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BackgroundHealth and wellbeing inequities between the Indigenous Māori and non-Māori populations in Aotearoa, New Zealand continue to be unresolved. Within this context, and of particular concern, hospitalisations for diseases of poverty are increasing for tamariki Māori (Māori children). To provide hospitalised tamariki Māori, and their whānau (families) comprehensive support, a wellbeing needs assessment; the Harti Hauora Tamariki Tool (The Harti tool) was developed. The purpose of this study is to determine how effective the Harti tool is at identifying wellbeing needs, ensuring the documentation of needs, enabling access to services and improving wellbeing outcomes for tamariki and their whānau.MethodsThe study uses a Kaupapa Māori methodology with qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods include in-depth interviews with whānau. This paper presents an overview of a randomised, two parallel, controlled, single blinded, superiority trial for quantitative evaluation of the Harti programme, and hospital satisfaction with care survey. Participants will be Māori and non-Māori tamariki/children aged 0–4 years admitted acutely to the paediatric medical wards at Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, Aotearoa New Zealand. They will be randomised electronically into the intervention or usual care group. The intervention group will receive usual care in addition to the Harti programme, which includes a 24-section health needs assessment delivered by trained Māori navigators to whānau during the time they are in hospital. The primary endpoint is the relative risk of an acute hospital readmission in the 30 days following discharge for the intervention group patients compared with control group patients. Secondary outcomes include access and utilisation of preventative health services including: oral health care, general practice enrolment, immunisation, healthy home initiatives, smoking cessation and the Well Child Tamariki Ora universal health checks available free of charge for children in Aotearoa New Zealand.DiscussionRandomised controlled trials are a gold standard for measuring efficacy of complex multifaceted interventions and the results will provide high quality evidence for implementing the intervention nationwide. We expect that this study will provide valuable evidence for health services and policy makers who are considering how to improve the configuration of paediatric hospital services.Trial registrationThe study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), registration number: ACTRN12618001079235.

Summary: Background: Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is a specialist intervention to help people attain employment in the open competitive labour market. IPS has been developed in severe mental illness and other disabilities, but it is of unknown effectiveness for people with alcohol and drug dependence. The Individual Placement and Support—Alcohol and Drug (IPS-AD) is the first superiority trial to evaluate effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Methods: IPS-AD was a pragmatic, parallel-group, multi-centre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial of standard employment support (treatment-as-usual [TAU]) versus IPS. IPS was offered as a single episode for up to 13 months. The study was done at seven community treatment centres for alcohol and drug dependence in England. Study participants were adults (18–65 years), who had been enrolled for at least 14 days in treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), opioid use disorder (OUD), or another drug use disorder (DUD; mostly cannabis and stimulants); were unemployed or economically inactive for at least six months; and wished to attain employment in the open competitive labour market. After random allocation to study interventions, the primary outcome was employment during 18-months of follow-up, analysed by mixed-effects logistic regression, using multiple imputation for the management of missing outcome data. There were two cost-effectiveness outcomes: a health outcome expressed as a quality adjusted life year (QALY) using £30,000 and £70,000 willingness-to-pay [WTP] thresholds; and additional days of employment, with a WTP threshold of £200 per day worked. The study was registered with ISRCTN (ISRCTN24159790) and is completed. Findings: Between 8 May 2018 and 30 September 2019, 2781 potentially eligible patients were identified. 812 were excluded before screening, and 1720 participants were randomly allocated to TAU or IPS. In error, nine participants were randomised to study interventions on two occasions—so data for their first randomisation was analysed (modified intention-to-treat). A further 24 participants withdrew consent for all data to be used (full-analysis set therefore 1687 participants [70.1% male; mean age 40.8 years]; TAU, n = 844; IPS, n = 843 [AUD, n = 610; OUD, n = 837; DUD, n = 240]). Standard employment support was received by 559 [66.2%] of 844 participants in the TAU group. IPS was received by 804 [95.37%] of 843 participants in the IPS group. IPS was associated with an increase in attainment of employment compared with TAU (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.29; 95% CI 1.02–1.64; p-value 0.036). IPS was effective for the AUD and DUD groups (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.14–1.92; p-value 0.004; OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.03–2.04, p-value 0.031, respectively), but not the OUD group. IPS returned an incremental QALY outcome gain of 0.01 (range 0.003–0.02) per participant with no evidence of cost-effectiveness at either WTP threshold—but QALY gains were cost-effective for the AUD and DUD groups at the £70,000 WTP threshold (probability 0.52 and 0.97, respectively). IPS was cost-effective for additional days of employment (probability 0.61), with effectiveness relating to the AUD group only (probability >0.99). Serious Adverse Events were reported by 39 participants (13 [1.5%] of 844 participants in the TAU group and 23 [2.7%] of 43 participants in the IPS group). There was a total of 25 deaths (1.5%; 9 in the TAU group and 16 in the IPS group)—none judged related to study interventions. Interpretation: In this first superiority randomised controlled trial of IPS in alcohol and drug dependence, IPS helped more people attain employment in the open competitive labour market than standard employment support. IPS was cost-effective for a QALY health outcome (£70,000 WTP threshold) for the AUD and DUD groups, and for additional days of employment for the AUD group (£200 per day worked WTP threshold). Funding: UK government Work and Health Unit.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) was inaugurated in 1948 to bring the world together to ensure the highest attainable standard of health for all. Establishing health governance under the United Nations (UN), WHO was seen as the preeminent leader in public health, promoting a healthier world following the destruction of World War II and ensuring global solidarity to prevent disease and promote health. Its constitutional function would be ‘to act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work’. Yet today, as the world commemorates WHO’s 75th anniversary, it faces a historic global health crisis, with governments presenting challenges to its institutional legitimacy and authority amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. WHO governance in the coming years will define the future of the Organisation and, crucially, the health and well-being of billions of people across the globe. At this pivotal moment, WHO must learn critical lessons from its past and make fundamental reforms to become the Organisation it was meant to be. We propose reforms in WHO financing, governance, norms, human rights and equity that will lay a foundation for the next generation of global governance for health.

