiognomies of this biome. Samples were carried out for more than four years with entomological nets and bait traps techniques in areas of Subtropical Atlantic Forest (SAF) and Araucaria Moist Forest (AMF). Seventy-six butterfly species were recorded in this region of Atlantic Forest, 60 species for SAF and 53 for AMF. Fruit-feeding butterflies represent about 50% of the total species richness of the Nymphalidae recorded for the region, a value of the same order of those found for similar studies in tropical forests regions. Dasyophthalma rusina is a new record for Rio Grande do Sul. Este estudo é uma compilação de dados sobre a fauna de borboletas frugívoras na Mata Atlântica no Rio Grande do Sul, e tem como objetivo possibilitar a identificação das espécies ocorrentes em duas formações vegetais deste bioma. Foram realizadas amostragens com as técnicas de rede entomológica e armadilhas de iscas atrativas em áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Densa (FOD) e Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM), ao longo de mais de quatro anos. Foram registradas 76 espécies para a Mata Atlântica, sendo 60 espécies para a FOD e 53 para a FOM. As borboletas frugívoras representaram cerca de 50% da riqueza total de espécies da família Nymphalidae já registradas para a mesma área, valor semelhante foi encontrado para outras regiões de florestas tropicais. Dasyophthalma rusina constitui-se em um novo registro para o Rio Grande do Sul.

Visando contribuir para conhecimento sistematizado da composição e distribuição da fauna de borboletas da região Sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul, entre abril de 2003 e janeiro de 2004, foram realizadas expedições para cinco locais na Serra do Sudeste. A composição de espécies de Nymphalidae, Papilionidae e Pieridae foi comparada aos registros existentes para as áreas adjacentes, na Encosta Sudeste e Litoral Sul, em Pelotas e seus arredores. No total de 289 horas-rede de amostragem, foram registrados 2.326 indivíduos e 81 espécies: 59 Nymphalidae, 12 Papilionidae e 10 Pieridae. Para a região adjacente, os trabalhos anteriores listam 138 espécies. Compilando-se ambas as fontes, obtém-se para a região Sudeste do Estado, 152 espécies: 110 Nymphalidae, 14 Papilionidae e 28 Pieridae. Do total de espécies, 14 (9%) ocorreram apenas na Serra do Sudeste e 71 (47%) em Pelotas e seus arredores. Os resultados apresentam a composição peculiar da lepidopterfauna da Serra Sudeste, e corroboram a importância biológica desta área do Estado. To contribute to the knowledge on the composition and distribution of the butterfly fauna of the Southeastern region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), five areas at Serra do Sudeste were sampled between April/2003 and January/2004. The species composition of Nymphalidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae was compared with existing records for the contiguous areas at the foot of Serra do Sudeste and the South Coast Plain (Pelotas and surroundings). In a total of 289 net-hours of sampling at Serra do Sudeste, 2.326 individuals in 81 species were recorded: 59 Nymphalidae, 12 Papilionidae and 10 Pieridae. Literature data available for the adjacent areas lists 138 species. Putting both sources together, a total of 152 species are now registered for the Southeast Region of RS: 110 Nymphalidae, 14 Papilionidae and 28 Pieridae. Amongst these species, 14 (9%) occur only in Serra do Sudeste, and 71 (47%) only at the contiguous areas. The results demonstrate the peculiar composition of Serra do Sudeste lepidopterofauna and emphasize the biological importance of this area of Rio Grande do Sul.

Battus polystictus (Butler) is a butterfly from the Neotropical region, occurring in the Atlantic Forest and Pampa biomes. It is commonly found in forest fragments surrounded by meadow formations, subjected to marked seasonal changes. Here, we report the population dynamics of B. polystictus at a high latitude environment and provide notes on its natural history. Population parameters were estimated on a 12-month mark-recapture program and the seasonality of resources investigated by exhaustive mapping of host-plants and flowers. The number of butterflies per day was not stable during the year, ranging from zero (winter) to 22 (summer); the sex ratio was always male biased (3M:1F). The age structure was not constant, with an increase of older individuals toward summer. The population density was positively correlated with temperature, relative humidity, and day length. The residence time was lower for males, while the vagility was lower for females; the increment of resources at forest edges seems to increase the likelihood of occurrence of both sexes. The results shown here suggest that South Brazilian populations of B. polystictus have high ecological demands for spring and summer conditions, avoiding winter in diapause.

This study is a contribution to the knowledge of the thysanopterofauna of southern Brazil. From June 2003 to April 2004, seasonal field trips were conducted at the Parque Estadual de Itapuã (50º50'-51º05'W and 30º20'-30º27'S), in the county of Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, to collect shoots with/without flowers of various plant species. The material was brought to the laboratory where the thrips were sorted. A total of 23 thrips species belonging to 15 genera and two families were obtained. Nine of the species resulted as new record for Rio Grande do Sul (*), and other two also for Brazil (**). The species sampled are as follows: Aneristothrips claripennis (Moulton, 1933)*, Aurantothrips orchidearum (Bondar, 1931)*, Ceratothripoides lagoenacollus (Moulton, 1933)*, Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton, 1907)*, Chaetisothrips striatus (Hood, 1935), Coremothrips pallidus Hood, 1925*, Craniothrips urichi Bagnall, 1915, Frankliniella bertelsi (De Santis, 1967), Frankliniella distinguenda Bagnall*, 1919, Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton, 1948*, Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, 1919, Frankliniella insularis (Franklin, 1908), Frankliniella oxyura Bagnall, 1919*, Frankliniella rodeos Moulton, 1933, Haplothrips fiebrigi Priesner, 1931, Hoodothrips lineatus (Hood, 1928), Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford, 1910), Neohydatothrips denigratus (De Santis, 1966)**, Neohydatothrips fasciatus (Moulton, 1938)*, Neohydatothrips flavens (Moulton, 1941), Paraleucothrips minusculus Johansen, 1983**, Smicrothrips particula Hood, 1952, Thrips australis (Bagnall, 1915).O presente estudo visa contribuir para o conhecimento da tisanopterofauna do sul do Brasil. Entre junho de 2003 e abril de 2004, foram realizadas saídas de campo para o Parque Estadual de Itapuã (50º50'-51º05'W e 30º20'-30º 27'S), Viamão, Brasil, para a coleta de ramos com e sem flores de diversas espécies vegetais. O material foi levado para laboratório, onde procedeu-se a triagem dos tisanópteros. Foi obtido um total de 23 espécies de tripes, distribuídas em 15 gêneros e duas famílias. Nove destas espécies são novos registros para o Rio Grande do Sul (*) e outras duas para o Brasil (**). As espécies amostradas foram: Aneristothrips claripennis (Moulton, 1933)*, Aurantothrips orchidearum (Bondar, 1931)*, Ceratothripoides lagoenacollus (Moulton, 1933)*, Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton, 1907)*, Chaetisothrips striatus (Hood, 1935), Coremothrips pallidus Hood, 1925*, Craniothrips urichi Bagnall, 1915, Frankliniella bertelsi (De Santis, 1967), Frankliniella distinguenda Bagnall*, 1919, Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton, 1948*, Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, 1919, Frankliniella insularis (Franklin, 1908), Frankliniella oxyura Bagnall, 1919*, Frankliniella rodeos Moulton, 1933, Haplothrips fiebrigi Priesner, 1931, Hoodothrips lineatus (Hood, 1928), Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford, 1910), Neohydatothrips denigratus (De Santis, 1966)**, Neohydatothrips fasciatus (Moulton, 1938)*, Neohydatothrips flavens (Moulton, 1941), Paraleucothrips minusculus Johansen, 1983**, Smicrothrips particula Hood, 1952, Thrips australis (Bagnall, 1915).

Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) é praga importante do arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Este inseto hiberna durante os meses mais frios em refúgios como o folhedo de bambu. Este estudo objetivou elucidar a hibernação de O. poecilus e determinar as causas de mortalidade durante este período. O estudo foi realizado em um bambuzal com cerca de 140 m2, situado em área orizícola, em Eldorado do Sul (30° 02’ S e 51° 23’ W), RS. De junho/2000 à abril/2002, foram realizadas 63 amostragens de folhedo, em intervalos semanais ou quinzenais e o número de percevejos registrado em laboratório. A entrada no refúgio de hibernação (folhedo de bambu) iniciou na primeira semana de março, completando-se no início de maio. O. poecilus abandonou o refúgio da metade de outubro até o final de dezembro. O parasitismo por mosca (taquinídeos) e o fungo Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. foram os principais fatores de mortalidade. Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) is an important pest affecting irrigated rice in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It hibernates during the coldest months of the year in refuges such as bamboo litter. This study examined O. poecilus hibernation to determine the causes of mortality during this period. The study was conducted in a 140 m2 bamboo plantation located in a rice-growing area in Eldorado do Sul County (30° 02’ S and 51° 23’ W), RS. During June 2000 to April 2002, 63 samples of litter were taken in weekly or fortnightly intervals, and the number of bugs recorded in the laboratory. The arrival at the hibernation site (bamboo litter) began in the first fortnight of March, and was completed in the beginning of May. O. poecilus left this refuge from middle October to the end of December. Parasitism by tachinid flies and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. fungus were the most important mortality factors.

O conhecimento científico sobre a associação de Thysanoptera com plantas nativas ou cultivadas na região Neotropical é praticamente inexistente. Este trabalho objetivou identificar as espécies de tripes e as plantas por eles visitadas ou utilizadas como hospedeiras em uma unidade de conservação, o Parque Estadual de Itapuã (30°22’S 51°02’W), Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Entre junho de 1999 e maio de 2001, ramos (n=1.274), flores (n=774) e touceiras de gramíneas (n=596) foram sistematicamente amostradas em 20 pontos em quatro transectos estandardizados. O total de 72 espécies de plantas pertencentes a 26 famílias foram identificadas, 60 das quais foram registradas como hospedeiras. Do total de 9.602 espécimes de tripes, 4.900 (50%) foram registrados em flores, 3.764 (39%) em ramos e 938 (10%) nas touceiras de gramíneas. Para 6.533 dos espécimes (4.480 imaturos e 2.053 adultos), foi possível identificar a planta na qual foram coletados. De uma riqueza total de 61 espécies de tripes, 35 foram registradas em flores, 36 em ramos e 14 em touceiras de gramíneas. As espécies de tripes mais abundantes e as plantas que apresentaram a mais alta diversidade de tripes são comentadas. The scientific knowledge about the association of Thysanoptera with native or cultivated plants in the Neotropical region is practically nonentity. This work aimed at identifying the thrips species and the plants visited by them or used as hosts in a Conservation Unit, the “Parque Estadual de Itapuã” (30°22’S 51°02’W), Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Between June 1999 and May 2001, branches (n=1,274), flowers (n=774) and grass tussocks (n=596) were systematically sampled at 20 points in four standardized transects. A total of 72 plant species belonging to 26 families were identified, 60 of those were registered as host plants. From a total of 9,602 thrips specimens, 4,900 (50%) were registered in flowers, 3,764 (39%) in branches and 938 (10%) in grass tussocks. For 6,533 of the specimens (4,480 immatures and 2,053 adults), it was possible to identify the plant on which they were collected. Of a total richness of 61 species of thrips, 35 were recorded in flowers, 36 in branches and 14 in grass tussocks. The most abundant thrips species and the plant species that showed the higher thrips diversity are commented upon.

Procurando contribuir para o levantamento sistemático e o conhecimento das borboletas da Mata Atlântica do Rio Grande do Sul, foram realizadas saídas bimestrais em quatro localidades no vale do rio Maquiné, entre junho de 2001 e agosto de 2002. Foi elaborada uma listagem com 292 espécies de borboletas, sendo destas 42 registros novos para o Rio Grande do Sul e sete espécies raras e/ou indicadoras de ambiente preservado.To add to the knowledge on the diversity of the butterflies from Atlantic Rainforest of Rio Grande do Sul State, a systematic survey was carried out at the valley of Maquiné river, from june 2001 to august 2002, in four sampling localities. A list resulted with 292 butterfly species, with 42 new registers for Rio Grande do Sul and seven rare and/or environmental quality indicator butterfly species.

