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Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a key mediator of protective immunity to yeast and bacterial infections but also drives the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. Here we show that the tetra-transmembrane protein CMTM4 is a subunit of the IL-17 receptor (IL-17R). CMTM4 constitutively associated with IL-17R subunit C to mediate its stability, glycosylation and plasma membrane localization. Both mouse and human cell lines deficient in CMTM4 were largely unresponsive to IL-17A, due to their inability to assemble the IL-17R signaling complex. Accordingly, CMTM4-deficient mice had a severe defect in the recruitment of immune cells following IL-17A administration and were largely resistant to experimental psoriasis, but not to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Collectively, our data identified CMTM4 as an essential component of IL-17R and a potential therapeutic target for treating IL-17-mediated autoimmune diseases.

The linear-ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) modulates signalling via various immune receptors. In tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signalling, linear (also known as M1) ubiquitin enables full gene activation and prevents cell death. However, the mechanisms underlying cell death prevention remain ill-defined. Here, we show that LUBAC activity enables TBK1 and IKKε recruitment to and activation at the TNF receptor 1 signalling complex (TNFR1-SC). While exerting only limited effects on TNF-induced gene activation, TBK1 and IKKε are essential to prevent TNF-induced cell death. Mechanistically, TBK1 and IKKε phosphorylate the kinase RIPK1 in the TNFR1-SC, thereby preventing RIPK1-dependent cell death. This activity is essential in vivo, as it prevents TNF-induced lethal shock. Strikingly, NEMO (also known as IKKγ), which mostly, but not exclusively, binds the TNFR1-SC via M1 ubiquitin, mediates the recruitment of the adaptors TANK and NAP1 (also known as AZI2). TANK is constitutively associated with both TBK1 and IKKε, while NAP1 is associated with TBK1. We discovered a previously unrecognized cell death checkpoint that is mediated by TBK1 and IKKε, and uncovered an essential survival function for NEMO, whereby it enables the recruitment and activation of these non-canonical IKKs to prevent TNF-induced cell death.

Protein 4.1R, a member of the 4.1 family, functions as a bridge between cytoskeletal and plasma membrane proteins. It is expressed in T cells, where it binds to a linker for activation of T cell family member 1 (LAT1) and inhibits its phosphorylation and downstream signaling events after T cell receptor triggering. The role of the 4.1R protein in cell activation through other immunoreceptors is not known. In this study, we used 4.1R-deficient (4.1R-KO) and 4.1R wild-type (WT) mice and explored the role of the 4.1R protein in the high-affinity IgE receptor (FceRI) signaling in mast cells. We found that bone marrow mast cells (BMMCs) derived from 4.1R-KO mice showed normal growth in vitro and expressed FceRI and c-KIT at levels comparable to WT cells. However, 4.1R-KO cells exhibited reduced antigen-induced degranulation and calcium response. Chemotaxis towards antigen and stem cell factor (SCF) and spreading on fibronectin were also reduced in 4.1R-KO BMMCs, whereas prostaglandin E2-mediated chemotaxis and antigen-induced expression of genes for tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were not affected. Antibody-induced aggregation of tetraspanin CD9 inhibited chemotaxis towards antigen in WT but not 4.1R-KO BMMCs, implying a CD9-4.1R protein cross-talk. Further studies documented that in the absence of 4.1R, antigen-mediated phosphorylation of FceRI β and γ subunits was not affected, but phosphorylation of SYK and subsequent signaling events such as phosphorylation of LAT1, phospholipase Cγ1, phosphatases (SHP1 and SHIP), MAP family kinases (p38, ERK, JNK), STAT5, CBL, and mTOR were reduced. Immunoprecipitation studies showed the presence of both LAT1 and LAT2 (LAT, member 2) in 4.1R immunocomplexes. The positive regulatory role of 4.1R protein in FceRI-triggered activation was supported by in vivo experiments in which 4.1R-KO mice showed the normal presence of mast cells in the ears and peritoneum, but exhibited impaired passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The combined data indicate that the 4.1R protein functions as a positive regulator in the early activation events after FceRI triggering in mast cells.