Abstract Background Unemployment is highly prevalent in populations with alcohol and drug dependence and the employment support offered in addiction-treatment programmes is ineffective. Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is an evidence-based intervention for competitive employment. IPS has been extensively studied in severe mental illness and physical disabilities, but there have been no formal randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in alcohol and drug dependence. The Individual Placement and Support for Alcohol and Drug Dependence (IPS-AD) study should determine whether IPS for patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD), opioid use disorder (OUD) and other drug use disorder is effective. Design/methods The IPS-AD study is a seven-site, pragmatic, two-arm, parallel-group, superiority RCT. IPS-AD includes a realist process evaluation. Eligible patients (adult, unemployed or economically inactive for at least 6 months and wishing to obtain open job market employment and enrolled in ongoing community treatment-as-usual (TAU; the control condition) in England for AUD, OUD and other drug use disorders) will be randomised (1:1) to receive TAU and any standard employment support, or TAU plus IPS (the experimental condition) for 9 months with up to 4 months of in-work support. The primary outcome measure will be competitive employment status (at least 1 day (7 h)) during an 18-month follow-up, determined by patient-level, trial-data-linkage with national tax and state benefit databases. From meta-analysis, an 18% target difference on this measure of vocational effectiveness (for the experimental intervention) and a two-sided 5% level of statistical significance, will require a minimum target sample of 832 participants to achieve 90% power for a pre-registered, mixed-effects, multi-variable logistic regression model. A maximum-likelihood multiple-imputation approach will manage missing outcome data. IPS-AD has six vocational secondary outcome measures during the 18-month follow-up: (1) total time in competitive employment (and corresponding National Insurance contributions and tax paid); (2) time from randomisation to first competitive employment; (3) number of competitive job appointments; (4) job tenure (length of longest held competitive employment); (5) sustained employment (tenure in a single appointment for at least 13 weeks); and (6) job search self-efficacy. A primary cost-benefit analysis and a secondary cost-effectiveness analysis will be done using the primary outcome and secondary vocational outcomes, respectively and will include addiction treatment and social and health outcomes and their associated reference costs. The process evaluation will address IPS implementation and delivery. Discussion The IPS-AD study is the first large-scale, multi-site, definitive, superiority RCT of IPS for people with alcohol and drug dependence. Findings from the study will have substantial implications for service delivery. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry, ID: ISRCTN24159790. Registered on 1 February 2018.

Risk communication is a critical component in disaster risk reduction, especially in designing and implementing early warning systems. The ability to communicate hazard forecasts and risk information to vulnerable communities and stakeholders successfully is crucial for effective disaster preparedness and response, to reduce impact, and to prevent loss of life. Successful risk communication, however, is challenged constantly. Even the most sophisticated forecasting models and advanced early warning systems can be rendered ineffective if the information is not communicated clearly, on time, and in a way that allows the end-user to consider options and act appropriately. These challenges not only apply to fast onset hazards such as cyclones and tsunamis, but also to slower onset hazards such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Around the world, governments' responses to the current pandemic provide examples of how complex and difficult successful risk communication is. This paper discusses the importance of risk communication as a critical component of early warning systems and explores the constant challenges that vulnerable communities face, how early warning systems sit within the wider Sendai Framework, and what governments have learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, and discusses how we can communicate more effectively in the future to reduce harm.

The COVID-19 pandemic is not just a health crisis – it is a full-blown economic and social crisis that is impacting the lives and livelihoods of billions of people. This commentary examines the mutually dependent relationship between health security and universal health coverage (UHC), and how the longstanding underinvestment in both renders us all vulnerable. It also discusses the vulnerability of services for sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in times of crisis, which is compounded when these services are not included and well integrated into national UHC packages. It concludes with a call for stronger political leadership for UHC and SRHR as the global community strives to “build back better” after COVID-19.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder which impacts many aspects of function at each stage of the life journey through which it passes. Central to the understanding of this process is the recognition of the symptoms of ADHD itself and how they change over time. Beyond this the process itself has to be appreciated in terms of how this core integrates with parallel emerging patterns of comorbid disorders. The key to understanding how ADHD and its comorbidity integrate into and become part of the developing person is to realise that at each developing stage the symptoms of ADHD (as well as the comorbidity) will impact the overall development, creating backlogs or impairments which may ‘colour’ the persons as they grow and will not be as amenable to treatment as the ADHD or its comorbidity. If ADHD has this potential impact as the individual gets older, what are the treatment considerations in terms of early intervention?