In the present work we investigated the movement pattern of Spartocera (=Corecoris) dentiventris (Berg) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) adults through the mark-release-recapture method in an experimental tobacco crop (Nicotiana tabacum L., Solanaceae) in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. We marked 217 specimens from August 1999 to April 2000. Females moved 2.94 ± 0.198 times and males 1.46 ± 0.171 times among host plants. The number of movements per capture was 0.53 ±0.03 for females and 0.54 ± 0.06 for males. Newly recruited adults took 12.75 ± 0.919 days to leave their original plant, females moved 9.87 ± 0.711 m and males 9.16 ± 1.29 m in this first movement. We estimate that females move an average of 26.22 m and males 13.89 m during their permanence in the area. O padrão de movimentação dos adultos de Spartocera (=Corecoris) dentiventris (Berg) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) foi investigado por meio do método de marcação e recaptura, em cultivo experimental de fumo (Nicotiana tabacum L., Solanaceae) em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Foram marcados 217 indivíduos no período de agosto de 1999 a abril de 2000; as fêmeas movimentaram-se 2,94 ± 0,198 vezes e os machos, 1,46 ± 0,171 vez entre as plantas hospedeiras. O número de movimentos registrados por recaptura foi de 0,53 ± 0,03 para fêmeas e de 0,54 ± 0,06 para machos. Os adultos recém-recrutados levaram 12,75 ± 0,91 dias para dispersar de sua planta de origem; as fêmeas percorreram 9,87 ± 0,711 m e os machos, 9,16 ± 1,29 m nesse primeiro movimento. Estima-se que as fêmeas percorram durante sua permanência na área uma média de 26,22 m, e os machos, 13,89 m.

Background: The aim of this study was to synthesize the knowledge of Riodinidae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), southern Brazil, evaluating the role of climatic, topographic, and vegetational variables on the observed patterns of occurrence and distribution of these butterflies in the Pampa and Atlantic Forest biomes. The records of riodinid butterflies in RS were collected from published studies and the examination of museum collections in Brazil. Results: A total of 97 taxa of Riodinidae were recorded, distributed in 92 municipalities. The NMDS analysis and the Constrained Analysis of Principal Coordinates grouped the municipalities according to the phytogeographic regions and biomes - Pampa and Atlantic Forest domains - in which the species records were made. Distance from the ocean, precipitation and temperature were the environmental variables which most contributed to explain the distribution patterns of these butterflies. The multivariate Mantel correlogram suggests that over short distances, the composition of species shows significant levels of spatial autocorrelation, and as geographic distance increases, these levels tend to present negative values. Conclusions: The results suggest that the observed distribution pattern of Riodinidae in the different biomes and phytogeographic regions in the extreme southern Brazil could be explained by climatic, environmental variables and geographic distance.

Se da a conocer a Aricoris cinericia por vez primera para Brasil, así como se mencionan otros registros en Argentina, conducta y distribución geográfica. Fil: Russo Siewert, Ricardo. Universidade Federal Do Parana; Brasil Fil: Agra Iserhard, Cristiano. Universidade Federal de Pelotas; Brasil Fil: Núñez Bustos, Ezequiel Osvaldo. Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Piccoli Romanowski, Helena. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil

This work presents new records and extends the geographic distribution of Heliconius sara apseudes in the Atlantic Forest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Five new records were taken along butterfly inventories carried out between 2005 and 2010 in distinct phytophysiognomies at Rio Grande do Sul northeast region: Swamp Forest, Atlantic Forest stricto sensu and Araucaria Moist Forest. The fact that all registers occurred in well preserved habitats of the Atlantic Forest emphasizes the need of conservation of this biome in Rio Grande do Sul.

The hibernation dynamics of Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) was studied in a bamboo stand, in Eldorado do Sul district (30° 02′ S, 51° 23′ WGR), RS, Brazil. From February 1990 to February 1991, a total of 12057 insects were sampled in the litter of the study area (80 m × 2 m), following a stratified random sampling programme. Four major phases were recognized in the phenology of the hibernating population: (1) a period of arrival at the hibernation site (February–March); (2) a settling period at the site; (3) a period of departure from the hibernation site (August–November); and (4) a residual period. Thus, diapause lasted about 7–8 months. The total mortality rate was 42% and a high rate of infection by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. was recorded among the dead insects (43%). Microclimatic profiles showed a narrower interval of variation of the air temperature and relative humidity in the bamboo litter than in the open field, hence characterizing the site as a refuge for hibernation. The concentration of high densities of hibernating adults in small areas, the long duration of diapause and the high natural occurrence of B. bassiana make the hibernation period a very appropriate and recommendable time for control of this weevil.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar uma lista de espécies de borboletas de Matas Paludosas e de Restingas da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina contribuindo para o conhecimento da fauna de borboletas da Mata Atlântica. Foram compilados dados obtidos com amostragens realizadas através de duas técnicas de coleta (armadilha com isca atrativa e rede entomológica) nos anos de 2005 e 2011. Com um esforço amostral de 10.920 horas com armadilhas e de 360 horas-rede foram encontradas 225 espécies de borboletas nos dois ambientes, distribuídas em seis famílias e 19 subfamílias. Vinte e cinco espécies são registros novos ainda não publicados para o Rio Grande do Sul e 35 espécies são novos registros para a Mata Atlântica do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo seis Nymphalidae, dez Hesperiidae, doze Lycaenidae e sete Riodinidae. Os resultados gerados no presente estudo são fundamentais para o conhecimento e conservação dos táxons estudados bem como dos ambientes aos quais estão associados. This paper presents a butterfly species list of Swamp and Resting forests in the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina States aiming to contribute to the knowledge of butterflies for these environments in the Atlantic Forest. Data compilation was obtained through inventories carried out in the years 2005 and 2011 with two sampling protocols (bait traps and butterfly nets). After 10.920 trap-hours and 360 net-hours 225 species of butterflies were recorded belonging to six families and 19 subfamilies. Twenty-five species are new records for the Rio Grande do Sul State and 35 species are new records for the Atlantic Forest in Rio Grande do Sul, with six Nymphalidae, ten Hesperiidae, twelve Lycaenidae and seven Riodinidae. The results obtained in the present study are fundamental for the knowledge and conservation of the taxa studied and to their associated habitats.

