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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with poor self-control, underpinned by inferior fronto-striatal deficits. Real-time functional magnetic resonance neurofeedback (rtfMRI-NF) allows participants to gain self-control over dysregulated brain regions. Despite evidence for beneficial effects of electrophysiological-NF on ADHD symptoms, no study has applied the spatially superior rtfMRI-NF neurotherapy to ADHD. A randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of rtfMRI-NF of right inferior prefrontal cortex (rIFG), a key region that is compromised in ADHD and upregulated with psychostimulants, on improvement of ADHD symptoms, cognition, and inhibitory fMRI activation. To control for region-specificity, an active control group received rtfMRI-NF of the left parahippocampal gyrus (lPHG). Thirty-one ADHD boys were randomly allocated and had to learn to upregulate their target brain region in an average of 11 rtfMRI-NF runs over 2 weeks. Feedback was provided through a video-clip of a rocket that had to be moved up into space. A transfer session without feedback tested learning retention as a proximal measure of transfer to everyday life. Both NF groups showed significant linear activation increases with increasing number of runs in their respective target regions and significant reduction in ADHD symptoms after neurotherapy and at 11-month follow-up. Only the group targeting rIFG, however, showed a transfer effect, which correlated with ADHD symptom reductions, improved at trend level in sustained attention, and showed increased IFG activation during an inhibitory fMRI task. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates for the first time feasibility, safety, and shorter- and longer-term efficacy of rtfMRI-NF of rIFG in adolescents with ADHD. Hum Brain Mapp, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Contains fulltext : 169834.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Contains fulltext : 169834pos.pdf (Author’s version postprint ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging studies have shown structural alterations in several brain regions in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Through the formation of the international ENIGMA ADHD Working Group, we aimed to address weaknesses of previous imaging studies and meta-analyses, namely inadequate sample size and methodological heterogeneity. We aimed to investigate whether there are structural differences in children and adults with ADHD compared with those without this diagnosis. METHODS: In this cross-sectional mega-analysis, we used the data from the international ENIGMA Working Group collaboration, which in the present analysis was frozen at Feb 8, 2015. Individual sites analysed structural T1-weighted MRI brain scans with harmonised protocols of individuals with ADHD compared with those who do not have this diagnosis. Our primary outcome was to assess case-control differences in subcortical structures and intracranial volume through pooling of all individual data from all cohorts in this collaboration. For this analysis, p values were significant at the false discovery rate corrected threshold of p=0.0156. FINDINGS: Our sample comprised 1713 participants with ADHD and 1529 controls from 23 sites with a median age of 14 years (range 4-63 years). The volumes of the accumbens (Cohen's d=-0.15), amygdala (d=-0.19), caudate (d=-0.11), hippocampus (d=-0.11), putamen (d=-0.14), and intracranial volume (d=-0.10) were smaller in individuals with ADHD compared with controls in the mega-analysis. There was no difference in volume size in the pallidum (p=0.95) and thalamus (p=0.39) between people with ADHD and controls. Exploratory lifespan modelling suggested a delay of maturation and a delay of degeneration, as effect sizes were highest in most subgroups of children (21 years): in the accumbens (Cohen's d=-0.19 vs -0.10), amygdala (d=-0.18 vs -0.14), caudate (d=-0.13 vs -0.07), hippocampus (d=-0.12 vs -0.06), putamen (d=-0.18 vs -0.08), and intracranial volume (d=-0.14 vs 0.01). There was no difference between children and adults for the pallidum (p=0.79) or thalamus (p=0.89). Case-control differences in adults were non-significant (all p>0.03). Psychostimulant medication use (all p>0.15) or symptom scores (all p>0.02) did not influence results, nor did the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders (all p>0.5). INTERPRETATION: With the largest dataset to date, we add new knowledge about bilateral amygdala, accumbens, and hippocampus reductions in ADHD. We extend the brain maturation delay theory for ADHD to include subcortical structures and refute medication effects on brain volume suggested by earlier meta-analyses. Lifespan analyses suggest that, in the absence of well powered longitudinal studies, the ENIGMA cross-sectional sample across six decades of ages provides a means to generate hypotheses about lifespan trajectories in brain phenotypes. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health. 10 p.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with poor self‐control, underpinned by inferior fronto‐striatal deficits. Real‐time functional magnetic resonance neurofeedback (rtfMRI‐NF) allows participants to gain self‐control over dysregulated brain regions. Despite evidence for beneficial effects of electrophysiological‐NF on ADHD symptoms, no study has applied the spatially superior rtfMRI‐NF neurotherapy to ADHD. A randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of rtfMRI‐NF of right inferior prefrontal cortex (rIFG), a key region that is compromised in ADHD and upregulated with psychostimulants, on improvement of ADHD symptoms, cognition, and inhibitory fMRI activation. To control for region‐specificity, an active control group received rtfMRI‐NF of the left parahippocampal gyrus (lPHG). Thirty‐one ADHD boys were randomly allocated and had to learn to upregulate their target brain region in an average of 11 rtfMRI‐NF runs over 2 weeks. Feedback was provided through a video‐clip of a rocket that had to be moved up into space. A transfer session without feedback tested learning retention as a proximal measure of transfer to everyday life. Both NF groups showed significant linear activation increases with increasing number of runs in their respective target regions and significant reduction in ADHD symptoms after neurotherapy and at 11‐month follow‐up. Only the group targeting rIFG, however, showed a transfer effect, which correlated with ADHD symptom reductions, improved at trend level in sustained attention, and showed increased IFG activation during an inhibitory fMRI task. This proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates for the first time feasibility, safety, and shorter‐ and longer‐term efficacy of rtfMRI‐NF of rIFG in adolescents with ADHD. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3190–3209, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