List of abstracts and authors: 1. Antipsychotics in anxiety disorders Christer Allgulander 2. Anxiety in somatic disorders Christer Allgulander 3. Community rehabilitation of the schizophrenic patient Orlando Alonso Betancourt, Maricela Morales Herrera 4. Dual diagnosis: A theory-driven multidisciplinary approach for integrative care David Blackbeard 5. The emotional language of the gut - when 'psyche' meets 'soma' Helen Clark 6. The Psychotherapy of bipolar disorder Franco Colin 7. The Psychotherapy of bipolar disorder Franco Colin 8. Developing and adopting mental health policies and plans in Africa: Lessons from South Africa, Uganda and Zambia Sara Cooper, Sharon Kleintjes, Cynthia Isaacs, Fred Kigozi, Sheila Ndyanabangi, Augustus Kapungwe, John Mayeya, Michelle Funk, Natalie Drew, Crick Lund 9. The importance of relapse prevention in schizophrenia Robin Emsley 10. Mental Health care act: Fact or fiction? Helmut Erlacher, M Nagdee 11. Does a dedicated 72-hour observation facility in a district hospital reduce the need for involuntary admissions to a psychiatric hospital? Lennart Eriksson 12. The incidence and risk factors for dementia in the Ibadan study of ageing Oye Gureje, Lola Kola, Adesola Ogunniyi, Taiwo Abiona 13. Is depression a disease of inflammation? Angelos Halaris 14. Paediatric bipolar disorder: More heat than light? Sue Hawkridge 15. EBM: Anova Conundrum Elizabeth L (Hoepie) Howell 16. Tracking the legal status of a cohort of inpatients on discharge from a 72-hour assessment unit Bernard Janse van Rensburg 17. Dual diagnosis units in psychiatric facilities: Opportunities and challenges Yasmien Jeenah 18. Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder: A comparative study on the clinical characteristics of patients with alcohol dependence and schizophrenia Gerhard Jordaan, D G Nel, R Hewlett, R Emsley 19. Anxiety disorders: the first evidence for a role in preventive psychiatry Andre F Joubert 20. The end of risk assessment and the beginning of start Sean Kaliski 21. Psychiatric disorders abd psychosocial correlates of high HIV risk sexual behaviour in war-effected Eatern Uganda E Kinyada, H A Weiss, M Mungherera, P Onyango Mangen, E Ngabirano, R Kajungu, J Kagugube, W Muhwezi, J Muron, V Patel 22. One year of Forensic Psychiatric assessment in the Northern Cape: A comparison with an established assessment service in the Eastern Cape N K Kirimi, C Visser 23. Mental Health service user priorities for service delivery in South Africa Sharon Kleintjes, Crick Lund, Leslie Swartz, Alan Flisher and MHaPP Research Programme Consortium 24. The nature and extent of over-the-counter and prescription drug abuse in cape town Liezl Kramer 25. Physical health issues in long-term psychiatric inpatients: An audit of nursing statistics and clinical files at Weskoppies Hospital Christa Kruger 26. Suicide risk in Schizophrenia - 20 Years later, a cohort study Gian Lippi, Ean Smit, Joyce Jordaan, Louw Roos 27.Developing mental health information systems in South Africa: Lessons from pilot projects in Northern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Crick Lund, S Skeen, N Mapena, C Isaacs, T Mirozev and the Mental Health and Poverty Research Programme Consortium Institution 28. Mental health aspects of South African emigration Maria Marchetti-Mercer 29. What services SADAG can offer your patients Elizabeth Matare 30. Culture and language in psychiatry Dan Mkize 31. Latest psychotic episode Povl Munk-Jorgensen 32. The Forensic profile of female offenders Mo Nagdee, Helmut Fletcher 33. The intra-personal emotional impact of practising psychiatry Margaret Nair 34. Highly sensitive persons (HSPs) and implications for treatment Margaret Nair 35. Task shifting in mental health - The Kenyan experience David M Ndetei 36. Bridging the gap between traditional healers and mental health in todya's modern psychiatry David M Ndetei 37. Integrating to achieve modern psychiatry David M Ndetei 38. Non-medical prescribing: Outcomes from a pharmacist-led post-traumatic stress disorder clinic A Parkinson 39. Is there a causal relationship between alcohol and HIV? Implications for policy, practice and future research Charles Parry 40. Global mental health - A new global health discipline comes of age Vikram Patel 41. Integrating mental health into primary health care: Lessons from pilot District demonstration sites in Uganda and South Africa Inge Petersen, Arvin Bhana, K Baillie and MhaPP Research Programme Consortium 42. Personality disorders -The orphan child in axis I - Axis II Dichotomy Willie Pienaar 43. Case Studies in Psychiatric Ethics Willie Pienaar 44. Coronary artery disease and depression: Insights into pathogenesis and clinical implications Janus Pretorius 45. Impact of the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 on designated hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal: Triumphs and trials Suvira Ramlall, Jennifer Chipps 46. Biological basis of addication Solomon Rataemane 47. Genetics of Schizophrenia Louw Roos 48. Management of delirium - Recent advances Shaquir Salduker 49. Social neuroscience: Brain research on social issues Manfred Spitzer 50. Experiments on the unconscious Manfred Spitzer 51. The Psychology and neuroscience of music Manfred Spitzer 52. Mental disorders in DSM-V Dan Stein 53. Personality, trauma exposure, PTSD and depression in a cohort of SA Metro policemen: A longitudinal study Ugashvaree Subramaney 54. Eating disorders: An African perspective Christopher Szabo 55. An evaluation of the WHO African Regional strategy for mental health 2001-2010 Thandi van Heyningen, M Majavu, C Lund 56. A unitary model for the motor origin of bipolar mood disorders and schizophrenia Jacques J M van Hoof 57. The origin of mentalisation and