The Atlantic Forest is considered a biodiversity hotspot for conservation, because its fauna and flora are highly endemic and suffer from loss of natural habitats. This study assessed the composition and diversity of tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in two floristic formations of the southern Atlantic Forest (grassland and Araucaria forest) and in a transition zone (forest edge). The moths were attracted to UV light reflected onto a white sheet. A total of 3,574 tiger moths were collected, representing 121 species. The rarefaction curves showed that the tiger-moth assemblage collected in the grassland was more diverse than the assemblages from the Araucaria forest and the transition zone. The assemblages in the forest and forest edge resembled each other, whereas the grassland assemblage was distinct. The composition of the tiger-moth assemblages was related to the environmental characteristics [habitat type (grassland, edge, or forest), altitude, temperature, air relative humidity] and the location of the sites. The faunal similarity decreased in response to increasing environmental and geographical distances between the sites. The responsiveness of tiger moths to small-scale variation in environmental and geographical parameters indicates their good potential as environmental indicators.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento das borboletas frugívoras em diferentes ambientes de um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista no município de São Francisco de Paula, região Nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente entre março de 2008 e fevereiro de 2009 em duas transecções. Em cada transecção foram colocadas oito armadilhas atrativas fermentadas com banana e caldo de cana ao longo de três dias por ocasião amostral. Após um total de 5760 horas de amostragem foram registradas 30 espécies pertencentes a três subfamílias e seis tribos de borboletas frugívoras. Três espécies são novos registros para a Floresta Ombrófila Mista do Rio Grande do Sul: Prepona pylene pylene, Narope cyllastros e Opoptera sulcius, tendo esta última registro publicado para a região sudeste do estado. This study aimed to contribute to the knowledge of fruit-feeding butterflies in different habitats in a fragment of Araucaria Moist Forest, located in São Francisco de Paula municipality, in the Northeast region of Rio Grande do Sul State. The samples were carried out monthly between March 2008 and February 2009 in two transects. Eight bait traps with fermented banana and sugar cane juice were placed in each transect per sample occasion. After a total of 5760 sampling hours 30 fruit-feeding butterfly species were recorded belonging to three subfamilies and six tribes. Three species are new records for Araucaria Moist Forest in Rio Grande do Sul: Prepona pylene pylene, Narope cyllastros and Opoptera sulcius, the latter being recorded previously in the southeast region in this state.

Com o intuito de contribuir para o conhecimento das borboletas da Floresta Ombrófila Mista e Campos de Cima da Serra do Rio Grande do Sul foi elaborada uma listagem de espécies da assembléia de borboletas da Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula e entorno. Foram realizadas saídas bimestrais de março de 2006 a maio de 2008 sendo selecionados seis ambientes: (i) mata nativa de Araucaria angustifolia, (ii) mata nativa mesclada com reflorestamento de Araucaria angustifolia, (iii) reflorestamento de Araucaria angustifolia de mata aberta, (iv) reflorestamento de Araucaria angustifolia de mata fechada, (v) reflorestamento de Pinus e (vi) campo de altitude nativo. Após 674 horas-rede de amostragem foram registradas 277 espécies e subespécies de borboletas, distribuídas em 9661 indivíduos, pertencentes a seis famílias, sendo destas 139 novos registros para esta região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, 13 novas ocorrências para o estado e seis espécies raras ou indicadoras de ambiente preservado. Aiming to contribute to the knowledge of Araucaria Moist Forest butterflies in Rio Grande do Sul, a butterfly species list of the São Francisco National Forest and surroundings was compiled. Field expeditions were carried out bimonthly between March 2006 to May 2008 in six types of environments: (i) Araucaria angustifolia native forest, (ii) native forest mixed with Araucaria angustifolia plantation, (iii) Araucaria angustifolia plantation in open forest, (iv) Araucaria angustifolia plantation in closed forest, (v) Pinus plantation and (vi) grasslands in the basaltic highlands. After 674 net-hours of sampling effort 277 species and subspecies distributed in 9661 individuals, belonging to six families of butterflies were registered. One hundred thirty-nine species are new records for this region of Atlantic Forest and 13 species are new registers for Rio Grande do Sul State. Six species are rare and/or healthy environment indicators.

Lepidopterism by Hylesia nigricans (Berg) moth is recorded for the first time in southern Brazil. Preventive strategies of control are proposed based on information on the biology and ecology of this moth. É registrado pela primeira vez o lepidopterismo provocado pela mariposa Hylesia nigricans (Berg) para o sul do Brasil. São apresentados alguns aspectos da biologia da espécie e relatadas medidas como estratégia preventiva de controle.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma relação das espécies de borboletas que ocorrem no Parque Estadual do Espinilho (30°11’S, 57°30’W) e entorno no extremo sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizadas quatro expedições a campo, com duração de cinco dias cada, entre março de 2003 e janeiro de 2004. As amostragens contemplaram áreas com vegetação de Savana Estépica Parque e Mata Ciliar dentro dos limites do parque e entorno. Foi elaborada uma listagem com 97 espécies de borboletas, havendo 10 novos registros para o Rio Grande do Sul. This paper provides the first species list of butterflies from Espinilho State Park (30°11’S, 57°30’W) and surroundings in southwestern Rio Grande do Sul state. From March 2003 to January 2004, four field expeditions were carried out, lasting five days each. The study covered areas with “Savana Estépica Parque” vegetation and riparian forest inside the park boundary and on its surroundings. The list included 97 species, 10 of which are new records for Rio Grande do Sul.

The composition and the hourly variation of butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) throughout the day and the seasons was evaluated in a 1,000 m² patch of sandy forest (Restinga forest) on a coastal plain at Itapuã State Park (30º22'S, 51º02'W), Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, from July 2001 to June 2002. Butterflies were sampled by scanning and focal observations (adapted from ALTMANN 1974) carried out at successive 45 minutes intervals. This methodology proved to be effective in recording the presence and activity of butterflies on a small area. A total of 108 observation hours yielded 326 butterflies from 41 species, 33 genera and five families. Nymphalidae was the most abundant family contributing with 74% of the total individuals. The most abundant species was Eunica eburnea Fruhstorfer, 1907 (Nymphalidae) with 45 individuals registered along the year. General diversity estimates were Dmg = 6.912, H' = 3.012 and d = 0.138. Although there were variations in the daily times of butterfly activity throughout the seasons, there was a general trend for higher activity during the morning period, between 9:00 and 11:45 h. A composição e a variação das espécies de borboletas (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) ao longo dos diferentes horários do dia e das estações do ano foi avaliada em uma mancha de 1.000 m² de mata de restinga localizada na planície arenosa do Parque Estadual de Itapuã (30º22'S 51º02'W), Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, de julho 2001 a junho 2002. As borboletas foram amostradas através de observações de varredura e focal (adaptadas de ALTMANN 1974) a intervalos sucessivos de 45 minutos cada. Esta metodologia demonstrou-se eficaz no registro da presença e atividade das borboletas em uma área de tamanho reduzido. Um total de 108 horas de observação resultou em 326 borboletas distribuídas em 41 espécies, 33 gêneros e cinco famílias. Nymphalidae foi a família mais abundante contribuindo com 74% do total de indivíduos observados. A espécie mais abundante foi Eunica eburnea Fruhstorfer, 1907 (Nymphalidae) com 45 indivíduos registrados ao longo do ano. As estimativas gerais de diversidade foram Dmg = 6,912, H' = 3,012 e d = 0,138. Embora tenha sido observada variação no horário de atividade das borboletas ao longo das estações do ano, a tendência para maior atividade foi durante o período da manhã, entre 9:00 e 11:45 h.