For more than 25 years, promoting higher levels of education for registered nurses (RNs) has been a strategic theme in national reports. Yet, only 42.2% of RNs in North Carolina hold a bachelor of science in nursing, a master of science in nursing, or a doctorate in nursing. Creating a seamless educational pathway for RNs is essential for achieving this goal.

To review the magnetic resonance imaging findings in child and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Studies have shown that ADHD is characterised by multiple functional and structural neural network abnormalities including most prominently fronto-striatal, but also fronto-parieto-temporal, fronto-cerebellar and even fronto-limbic networks. Evidence from longitudinal structural imaging studies has shown that ADHD is characterised by a delay in structural brain maturation. This is reinforced by indirect evidence from cross-sectional imaging studies for more immature brain function as well as structural and functional connectivity patterns, which, however, needs corroboration by longitudinal studies. Dysfunction of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex seems to be more pronounced in ADHD relative to other pediatric disorders and there is some evidence for differential abnormalities in the basal ganglia. A meta-analysis of stimulant effects on brain function shows that the most consistent mechanism of action of acute psychostimulant medication is the increased activation of the inferior prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia. First attempts to use neuroimaging data to make individual diagnostic classifications of ADHD children based on pattern recognition techniques are promising but need replication across centres and scanners.The last two decades of neuroimaging have shaped out biomarkers of ADHD. Future studies will need to focus on using this information for clinical translation such as using neuroimaging for individual diagnostic and prognostic classification or by using neuroimaging as a neurotherapy to reverse those brain function abnormalities that have been established over the last two decades of neuroimaging.Anomalias cerebrales en el trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad: una revision.Objetivo. Revisar los hallazgos de los estudios con resonancia magnetica en el trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad (TDAH) infantil y adulto. Desarrollo. Dichos estudios han demostrado que el TDAH se caracteriza por la presencia de multiples anomalias de caracter estructural y funcional, primordialmente en los circuitos frontoestriatales, pero tambien en los circuitos frontoparietotemporales, frontocerebelares e, incluso, frontolimbicos. Los datos aportados por los estudios longitudinales de resonancia magnetica estructural demuestran que el TDAH se caracteriza por un retraso en la maduracion estructural del cerebro. Esta conclusion se ve reforzada por los indicios indirectos ofrecidos por los estudios de cortes transversales, que indican la existencia de una inmadurez sustancial tanto en la funcion cerebral como en los patrones de conectividad estructural y funcional, indicios que, sin embargo, estan pendientes de confirmar en estudios longitudinales. La alteracion funcional de la corteza prefrontal ventrolateral parece estar mas afectada en el TDAH que en otros trastornos pediatricos, y existen algunos indicios de anomalias distintivas en los ganglios basales. Un metaanalisis sobre los efectos de los estimulantes en la funcion cerebral demuestra que el mecanismo de accion agudo mas congruente de los farmacos psicoestimulantes consiste en el aumento de la activacion de la corteza prefrontal inferior y los ganglios basales. Los primeros intentos por utilizar los datos de los estudios de neuroimagen para elaborar clasificaciones diagnosticas individuales de los niños con TDAH a partir de tecnicas de reconocimiento de patrones han cosechado resultados alentadores, pero todavia deben ser replicados por mas centros y aparatos de resonancia magnetica. Conclusiones. Durante los ultimos 20 años, las tecnicas de neuroimagen han perfilado los biomarcadores del TDAH, pero es necesario que nuevos estudios descubran la utilidad clinica de esa informacion, como el uso de tales tecnicas como instrumento de clasificacion diagnostica y pronostica individualizada o como terapia para revertir las anomalias de la funcion cerebral que han sido confirmadas durante los dos decenios anteriores.