the treatment of personality disorders Jacques J M Hoof 58. How to account practically for 'The Cause' in psychiatric diagnostic classification C W (Werdie) van Staden POSTER PRESENTATIONS 59. Problem drinking and physical and sexual abuse at WSU Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, 2009 Orlando Alonso Betancourt, Maricela Morales Herrera, E, N Kwizera, J L Bernal Munoz 60. Prevalence of alcohol drinking problems and other substances at WSU Faculty of Health Sciences, Mthatha, 2009 Orlando Alonso Betancourt, Maricela Morales Herrera, E, N Kwizera, J L Bernal Munoz 61. Lessons learnt from a modified assertive community-based treatment programme in a developing country Ulla Botha, Liezl Koen, John Joska, Linda Hering, Piet Ooosthuizen 62. Perceptions of psychologists regarding the use of religion and spirituality in therapy Ottilia Brown, Diane Elkonin 63. Resilience in families where a member is living with schizophreni Ottilia Brown, Jason Haddad, Greg Howcroft 64. Fusion and grandiosity - The mastersonian approach to the narcissistic disorder of the self William Griffiths, D Macklin, Loray Daws 65. Not being allowed to exist - The mastersonian approach to the Schizoid disorder of the self William Griffiths, D Macklin, Loray Daws 66. Risky drug-injecting behaviours in Cape Town and the need for a needle exchange programme Volker Hitzeroth 67. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in adolescents in the Western Cape: A case series Terri Henderson 68. Experience and view of local academic psychiatrists on the role of spirituality in South African specialist psychiatry, compared with a qualitative analysis of the medical literature Bernard Janse van Rensburg 69. The role of defined spirituality in local specialist psychiatric practice and training: A model and operational guidelines for South African clinical care scenarios Bernard Janse van Rensburg 70. Handedness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in an Afrikaner founder population Marinda Joubert, J L Roos, J Jordaan 71. A role for structural equation modelling in subtyping schizophrenia in an African population Liezl Koen, Dana Niehaus, Esme Jordaan, Robin Emsley 72. Caregivers of disabled elderly persons in Nigeria Lola Kola, Oye Gureje, Adesola Ogunniyi, Dapo Olley 73. HIV Seropositivity in recently admitted and long-term psychiatric inpatients: Prevalence and diagnostic profile Christina Kruger, M P Henning, L Fletcher 74. Syphilis seropisitivity in recently admitted longterm psychiatry inpatients: Prevalence and diagnostic profile Christina Kruger, M P Henning, L Fletcher 75. 'The Great Suppression' Sarah Lamont, Joel Shapiro, Thandi Groves, Lindsey Bowes 76. Not being allowed to grow up - The Mastersonian approach to the borderline personality Daleen Macklin, W Griffiths 77. Exploring the internal confirguration of the cycloid personality: A Rorschach comprehensive system study Daleen Macklin, Loray Daws, M Aronstam 78. A survey to determine the level of HIV related knowledge among adult psychiatric patients admitted to Weskoppies Hospital T G Magagula, M M Mamabolo, C Kruger, L Fletcher 79. A survey of risk behaviour for contracting HIV among adult psychiatric patients admitted to Weskoppies Hospital M M Mamabolo, T G Magagula, C Kruger, L Fletcher 80. A retrospective review of state sector outpatients (Tara Hospital) prescribed Olanzapine: Adherence to metabolic and cardiovascular screening and monitoring guidelines Carina Marsay, C P Szabo 81. Reported rapes at a hospital rape centre: Demographic and clinical profiles Lindi Martin, Kees Lammers, Donavan Andrews, Soraya Seedat 82. Exit examination in Final-Year medical students: Measurement validity of oral examinations in psychiatry Mpogisheng Mashile, D J H Niehaus, L Koen, E Jordaan 83. Trends of suicide in the Transkei region of South Africa Banwari Meel 84. Functional neuro-imaging in survivors of torture Thriya Ramasar, U Subramaney, M D T H W Vangu, N S Perumal 85. Newly diagnosed HIV+ in South Africa: Do men and women enroll in care? Dinesh Singh, S Hoffman, E A Kelvin, K Blanchard, N Lince, J E Mantell, G Ramjee, T M Exner 86. Diagnostic utitlity of the International HIC Dementia scale for Asymptomatic HIV-Associated neurocognitive impairment and HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorder in South Africa Dinesh Singh, K Goodkin, D J Hardy, E Lopez, G Morales 87. The Psychological sequelae of first trimester termination of pregnancy (TOP): The impact of resilience Ugashvaree Subramaney 88. Drugs and other therapies under investigation for PTSD: An international database Sharain Suliman, Soraya Seedat 89. Frequency and correlates of HIV Testing in patients with severe mental illness Hendrik Temmingh, Leanne Parasram, John Joska, Tania Timmermans, Pete Milligan, Helen van der Plas, Henk Temmingh 90. A proposed mental health service and personnel organogram for the Elizabeth Donkin psychiatric Hospital Stephan van Wyk, Zukiswa Zingela 91. A brief report on the current state of mental health care services in the Eastern Cape Stephan van Wyk, Zukiswa Zingela, Kiran Sukeri, Heloise Uys, Mo Nagdee, Maricela Morales, Helmut Erlacher, Orlando Alonso 92. An integrated mental health care service model for the Nelson Mandela Bay Metro Stephan van Wyk, Zukiswa Zingela, Kiran Sukeri 93. Traditional and alternative healers: Prevalence of use in psychiatric patients Zukiswa Zingela, S van Wyk, W Esterhuysen, E Carr, L Gaauche