O presente estudo visa contribuir para o conhecimento da tisanopterofauna do sul do Brasil. Entre junho de 2003 e abril de 2004, foram realizadas saídas de campo para o Parque Estadual de Itapuã (50º50’-51º05’W e 30º20’-30º 27’S), Viamão, Brasil, para a coleta de ramos com e sem flores de diversas espécies vegetais. O material foi levado para laboratório, onde procedeu-se a triagem dos tisanópteros. Foi obtido um total de 23 espécies de tripes, distribuídas em 15 gêneros e duas famílias. Nove destas espécies são novos registros para o Rio Grande do Sul (*) e outras duas para o Brasil (**). As espécies amostradas foram: Aneristothrips claripennis (Moulton, 1933)*, Aurantothrips orchidearum (Bondar, 1931)*, Ceratothripoides lagoenacollus (Moulton, 1933)*, Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton, 1907)*, Chaetisothrips striatus (Hood, 1935), Coremothrips pallidus Hood, 1925*, Craniothrips urichi Bagnall, 1915, Frankliniella bertelsi (De Santis, 1967), Frankliniella distinguenda Bagnall*, 1919, Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton, 1948*, Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, 1919, Frankliniella insularis (Franklin, 1908), Frankliniella oxyura Bagnall, 1919*, Frankliniella rodeos Moulton, 1933, Haplothrips fiebrigi Priesner, 1931, Hoodothrips lineatus (Hood, 1928), Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford, 1910), Neohydatothrips denigratus (De Santis, 1966)**, Neohydatothrips fasciatus (Moulton, 1938)*, Neohydatothrips flavens (Moulton, 1941), Paraleucothrips minusculus Johansen, 1983**, Smicrothrips particula Hood, 1952, Thrips australis (Bagnall, 1915). This study is a contribution to the knowledge of the thysanopterofauna of southern Brazil. From June 2003 to April 2004, seasonal field trips were conducted at the Parque Estadual de Itapuã (50º50’-51º05’W and 30º20’-30º27’S), in the county of Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, to collect shoots with/without flowers of various plant species. The material was brought to the laboratory where the thrips were sorted. A total of 23 thrips species belonging to 15 genera and two families were obtained. Nine of the species resulted as new record for Rio Grande do Sul (*), and other two also for Brazil (**). The species sampled are as follows: Aneristothrips claripennis (Moulton, 1933)*, Aurantothrips orchidearum (Bondar, 1931)*, Ceratothripoides lagoenacollus (Moulton, 1933)*, Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton, 1907)*, Chaetisothrips striatus (Hood, 1935), Coremothrips pallidus Hood, 1925*, Craniothrips urichi Bagnall, 1915, Frankliniella bertelsi (De Santis, 1967), Frankliniella distinguenda Bagnall*, 1919, Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton, 1948*, Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, 1919, Frankliniella insularis (Franklin, 1908), Frankliniella oxyura Bagnall, 1919*, Frankliniella rodeos Moulton, 1933, Haplothrips fiebrigi Priesner, 1931, Hoodothrips lineatus (Hood, 1928), Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford, 1910), Neohydatothrips denigratus (De Santis, 1966)**, Neohydatothrips fasciatus (Moulton, 1938)*, Neohydatothrips flavens (Moulton, 1941), Paraleucothrips minusculus Johansen, 1983**, Smicrothrips particula Hood, 1952, Thrips australis (Bagnall, 1915).

Foram avaliados o desenvolvimento e a viabilidade de Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hym.: Scelionidae) em ovos de Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hem.: Coreidae) sob 4 temperaturas constantes: 15, 20, 25 e 30 ± 1oC e fotofase de 12 h. Nenhum parasitóide desenvolveu-se à 15oC. A viabilidade dos parasitóides na faixa de 20 a 30oC não diferiu significativamente, alcançando 98,8%. O tempo de desenvolvimento ovoadulto de machos e fêmeas foi inversamente proporcional ao aumento da temperatura, variando, respectivamente, de 46,2 ± 0,13 e 47,1 ± 0,11 dias (20oC) a 13,3 ± 0,07 e 13,4 ± 0,06 dias (30oC). Os machos apresentaram período médio de desenvolvimento significativamente mais curto que as fêmeas. Os valores estimados para o limite térmico inferior de desenvolvimento e para a constante térmica foram 15,5oC e 185,19 GD para machos e 15,6oC e 192,31 GD para fêmeas. Dadas as médias climáticas de Porto Alegre (30o01’S e 51o13’O), RS, Brasil, G. gallardoi poderia apresentar 8,54 e 8,07 gerações anuais de machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. Sugere-se que as baixas taxas de parasitismo observadas em campo na primeira geração do percevejo resultem do número reduzido de gerações do parasitóide nesse período. The development and viability of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hym.: Scelionidae) in Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hem.: Coreidae) eggs were studied under four temperatures: 15, 20, 25, and 30 ± 1oC, with a 12-h photophase. No parasitoid developed at 15oC. Otherwise, viability reached 98.8% without varying significantly over the temperature range tested. The duration of development for males and females was inversely proportional to the temperature increase, varying respectively from 46.2 ± 0.13 and 47.1 ± 0.11 days (20oC) to 13.3 ± 0.07 and 13.4 ± 0.06 days (30oC). Males developed faster than females. The values estimated for the lowest thermic thresholds of development and the thermic constants were 15.5oC and 185.19 DD for males and 15.6oC and 192.31 DD for females, respectively. Given the average weather conditions in Porto Alegre, RS (30o01’S and 51o13’W), Brazil, G. gallardoi could annually produce 8.54 and 8.07 generations of males and females, respectively. The low rates of parasitism observed in the field during the first generation of its host may be due to the small number of G. gallardoi generations in this period.

The order Thysanoptera comprises mostly phytophagous or fungivorous species, with a few species that are predators. Recent studies have emphasized the diversity of behavioural patterns amongst these diminutive insects. From the 5,500 species known worldwide, about 10% are recorded from Brazil, mostly tropical areas. In this work we surveyed the Thysanoptera fauna of a southern locality, 800 km south of the Tropic of Capricorn. The study site was ''Parque Estadual de Itapua'' (30°22'S 51°02'W), Viamao, RS, and thrips were sampled from wild flowers, branches, grass and litter, from June 1999 to May 2001. A total of 83 species in 32 genera was found, but only 29 of these species could be identified, emphasizing the poor knowledge of the insect fauna of southern Brazil.