Summary Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are crucial for assembly and disassembly of signaling complexes. LUBAC-generated linear (M1) ubiquitin is important for signaling via various immune receptors. We show here that the deubiquitinases CYLD and A20, but not OTULIN, are recruited to the TNFR1- and NOD2-associated signaling complexes (TNF-RSC and NOD2-SC), at which they cooperate to limit gene activation. Whereas CYLD recruitment depends on its interaction with LUBAC, but not on LUBAC’s M1-chain-forming capacity, A20 recruitment requires this activity. Intriguingly, CYLD and A20 exert opposing effects on M1 chain stability in the TNF-RSC and NOD2-SC. While CYLD cleaves M1 chains, and thereby sensitizes cells to TNF-induced death, A20 binding to them prevents their removal and, consequently, inhibits cell death. Thus, CYLD and A20 cooperatively restrict gene activation and regulate cell death via their respective activities on M1 chains. Hence, the interplay between LUBAC, M1-ubiquitin, CYLD, and A20 is central for physiological signaling through innate immune receptors., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • LUBAC directly recruits CYLD to the TNFR1 complex where it antagonizes M1 linkages • M1-ubiquitin chains recruit A20, which, in turn, protects them from degradation • CYLD and A20 inhibit gene activation but oppose each other in regulating cell death • OTULIN controls LUBAC activity prior to stimulation but not in signaling complexes, Linear ubiquitin is an important regulator of immune signaling. Draber et al. show that the deubiquitinase CYLD antagonizes linear ubiquitin in signaling complexes. A20 is recruited to complexes via linear ubiquitin and, in turn, protects linear ubiquitin from cleavage. A20 and CYLD cooperatively inhibit gene activation but oppose each other to regulate TNF-induced cell death via their respective activities on linear ubiquitin.

Single-nucleotide polymorphism studies have linked the chromosome 17q12-q21 region, where the human orosomucoid-like (ORMDL)3 gene is localized, to the risk of asthma and several other inflammatory diseases. Although mast cells are involved in the development of these diseases, the contribution of ORMDL3 to the mast cell physiology is unknown. In this study, we examined the role of ORMDL3 in antigen-induced activation of murine mast cells with reduced or enhanced ORMDL3 expression. Our data show that in antigen-activated mast cells, reduced expression of the ORMDL3 protein had no effect on degranulation and calcium response, but significantly enhanced phosphorylation of AKT kinase at Ser 473 followed by enhanced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit into the nucleus. These events were associated with an increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-13), chemokines (CCL3 and CCL4), and cyclooxygenase-2 dependent synthesis of prostaglandin D2. Antigen-mediated chemotaxis was also enhanced in ORMDL3-deficient cells, whereas spreading on fibronectin was decreased. On the other hand, increased expression of ORMDL3 had no significant effect on the studied signaling events, except for reduced antigen-mediated chemotaxis. These data were corroborated by increased IgE-antigen-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice with locally silenced ORMDL3 using short interfering RNAs. Our data also show that antigen triggers suppression of ORMDL3 expression in the mast cells. In summary, we provide evidence that downregulation of ORMDL3 expression in mast cells enhances AKT and NF-κB-directed signaling pathways and chemotaxis and contributes to the development of mast cell-mediated local inflammation in vivo.

Single-nucleotide polymorphism studies have linked the chromosome 17q12-q21 region, where human ORMDL3 gene is localized, to the risk of asthma and other inflammatory diseases. Although mast cells are involved in development of these diseases, the contribution of ORMDL3 to mast cell physiology is unknown. In this study we examined the role of ORMDL3 in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells with reduced or enhanced ORMDL3 expression. Our data show that in antigen-activated mast cells, reduced expression of the ORMDL3 protein had no effect on degranulation, calcium response, and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2b expression, but significantly enhanced phosphorylation of the IκBα and translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit into the nucleus. These events were followed by an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-13), chemokines (CCL3 and CCL4), and cyclooxygenase-2, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of prostanoids. Antigen-mediated chemotaxis was also enhanced in ORMDL3-deficient cells, whereas adhesion and spreading on fibronectin were decreased. On the other hand, increased expression of ORMDL3 had no significant effect on mast cell signaling events, except for reduced antigen-mediated chemotaxis. Our data provide the evidence that ORMDL3 in mast cells acts as a non-inducible suppressor of NF-kB-directed signaling pathways and chemotaxis.