1. How can we maintain a sustainable private practice in the current political and economic climate? Eugene Allers 2. SASOP Clinical guidelines, protocols and algorithms: Development of treatment guidelines for bipolar mood disorder and major depression Eugene Allers, Margaret Nair, Gerhard Grobler 3. The revolving door phenomenon in psychiatry: Comparing low-frequency and high-frequency users of psychiatric inpatient services in a developing country U A Botha, P Oosthuien, L Koen, J A Joska, J Parker, N Horn 4. Neurophysiology of emotion and senses - The interface between psyche and soma Eugene Allers 5. Suicide prevention: From and beyond the psychiatrist's hands O Alonso Betanourt, M Morales Herrera 6. Treatment of first-episod psychosis: Efficacy and toleabilty of a long-acting typical antipsychotic B Chiliza, R Schoeman, R Emsey, P Oosthuizen, L KOen, D Niehaus, S Hawkridge 7. Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the young child Helen Clark 8. Holistic/ Alternative treatment in psychiatry: The value of indigenous knowledge systems in cllaboration with moral, ethical and religious approaches in the military services J Dill 9. Treating Schizophrenia: Have we got it wrong? Robin Emsley 10.Terminal questions in the elderly Mike Ewart Smith 11. Mental Health Policy development and implementation in Ghana, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia Alan J Flisher, Crick Lund, Michelle Frank, Arvin Bhana, Victor Doku, Natalie Drew, Fred N Kigozi, Martin Knapp, Mayeh Omar, Inge Petersen, Andrew Green andthe MHaPP Research Programme Consortium 12. What indicators should be used to monitor progress in scaling uo services for people with mental disorders? Lancet Global Mental Health Group (Alan J Flisher, Dan Chisholm, Crick Lund, Vikram Patel, Shokhar Saxena, Graham Thornicroft, Mark Tomlinson) 13. Does unipolar mania merit research in South Africa? A look at the literature Christoffel Grobler 14. Revisiting the Cartesian duality of mind and body Oye Gureje 15. Child and adolescent psychopharmacology: Current trends and complexities S M Hawkridge 16. Integrating mental illness, suicide and religion Volker Hitzeroth 17. Cost of acute inpatient mental health care in a 72-hour assessment uniy A B R Janse van Rensburg, W Jassat 18. Management of Schizophrenia according to South African standard treatment guidelines A B R Janse van Rensburg 19. Structural brain imaging in the clinical management of psychiatric illness F Y Jeenah 20. ADHD: Change in symptoms from child to adulthood S A Jeeva, A Turgay 21. HIV-Positive psychiatric patients in antiretrovirals G Jonsson, F Y Jeenah, M Y H Moosa 22. A one year review of patients admitted to tertiary HIV/Neuropsychiatry beds in the Western Cape John Joska, Paul Carey, Ian Lewis, Paul Magni, Don Wilson, Dan J Stein 23. Star'd - Critical review and treatment implications Andre Joubert 24. Options for treatment-resistent depression: Lessons from Star'd; an interactive session Andre Joubert 25. My brain made me do it: How Neuroscience may change the insanity defence Sean Kaliski 26. Child andadolescent mental health services in four African countries Sharon Kleintjies, Alan Flisher, Victoruia Campbell-Hall, Arvin Bhana, Phillippa Bird, Victor Doku, Natalie, Drew, Michelle Funk, Andrew Green, Fred Kigozi, Crick Lund, Angela Ofori-Atta, Mayeh Omar, Inge Petersen, Mental Health and Poverty Research Programme Consortium 27. Individualistic theories of risk behaviour Liezl Kramer, Volker Hitzeroth 28. Development and implementation of mental health poliy and law in South Africa: What is the impact of stigma? Ritsuko Kakuma, Sharon Kleintjes, Crick Lund, Alan J Flisher, Paula Goering, MHaPP Research Programme Consortium 29. Factors contributing to community reintegration of long-term mental health crae users of Weskoppies Hospital Carri Lewis, Christa Kruger 30. Mental health and poverty: A systematic review of the research in low- and middle-income countries Crick Lund, Allison Breen, Allan J Flisher, Ritsuko Kakuma, Leslie Swartz, John Joska, Joanne Corrigall, Vikram Patel, MHaPP Research Programe Consortium 31. The cost of scaling up mental health care in low- and middle-income countries Crick Lund, Dan Chishlom, Shekhar Saxena 32. 'Tikking'Clock: The impact of a methamphetamine epidemic at a psychiatric hospital in the Western Cape P Milligan, J S Parker 33. Durban youth healh-sk behaviour: Prevalence f Violence-related behaviour D L Mkize 34. Profile of morality of patients amitted Weskoppies Psychiatric Hospital in Sout frican over a 5-Year period (2001-2005) N M Moola, N Khamker, J L Roos, P Rheeder 35. One flew over Psychiatry nest Leverne Mountany 36. The ethical relationship betwe psychiatrists and the pharmaceutical indutry Margaret G Nair 37. Developing the frameor of a postgraduate da programme in mental health R J Nichol, B de Klerk, M M Nel, G van Zyl, J Hay 38. An unfolding story: The experience with HIV-ve patients at a Psychiatric Hospital J S Parker, P Milligan 39. Task shifting: A practical strategy for scalingup mental health care in developing countries Vikram Patel 40. Ethics: Informed consent and competency in the elderly Willie Pienaar 41. Confronting ommonmoral dilemmas. Celebrating uncertainty, while in search patient good Willie Pienaar 42. Moral dilemmas in the treatment and repatriation of patients with psychtorders while visiting our country Duncan Ian Rodseth 43. Geriatrics workshop (Psegal symposium): Medico-legal issuess in geriatric psyhiatry Felix Potocnik 44. Brain stimulation techniques - update on recent research P J Pretorius 45. Holistic/Alternative treatments in psychiatry T Rangaka, J Dill 46. Cognitive behaviour therapy and other brief interventions for management of substances Solomon Rataemane 47. A Transtheoretical view of change Nathan P Rogerson 48. Profile of security breaches in longerm mental health care users at Weskoppies Hospital over a 6-month period Deleyn Rema, Lindiwe Mthethwa, Christa Kruger 49. Management of psychogenic and chronic pain - A novel approach