A flutuação populacional, a mortalidade nas fases imaturas e a longevidade dos adultos de Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) foram estudadas em um cultivo de Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) na Faculdade de Agronomia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS (30o 05’ S e 51o 13’ O). De novembro de 1996 a março de 1997, foram realizadas amostragens em 30 ocasiões. Em cada ocasião, 23 plantas eram inspecionadas e o número de ovos e ninfas por ínstar eram contados e adultos eram marcados/recapturados. A mortalidade dos imaturos foi estimada pela diferença entre os picos populacionais dos sucessivos ínstares em cada planta. O parasitismo foi avaliado com base na coloração dos ovos. Duas gerações desenvolveram-se ao longo do ciclo da cultura. As mortalidades para fases imaturas foram 93,6 ± 3,19% e 99,8 ± 0,20% para a primeira e segunda gerações, respectivamente. A mais alta taxa de mortalidade ocorreu em ninfas jovens e ovos. O parasitismo em ovos foi 8,9 ± 8,48% e 36,2 ± 3,63% para a primeira e segunda gerações, respectivamente. A razão sexual foi de 0,42 e a longevidade média dos adultos foi, no mínimo, 19,2 ± 1,00 dias, na primeira geração e 12,6 ± 2,52 dias, na segunda geração. O crescimento populacional de S. dentiventris foi drasticamente limitado por fatores de mortalidade; entre estes, os parasitóides Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) e Neorileya ashmeadi Crawford são responsáveis por parte das perdas em ovos e o reduvídio Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus Stål exerce aparentemente papel importante na predação de ninfas. The population fluctuations, mortality in the immature phases and longevity of the Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) adults were studied in an experimental plot of Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) at the Faculdade de Agronomia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil (30o 05’ S and 51o 13’ W). From November 1996 to March 1997, 30 sampling occasions were carried out: 23 plants were inspected and the number of eggs and nymphs per instar counted and adults marked / recaptured. Mortality in immature bugs was estimated by the difference between the population peaks in successive instars per plants. Parasitism was evaluated based on the egg colour. Two generations developed through the cycle of the crop, the various instars overlapping in both generations. The mortality rates for immature phase were 93.6 ± 3.19% and 99.8 ± 0.20% for the first and second generations respectively. The highest rates of mortality occurred in young nymphs and eggs. Egg parasitization rates were 8.9 ± 8.48% and 36.2 ± 3.63% for the first and second generations respectively. Sex ratio was 0.42 and minimum average longevity for adults was 19.2 ± 1.00 days in the first and 12.6 ± 2.52 days in the second generation. Population growth was dramatically limited by mortality factors; amongst these, the parasitoids Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) and Neorileya ashmeadi Crawford account for much of the eggs losses and it is suggested that the reduvid Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus Stål plays an important role preying upon nymphs.

The oviposition behaviour of Gryon gallardoi (Hymenoptera; Scelionidae) on Spartocera dentiventris (Hemiptera; Coreidae) host eggs was investigated in the laboratory. Masses of 12 non-parasitized freshly laid (less than 24 h old) eggs were exposed to 2-5 days old mated females with previous oviposition experience (n = 10). Behaviour was observed for 2 h under the stereomicroscope. The eggs were Then kept individually at 25º ± 1ºC/12 h photophase till hatching. The mean number of parasitized eggs was 7.8 ± 0.81 (IMG01 ± SE). Five distinct kinds of behaviour were observed: drumming with antennae on the eggs, ovipositor insertion, egg marking, walking and resting. On average, ovipositor insertion was not followed by marking 4.3 ± 0.76 times per female. In nearly all of these events, parasitism was unsuccessful. Walking and resting were observed less frequently than the other behaviours (1.6 ± 0.56 and 2.1 ± 0.48 times/female, respectively). Superparasitism occurred on average 3.6 ± 0.88 times per egg mass, with 2.7 ± 0.57 eggs being superparasitized. Among these, on average 87.4 ± 5.37% led to successful development of an adult parasitoid. The average time spent on the each kind of oviposition behaviour was 1.5 ± 0.57 min for drumming, 3.9 ± 0.56 min for ovipositor insertion and 0.4 ± 0.06 min for marking. There was no significant variation on the duration of each behaviour as the parasitoid progressed in parasitizing an egg mass. Ovipositor insertion almost always (87.58%) occurred in the longitudinal extremities of the egg. In average 31.1 ± 7.21% of the individual emerging per egg mass were males, the larger proportion of males originating from the 2nd oviposition. The results show a range of oviposition behaviours common to the Scelionidae family. Egg marking behaviour was a good indicator of the effective oviposition by females. Superparasitism is only partially avoided, but its occurrence does not imply a failure of parasitoid emergence. The sex ratio is skewed towards females, and most males come from the first ovipositions. O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar, em laboratório, o comportamento de oviposição de Gryon gallardoi (Hymenoptera; Scelionidae) em grupos de ovos de Spartocera dentiventris (Hemiptera; Coreidae). Dez fêmeas, de 2 a 5 dias de idade, fecundadas e com experiência de oviposição, foram expostas a grupos de 12 ovos, não parasitados, com idade de até 24 horas, e observadas durante 2 horas em estereomicroscópio. Posteriormente, os ovos foram mantidos individualizados em estufa a 25º ± 1ºC, com fotofase de 12 h até o seu destino final. O número médio de ovos parasitados por grupo foi de 7,8 ± 0,81 ovos (IMG01 ± EP). Registraram-se cinco comportamentos distintos: tamborilamento dos ovos com as antenas, inserção do ovipositor, marcação dos ovos, caminhada e descanso. Em média, por fêmea, 4,3 ± 0,76 vezes o comportamento de inserção do ovipositor não foi seguido de marcação. A quase totalidade desses casos resultou no insucesso do parasitoidismo. A caminhada e o descanso foram observados em menor freqüência (1,6 ± 0,56 e 2,1 ± 0,48 vezes/fêmea, respectivamente). O superparasitismo ocorreu em média 3,6 ± 0,88 vezes por grupo de ovos, sendo superparasitados 2,7 ± 0,57 ovos. Destes, em média, 87,5 ± 5,37% lograram sucesso na emergência de um adulto. O tempo médio despendido nos principais comportamentos foi de 1,5 ± 0,57 min para tamborilamento, 3,9 ± 0,56 min para inserção do ovipositor e 0,4 ± 0,06 min para marcação, não havendo alteração significativa na duração desses comportamentos ao longo do parasitoidismo da massa de ovos. A inserção do ovipositor foi feita quase sempre na região próxima às extremidades do ovo (87,58%). Foi obtida porcentagem média de 31,1 ± 7,21% machos/grupo, sendo que na 2ª oviposição originou-se maior proporção de indivíduos machos. Os resultados evidenciam comportamentos de oviposição comuns à família Scelionidae, sendo a marcação dos ovos um bom indicativo de efetiva oviposição da fêmea. O superparasitismo é apenas parcialmente evitado, e sua ocorrência não acarreta o insucesso da emergência de um parasitóide. A razão sexual é desviada para fêmeas, sendo a maioria dos machos gerada nas primeiras oviposições.