A plethora of magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that ADHD is characterized by multiple functional and structural neural network abnormalities beyond the classical fronto-striatal model, including fronto-parieto-temporal, fronto-cerebellar and even fronto-limbic networks. There is evidence for a maturational delay in brain structure development which likely extends to brain function and structural and functional connectivity, but this needs corroboration by longitudinal imaging studies. Dysfunction of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex seems to be more pronounced relative to other pediatric disorders and is also the most consistent target of acute psychostimulant medication. Future studies are likely to focus on using neuroimaging for clinical translation such as for individual diagnostic and prognostic classification and as a neurotherapy to reverse brain function abnormalities.

For more than 25 years, promoting higher levels of education for registered nurses (RNs) has been a strategic theme in national reports. Yet, only 42.2% of RNs in North Carolina hold a bachelor of science in nursing, a master of science in nursing, or a doctorate in nursing. Creating a seamless educational pathway for RNs is essential for achieving this goal.

A telehealth programme for schools was established by staff at the East Carolina University schools of nursing, health education, social work, nutrition, education and medicine, in conjunction with the Eastern Area Health Education Center. A health education curriculum was developed for rural high schools using the North Carolina Information Highway for delivery. A Web page provided additional resources for teachers, teenagers and health professionals. Four telehealth sessions were conducted over three years: two with the pilot school and two with a second school on-line simultaneously. A total of 76 ninth-grade students completed the courses. Evaluation indicated successful outcomes in student learning. Respondents to a follow-up survey of members of the first telehealth class had positive comments about the experience. Utilization of the Web page increased steadily from 1997.

Objetivo. Revisar los hallazgos de los estudios con resonancia magnetica en el trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad (TDAH) infantil y adulto. Desarrollo. Dichos estudios han demostrado que el TDAH se caracteriza por la presencia de multiples anomalias de caracter estructural y funcional, primordialmente en los circuitos frontoestriatales, pero tambien en los circuitos frontoparietotemporales, frontocerebelares e, incluso, frontolimbicos. Los datos aportados por los estudios longitudinales de resonancia magnetica estructural demuestran que el TDAH se caracteriza por un retraso en la maduracion estructural del cerebro. Esta conclusion se ve reforzada por los indicios indirectos ofrecidos por los estudios de cortes transversales, que indican la existencia de una inmadurez sustancial tanto en la funcion cerebral como en los patrones de conectividad estructural y funcional, indicios que, sin embargo, estan pendientes de confirmar en estudios longitudinales. La alteracion funcional de la corteza prefrontal ventrolateral parece estar mas afectada en el TDAH que en otros trastornos pediatricos, y existen algunos indicios de anomalias distintivas en los ganglios basales. Un metaanalisis sobre los efectos de los estimulantes en la funcion cerebral demuestra que el mecanismo de accion agudo mas congruente de los farmacos psicoestimulantes consiste en el aumento de la activacion de la corteza prefrontal inferior y los ganglios basales. Los primeros intentos por utilizar los datos de los estudios de neuroimagen para elaborar clasificaciones diagnosticas individuales de los ninos con TDAH a partir de tecnicas de reconocimiento de patrones han cosechado resultados alentadores, pero todavia deben ser replicados por mas centros y aparatos de resonancia magnetica. Conclusiones. Durante los ultimos 20 anos, las tecnicas de neuroimagen han perfilado los biomarcadores del TDAH, pero es necesario que nuevos estudios descubran la utilidad clinica de esa informacion, como el uso de tales tecnicas como instrumento de clasificacion diagnostica y pronostica individualizada o como terapia para revertir las anomalias de la funcion cerebral que han sido confirmadas durante los dos decenios anteriores.