M S Salduker 50. Childhood ADHD and bipolar mood disorders: Differences and similarities L Scribante 51. The choice of antipsychotic in HIV-infected patients and psychopharmacocal responses to antipsychotic medication Dinesh Singh, Karl Goodkin 52. Pearls in clinical neuroscience: A teaching column in CNS Spectrums Dan J Stein 53. Urinary Cortisol secretion and traumatics in a cohort of SA Metro policemen A longitudinal study Ugash Subramaney 54. Canabis use in Psychiatric inpatients M Talatala, G M Nair, D L Mkize 55. Pathways to care and treatmt in first and multi-episodepsychosis: Findings fm a developing country H S Teh, P P Oosthuizen 56. Mental disorders in HIV-infected indivat various HIV Treatment sites in South Africa Rita Thom 57. Attendanc ile of long-term mental health care users at ocupational therapy group sessions at Weskoppies Hospital Ronel van der Westhuizen, Christa Kruger 58. Epidemiological patterns of extra-medical drug use in South Africa: Results from the South African stress and health study Margaretha S van Heerden, Anna Grimsrud, David Williams, Dan Stein 59. Persocentred diagnosis: Where d ps and mental disorders fit in the International classificaton of diseases (ICD)? Werdie van Staden 60. What every psychiatrist needs to know about scans Herman van Vuuren 61. Psychiatric morbidity in health care workers withle drug-resistant erulosis (MDR-TB) A case series Urvashi Vasant, Dinesh Singh 62. Association between uetrine artery pulsatility index and antenatal maternal psychological stress Bavanisha Vythilingum, Lut Geerts, Annerine Roos, Sheila Faure, Dan J Stein 63. Approaching the dual diagnosis dilemma Lize Weich 64. Women's mental health: Onset of mood disturbance in midlife - Fact or fiction Denise White 65. Failing or faking: Isses in the fiagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD Dora Wynchank

New Zealand has not always been the robust little democracy with the freedom of speech enjoyed today. The election of the first Labour government, the 1951 Waterfront Lockout emergency regulations and the Muldoon era were all testing times for the news media. In the first of the three commentaries, Prime Minister Helen Clark examines a politician’s view of media rights, responsibilities and ethics.

List of abstracts and authors: 1. Comparative benefits of Atypical antipsychotics Diana P Morrison 2. Evidence-based management of depression in Schizophrenia Andre F Joubert 3. Second generation Antipsychotics: An African update Dave Swingler 4. The drug management of patients with HIV/Aids in the Mental Health Care setting: A therapeutic challenge Denise White 5. New developments in the treatment of Bipolar depression Jospeh R Calabrese 6. Dual action antidepressants: Faster onset, more remission, better value? Roger M Pinder 7. Antisocial personality disorder: A review Donald W Black 8. The South African study of stress and health: An overview David R Williams 9. Ugliness is in the eye of the beholder: Psychiatric apsects of body image disturbance David Castle 10. Over diagnosed or under recognized? Treating ADHD Dora Wynchank 11. The contagious effects of trauma and their impact on human service organisations Kerry Gibson 12. Temporal lobe epilepsy in adolescence - 'Understanding the narrative' Helen Clark 13. The effectiveness of treatment programs for Methaqualone (Mandrax) dependence Greg McCarthy, Nandi Siegfried, Bronwyn Myers 14. Community influence on alcohol and marijuana Alan J Flisher, Robyn Mallett, Gary King, Neo Morojele, Martie Muller, Carl Lombard 15. Psychiatric presentations of medical illness Sebastian Akalula 16. Imaging of brain function using Spect James Warwick 17. Selected neuropsychological test performances and SSRI usage Theophilus Lazarus 18. Comparative effectiveness and safety of antipsychotic treatments for outpatient Schizophrenia Frans Korb, Adel Sadak, Aly Akram, Sunar Birsoz, Abderrahmane Belaid 19. Evidence-based mental healthcare - What do you know, think, feel? Nandi Siegfried, George Swingler, Soraya Seedat, Martie Muller, Rachel Churchill, Dan Stein 20. Competitions Act - Anti-competitive health care practices Z Nthakwana 21. Unique approach to mental wellness by medical Schemes Petro Kempen 22. What happens to my medical aid contribution? Eugene Allers 23. Financial issues in a modern private practice Mike Edwards 24. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Uses in brain function research and medical intervention Alan St Clair Gibson 25. The Neurochemistry of dreams: Implications for Psychiatry Mark Solms 26. Tenascin-R expression in the Central Nervvous system of lower vertebrates Ruth Jarvis, N-. Hsu, P. Pesheva and D.M. Lang 25. Localisation of the Nogo-A receptor in Neronal Lipid rafts Edward Nyatia, D.M. Lang 26. Characterising an animal model for early life trauma using time dependent sensitisation Joachim D.K. Uys, Willie M.U. Daniels, Dan J. Stein 27. Tolmetin affords protection against Quinoclinic acid induced Neurotoxixity in Rat brain Amichand Dairam, S Daya 28. Acetaminophen and aspirin inhibit superoxide anion generation and Lipid Peroxidation, and protect against 1-Methyl-4Phenyl Pyridinim-induced Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity in rats H. Maharaj, D.S. Maharaj, K. S. Saravanan, K.P. Mohanakumar, S. Daya 29. Can exercise provide Neuroprotection in a rat model for Parkinson's disease? M Mabandla, L Kellaway, A St Clair Gibson, M Lambert, V Russell 30. Treatment of rapid cycling Bipolar disorder Joseph R. Calabrese 31. Depression as a Neurodegenerative Disorder: The need for achieving remission Roger M Pinder 32. Side-effects induced by modern antidepressants- Overview and management Franco Colin 33. The Placebo response in antidepressant clinical trials