Descreveu-se o estado de desenvolvimento dos órgãos internos de reprodução de fêmeas e machos de Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) e avaliou-se o conteúdo de corpos gordurosos contidos na cavidade abdominal, durante o período de hibernação, em indivíduos amostrados em folhedo de bambu, em Eldorado do Sul (30º02’S e 51°23’W), RS, Brasil. No início da fase de hibernação, a cavidade abdominal de fêmeas e machos está repleta de reservas em forma de corpos gordurosos. A redução nos níveis de reservas foi verificada a partir de agosto nos machos e de outubro nas fêmeas. Registrou-se, tanto nos ovários quanto nos testículos, duplicação do comprimento e triplicação da largura entre a fase imatura e a reprodutiva. O amadurecimento sexual dos machos ocorreu dentro do sítio de hibernação. As fêmeas completaram o amadurecimento sexual mais tardiamente, quando já se encontravam fora do refúgio. O estado de desenvolvimento do aparelho reprodutor (sexualmente imaturo) e a cavidade abdominal preenchida por corpos gordurosos caracterizaram o estado de diapausa. The state of development of the internal reproductive organs of male and female Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) as well as the body fat amount in the abdominal cavity during hibernation, of individuals sampled in bamboo litter in Eldorado do Sul (30º02’S and 51°23’W), RS, Brazil was investigated. Females and males showed the abdominal cavity filled with body fat in the beginning of the hibernation phase. The decrease in fat reserve level occurred from August on for males and from October on for females. Ovaries and testis doubled in length and tripled in width from immature to the reproductive phase. Male sexual maturation occurred in the hibernation sites while for females it occurred later on outside of the sites. Reproductive organ immaturity and abdominal body fat hypertrophy characterized the diapause of O. poecilus.

Natural enemies of the gall maker Eugeniamyia dispar (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were studied on the urban area of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil from October 1993 to March 1996. Galls and associated arthropods were followed weekly in the field on individual host plants (Eugenia uniflora, Myrtaceae) and also in the laboratory. Three species of ants attacked the galls, the most common being Pseudomyrmex sp. A proportion of galls was parasitised by Rileya sp. (Eurytomidae). The adults of this solitary ectoparasitoid were also attacked by the ants and fell prey to spider webs.

Spartocera dentiventris (Berg), o percevejo-cinzento-do-fumo, devido ao seu hábito alimentar sugador, provoca o enrolamento e a murcha das folhas de fumo, causando prejuízos à cultura. O conhecimento da dinâmica populacional é fundamental para o estabelecimento de técnicas mais eficientes de monitoramento e manejo da praga. Com o objetivo de monitorar a colonização, o estabelecimento, o crescimento e a distribuição espacial da população adulta de S. dentiventris, através do método de marcação e recaptura, um cultivo experimental de fumo (Nicotiana tabacum) foi estabelecido em Porto Alegre, RS. Todas as plantas foram inspecionadas três vezes por semana durante o período de agosto de 1999 a abril de 2000, marcando-se 217 indivíduos. Apenas em uma geração os indivíduos sobreviveram até a fase adulta na área. O tamanho populacional, estimado através do método de Fisher-Ford, apresentou um pico de 160 indivíduos. O recrutamento médio estimado foi 5,0 ± 2,67 fêmeas/dia e 6,6 ± 1,73 machos/dia (z = 0,71; gl = 118; P = 0,477). A maioria dos indivíduos concentrouse na região superior da planta e na face abaxial das folhas. Análise realizada por grupo de seis plantas revelou um padrão agregado de distribuição espacial em 78,4% das ocasiões de amostragem. Os adultos concentraram-se em certos locais da cultura e o tamanho populacional parece ter sido afetado por variações climáticas e predação. Essas observações devem ser consideradas na implementação de medidas de monitoramento e controle da espécie. Spartocera dentiventris (Berg), the gray-tobacco-bug, feeds on the sap of the plant, inducing leaf wilting and twisting, thus causing economic losses to the tobacco crop. The knowledge on its population dynamics is crucial for the development of efficient techniques for monitoring and managing this species. An experimental tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) crop was established in Porto Alegre County, South Brazil, aiming to study the colonization, establishment, growth and spatial distribution of the adult S. dentiventris population using the mark-release-recapture method. All plants were inspected at least three times a week. From August 1999 to April 2000, 217 individuals were marked. Only one generation completed development up to the adult phase. Population size estimated by the Fisher-Ford method peaked at ca. 160 individuals. Average recruitment was 5.0 ± 2.67 females per day and 6.6 ± 1.73 males per day (z = 0.71; df = 118; P = 0.477). Most individuals concentrated in the upper part of the plant and on the abaxial face of leaves. Analysis performed in groups of six plants revealed an aggregated pattern of distribution in 78.4% of sampling occasions. Individuals concentrated in certain areas of the crop and the population size seemed to be highly susceptible to weather variations and predation. These observations should be taken into account on designing measures for monitoring and control of the species.

Adultos hibernantes de Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) foram coletados de maio a dezembro de 2000, em um taquaral situado no município de Eldorado do Sul (30o 02’ S e 51o 23’ W), RS. A partir de um inseto morto que apresentava crescimento micelial branco sobre o corpo, realizou-se o isolamento do fungo em meio de cultura BDA. Em laboratório testou-se a patogenicidade do isolado em três concentrações de suspensões de conídios (5 x 105; 5 x 107; 1,25 x 109 conídios/ml). O fungo foi identificado como Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., e armazenado na coleção de culturas de fungos entomopatogênicos da Embrapa Soja com o número de acesso Bb353. O isolado mostrou-se patogênico em todas as concentrações utilizadas, sendo o maior percentual de mortalidade (84,4%) registrado na concentração mais elevada de conídios. Este foi o primeiro registro, em condições naturais, de B. bassiana sobre O. poecilus. Hibernating adults of Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) were collected from May to December of 2000, in a bamboo thicket located in Eldorado do Sul County (30o 02’ S e 51o 23’ W), RS. The fungi isolation was done from dead insects, which presented a white micelial growth, in PDA culture medium. The pathogenicity of the isolate was tested in laboratory conditions using three concentrations of conidium suspension (5 x 105; 5 x 107; 1.25 x 109 conidia/ml). The fungus was identified as Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and was deposited in a culture collection of entomopathogenic fungi in Embrapa Soja with access number Bb353. The isolate was pathogenic in all concentrations, being the highest mortality (84.4%) recorded in 1.25 x 109 conídios/ml concentration. This is the first record of this fungus on O. poecillus, in natural conditions.

Although thrips are known as inhabitants of flowers, they are also abundant and diverse in other microhabitats. There is an information gap concerning them, especially related to the native fauna in southern Brazil. The structure and composition of the thysanopteran community in different microhabitats was studied at the "Parque Estadual de Itapuã" (30° 22' S 51° 02' W), RS, southern Brazil. Between June 1999 and May 2001, branches (n = 1,274), flowers (n = 774), grass tussocks (n = 596) and leaf litter (n = 603) were sampled systematically in 20 points of four trails (T1 - Pedreira beach, T2 - Araçá beach, T3 - Lagoinha, and T4 - Grota hill). We found 2,197 adult thrips determined in 73 species in 41 genera, of which 37 could be nominated. Four families are represented, Thripidae, Phlaeothripidae, Heterothripidae and Merothripidae, with the first the most abundant (N = 1,599) and with the highest species richness (S = 32). The highest thrips abundance occurred in flowers N = 1,224 and the highest number of exclusive species occurred in the leaf litter (27). Frankliniella rodeos Moulton, 1933, Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, 1919 and Smicrothrips particula Hood, 1952 comprise 49.4% of the total sampled. Regarding T2, we obtained the highest abundance (N = 935) and highest species richness (S = 43). The composition of the faunas in each kind of environment proved very particular. Embora os tripes sejam conhecidos como habitantes de flores, também são abundantes e diversos em outros micro-hábitats. Há uma lacuna de informações neste sentido, especialmente sobre a fauna nativa no Sul do Brasil. Entre junho de 1999 a maio de 2001, ramos (n = 1.274), flores (n = 774), touceiras de gramíneas (n = 596) e folhedo (n = 603) foram amostrados sistematicamente em 20 pontos de quatro trilhas (T1 - Praia da Pedreira, T2 - Praia do Araçá, T3 - Lagoinha, e T4 - Morro da Grota). Resultaram 2.197 tripes adultos determinados em 73 espécies de 41 gêneros, das quais 37 puderam ser nominadas. Quatro famílias estão representadas, Thripidae, Phlaeothripidae, Heterothripidae e Merothripidae, sendo a primeira mais abundante (N = 1.599) com a maior riqueza de espécies (S = 32). A maior abundância de tripes ocorreu nas flores (N = 1.224) e o maior número de espécies exclusivas ocorreu no folhedo (27). Frankliniella rodeos Moulton, 1933, Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, 1919 and Smicrothrips particula Hood, 1952 compõem 49,4% do total da amostra. Na T2 foi obtida maior abundância (N = 935) e maior riqueza de espécies (S = 43). A composição das faunas de cada tipo de ambiente revelou-se muito particular.

The fecundity, daily progeny and longevity of Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hym.; Scelionidae) were determined under laboratory conditions, using Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hem.; Coreidae) eggs as host. Nineteen G. gallardoi females and 34 males were reared at 25 ± 1 °C, with a 12 h photophase, fed on a 10% aqueous honey solution and provided with 25-30 S. dentiventris eggs daily. The average pre-oviposition period was 1.3 ± 0.35 days, although some females began laying from the day of emergence. On average, oviposition lasted for 10.1 ± 1.74 days, reaching a peak on the second day, with 67.5 ± 11.29 eggs laid. The post-oviposition period was short (2.4 ± 0.48 days). G. gallardoi females lived significantly longer than males: 13.7 ± 1.94 and 10.6 ± 1.78 days, respectively. The overall sex ratio was 0.79. The results reported here on the reproductive capability of the species suggest it may have a good potential as an agent for the control of S. dentiventris. A fecundidade, a produção diária de prole e a longevidade de Gryon gallardoi (Brethes) (Hym.; Scelionidae) foram determinadas em condições de laboratório, utilizando-se ovos de Spartocera dentiventris (Berg) (Hem.; Coreidae) como hospedeiro. Dezenove fêmeas e 34 machos de G. gallardoi foram acompanhados ao longo de sua vida a 25 ± 1 °C, com fotofase de 12 h, recebendo solução aquosa de mel a 10% como alimento e grupos de 25 a 30 ovos de S. dentiventris para serem parasitados. O período médio de pré-oviposição foi 1,3 ± 0,35 dias, sendo que fêmeas foram capazes de ovipositar já no dia de sua emergência. Foi observado um período médio de oviposição de 10,1 ± 1,74 dias, com o pico de oviposição no segundo dia, sendo depositados ao longo dos dias uma média de 67,5 ± 11,29 ovos. O período de pós-oviposição foi curto (2,4 ± 0,48 dias). Fêmeas de G. gallardoi foram significativamente mais longevas que os machos, vivendo, respectivamente, 13,7 ± 1,94 e 10,6 ± 1,78 dias. A razão sexual total observada foi de 0,79. Os resultados aqui registrados sobre a capacidade reprodutiva da espécie sugerem que esta apresenta um bom potencial como um agente para o controle de S. dentiventris.

The development of the galls of the midge Eugeniamyia dispar Maia, Mendonça-Jr. & Romanowski, 1996 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was monitored weekly on its host plant, Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae). The work was carried out in the urban area of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, from October 1993 to September 1995. Galls were collected from the field and raised in the laboratory to obtain adults. The females oviposit on young leaves of the host plant, with the first instar larvae inducing the gall, which is unilocular. The last instar larvae drop to the soil to pupate and later emerge as adults. The galls occur from late August to early June, when young leaves of the host can be found, with populations peaking during the summer. So far this species is only known from the two southernmost states of Brazil (RS and SC).