Robin Emsley 34. Impulse control disorders: An overview Donald W. Black 35. Post traumatic stress disorder: The Wits trauma clinic experience Ugash Subramaney 36. Post traumatic stress disorder among recently diagnosed patients with HIV in South Africa Soraya Seedat, Bo Olley, D J Stein 37. Improving outcome in Schizophrenia Diana P Morrison 38. Reviewing post Graduate training Cliff W Allwood 39. Ethics in HIV Research Keimanthro Moodley 40. Improving and maintaining ethical standrads in Psychiatric research Tuviah Zabow ============================================================= Posters: Neurosciences section (Presenting author only) 1. Blunted Acth response correlates with altered Neurotransmitter function in maternally separatedrats W M U Daniels 2. A mechanism for zinc toxicity in Neuroblastoma cells W M U Daniels 3. The effects of Hypericum Perforatum, Quercetin, and Fluoxetine on receptor densities in the Rat Brain L Heiderman 4. Trichotillomania and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical and genetic comparisons within a South African population S M J Hemmings 5. Expression of Nogo-A in the amphibian central nervous system N. J. Hsu 6. Biochemical model for inflammation of the brain: The role of iron, transferring and toxiferring in Lipid Peroxidation S J Van Rensburg 7. Improvement in Alzheimer's disease patients with antioxidant supplementation over 15 months S J Van Rensburg 8. The Placebo effect - Is it all in the mind? S J Van Rensburg 9. Very low serum iron concentrations in elderly patients with active Carcinoma S J van Rensburg 10. Melatonin affords protection against Rotenone-induced Neurotoxicity R John 11. Effect of enriched environment on Ca uptake via NMDA receptors into barrel cortex slices of spontaneously Hypertensiverats M Lehohla 12. Effects of Methylpenidate in a rat model for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder G. L. S. Lelaka 13. 6-Hydroxymelatonin converts Fe (III) to Fe(II) and reduces iron-induced Lipid Peroxidation D S Maharaj 14. Metrofinate Potentiates Quinolinic Acid and Potassium Cyanide induced Neurotoxicity A Ramsunder 15. The effect of chronic Intra-Amylgdala CRF injections on rat behaviour and HPA-Axis function L Richter 16. Effect of Glutamate in the Prefrontal Cortex of a rat model for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder V Russell 17. An investigation into the relationship between Corticosterone and Neuron Cell death P J Van Vuuren ============================================================= 41. Blunted Acth response correlates with altered Neurotransmitter function in maternally separated Rats W M U Daniels, C Y Pietersen, M E Carstens, D J Stein 42. A mechanism for Zinc Toxicity in NeuroBlastoma Cells W M U Daniels, J Hendricks, R Salie, S J Van Rensburg 43. The effects of Hypericum Perforatum, Quercetin and Fluoxetine on receptor densities in the rat brain L Heideman and S Daya 44. Trichotillomania and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical and genetic comparisons withn a South African population S M J Hemmings, C J Kinnear, C Lochner, H Moolman-Smook, D J H Niehaus, V Corfield, D J Stein 45. Expression of Nogo-A in the amphibian central nervous system N. J. Hsu, R Jarvis, D. M. Lang 46. Biochemical model for inflammation of the brain: The role of iron, transferring and Toxiferring in Lipid Peroxidation S J Van Rensburg, R T Erasmus, J M van Zyl, D Hon, W M U Daniels, F C V Potocnik, M J Kotze, N J De Villiers, P R Hurly 47. Improvement in Alzheimer's Disease patients with antioxidant supplementation over 15 months S J van Rensburg, F C V Potocnik, J M Van Zyl, B J Van der Walt, D Hon, A Roos, E Rienhardt, R T Erasmus 48. The Placebo effect - Is it all in the mind? S J van Rensburg, R A Emsley, C M Smuts, M Kidd, S Van der Merwe, C C Myburgh, P Oosthuizen, H Bleeker 49. Very low serum Iron concentrations in elderly patients with active Carcinoma S J van Rensburg, R Erasmus, D Hon, C Bouwens 50. Melatonin affords protection against Rotenone-induced Neurotoxicity R John, S Daya 51. Effect of enriched environment on Ca uptake via NMDA Receptors into barrel Cortex slices of spontaneously Hypertensive rats M Lehohla, V Russell, L Kellaway 52. Effects of Methylpenidate in a rat model for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder G. L. S. Lelaka, V. A. Russel, L. A. Kellaway 53. 6-Hydroxymelatonin converts Fe (III) to Fe (II) and reduces iron-induced Lipid Peroxidation D S Maharaj, S Daya 54. Metrofinate Potentiates Quinolinic Acid and Potassium Cyanide induced Neurotoxicity A Ramsunder, S Daya 55. The effect of chronic Intra-Amygdala CRF injections on rat behaviour and HPA-Axis function L Richter, W Daniels, D J Stein 56. Effect of Glutamate in the Prefrontal Cortex of a rat model for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder V Russell, M Lehohla, L Kellaway 57. An investigation into the relationship between Corticosterone and Neuron cell death P J Van Vuuren, J Hendricks, W M U Daniels ============================================================= Posters: Psychiatry Section 1. Descriptive study of Tardive Dyskinesia in a South African Xhosa population S Brink 2. Alcohol drinking problems at three urban High Schools in Umtata O Alonso Betancourt 3. Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse - Demographic, traumatic and clinical signposts P D Carey 4. Inositol in the treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder P D Carey 5. A review of factors associated with Suicidal behaviour in children and adolescents admitted to Tygerberg Hospital T Du Plessis 6. Psychological and physical outcomes fo elective abortion; Local Anaesthesia vs Intravenous Sedation T Ericksen 7. Mental health literacy of Human Resource Practitioners in South Africa C J Hugo 8. The importance of a specialized clinic for the care of patients with first episodes of psychosis N Keyter 9. Self-report vs Urinary drug screening in Schizophrenia: A pilot study L Koen 10. The effect of aggression on the use of Psychotropics in Schizophrenia: A naturalistic study H Lategan 11. Factor analysis of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in patients with obssessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical and Genetic correlates C Lochner 12. Experiences in obsessive-compulsive Disorder and Trichotillomania: Role of childhood trauma C Lochner 13. Delusional systems in Xhosa Schizophrenia Sibpairs J E Muller 14. OCD Heteogeneity reflected by lack of Genealogically determined founder effect D J H Niehaus 15. The efficacy and tolerbaility of low-dose vs standard dose Haloperidol in first episode Psychosis. A randomised, double-blind study P P Oosthuizen 16. Treatment with low-dose Haloperidol does not protect against Tardive Dyskinesia P P Oosthuizen 17. Do healthcare funders discriminate against members on the grounds of mental illness? O Scholtz 18. Treatment strategies in patients with Clozaopine-resistant Schizophrenia at Stikland Hospital: A critical evaluation of one option A Schulte 19. Early coadministration of Clonazepam with Paroxetine for generalized social anxiety disorder S Seedat 20. Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in adolescents: A schools' survey in Cape Town (South Africa) and Nairobi (Kenya) S Seedat 21. The QTC effects of Thioridazine when used as a second line Anti-psychotic ( at Stikland Hospital) C Seller 22. Brain imaging and substance related disorders D J Stein 23. Gender differences in trauma exposure & post traumatic stress disorder in a clinic sample S Suliman 24. Assessing the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among clinica at Tygerbeg Academic Hospital and controls H Van der Bijl 25. Pharmacological challenge with a serotonin ID Agonist in alcohol dependence B Vythilingum 26. The treatment of ADHD in adults W Verbeeck ============================================================= 58. Descriptive study of Tardive Dyskinesia in a South African Xhosa population S Brink, D J H Niehaus, L Koen, J E Muller 59. Alcohol drinking problems at three Urban High Schools in Umtata O Alonso Betancourt, M Morales Herrera 60. Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse - Demographic, traumatic and clinical signposts P D Carey, J Walker, S Seedat, D J Stein 61. Inositol in the treatment of obsessive compulsive Disorder P D Carey, S Seedat, D J Stein 62. A review of factors associated with suicidal behaviour in children and adolescents admitted to Tygerberg Hospital T Du Plessis, S M Hawkridge, F H Theron, S A Du Plessis 63. Psychological and physical outcomes of elective abortion: Local anaestheisa vs Intravenous sedation T Ericksen, S Seedat, P Labuschagne, D J Stein 64. Mental health literacy of Human resource practitioners in South Africa C J Hugo, H D Vos, D J Stein 65. The importance of a specialized clinic for the care of patients with first episodes of psychosis N Keyter, P P Oosthuizen, R A Emsley, H J Turner 66. Self-reort vs urinary drug screening in Schizophrenia: A pilot study L Koen, D J H Niehaus, J E Muller, C Seller, N Keyter 67. The effect of aggression on the use of Psychotropics in Schizophrenia: A naturalistic study H Lategan, L Koen, D J H Niehaus 68. Factor analysis of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Clinical and genetic correlates C Lochner, D J H Niehaus, S M J Hemmings, C J Kinnear, V A Corfield, J C Moolman-Smook, D J Stein 69. Experiences in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Trichotillomania: Role of childhood trauma C Lochner, S Seedat, P D Carey, D J Stein 70. Delusional systems in Xhosa Schizophrenia Sibpairs J E Muller, D J H Niehaus, L Koen, C Seller, N Keyter, C Laurent, R A Emsley 71. OCD Heteogeneity reflected by lack of Genealogically determined founder effect D J H Niehaus, L Endeman, I Bosman, S Hemmings, C Lochner, L Koen, H Moolman-Smook, V A Corfield, D J Stein 72. The efficacy and tolerability of low-dose vs standard dose Haloperidol in first episode Psychosis. A randomised, double-blind study P P Oosthuizen, R A Emsley, H J Turner, N Keyter 73. Treatment with low-dose Haloperidol does not protect against Tardive Dyskinesia P P Oosthuizen, R A Emsley, H J Turner, N Keyter 74. Do healthcare funders discriminate against members on the grounds of mental illness? O Scholtz, P P Oosthuizen, C Hugo, B Richards 75. Treatment strategies in patients with Clozapine resistant Schizophrenia at Stikland Hospital: A critical evaluation of one option A Schulte, D J H Niehaus, L Koen, J E Muller, P P Oosthuizen, R A Emsley 76. Early coadministration of Clonazepam with Paroxetine for generalised Social Anxiety Disorder S Seedat, M B Stein 77. Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in adolescents: A schools' survey in Cape Town (South Africa) and Nairobi (Kenya) S Seedat, C Nyamap, F Njenga, B Vythilingum, D J Stein 78. The QTC effects of Thioridazine when used as a second line Antipsychotic (at Stikland Hospital) C Seller, P P Oosthuizen 79. Brain imaging and substance related disorders D J Stein 80. Gender differences in trauma exposure & post traumatic stress disorder in a clinic sample S Suliman, S Seedat, F Gxama, J Walker, W Rossouw 81. Assessing the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among clinicians at Tygerberg Academic Hospital and controls H Van der Bijl, P P Oosthuizen 82. Pharmacological challenge with a Serotonin ID agonist in alcohol dependence B Vythilingum, C Wessels, S Maritz, W P Pienaar, D J Stein 83. The treatment of ADHD in adults W Verbeeck