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The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeding activity and the rhythm of daily locomotor activity of the convict cichlid (Amatitlania sp.) kept in different social groups under a self-feeding system. A total of 120 animals was distributed among six repetitions of four social groups, as follows: group 1 with one male and one female per tank; group 2 with three males and three females per tank; group 3 with six males per tank; and group 4 with six females per tank. Feeding activity (FA) and locomotor activity (LA) were evaluated using photoelectric presence-sensors connected to automatic feeders. The fish were fed a commercial extruded diet (46% crude protein and 3600 kcal kg

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction that can be exacerbated by many viral infections, including COVID19. Management of MG exacerbations is challenging in this scenario. We report 8 cases of MG exacerbation or myasthenic crisis associated with COVID19 and discuss prognosis and treatment based on a literature review. Most patients were female (7/8), with an average age of 47.1 years. Treatment was immunoglobulin (IVIG) in 3 patients, plasma exchange (PLEX) in 2 patients, and adjustment of baseline drugs in 3. In-hospital mortality was 25% and 37.5% in 2-month follow-up. This is the largest case series of MG exacerbation or myasthenic crisis due to COVID19 to this date. Mortality was considerably higher than in myasthenic crisis of other etiologies. Previous treatment for MG or acute exacerbation treatment did not seem to interfere with prognosis, although sample size was too small to draw definitive conclusions. Further studies are needed to understand the safety and effectiveness of interventions in this setting, particularly of PLEX, IVIG, rituximab and tocilizumab.

Estudos sobre as questões que contextualizam aspectos de mudança em torno da prática pedagógica no Ensino Superior têm aumentado, significativamente, nos últimos anos, sendo considerado, atualmente, um campo de grande interesse em função da importância para o âmbito educacional. Nessa perspectiva, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a transposição didática como prática pedagógica voltada para construção do conhecimento em sala de aula. Para composição do estudo foram empregados 125 questionários, com 10 questões objetivas, com caráter anônimo e esses questionários foram aplicados para alunos maiores de 18 anos de idade. Os alunos foram questionados a respeito das estratégias pedagógicas utilizadas pelos professores, 32% responderam que utilizam exposição com suportes visuais, 26,40% informaram que usam exposição com uso do diálogo, 22,40% disseram que utilizam trabalho de grupo, 12% disseram que são realizados trabalhos individuais e 9% assinalaram que têm utilizado interpretação e análise de texto. A respeito da importância da inovação pedagógica para o estímulo da aprendizagem, 92,80% dos discentes informaram que é importante, 7,2% disseram que talvez seja e nenhum aluno assinalou que não é importante. Com a realização do estudo é possível concluir que a transposição didática auxilia na construção do conhecimento, em sala de aula, uma vez que contribui para tornar os conteúdos mais significativos. Palavras-chave: Transposição Didática. Construção do Conhecimento. Prática Pedagógica. Abstract Studies on the issues that contextualize aspects of change around the pedagogical practice in higher education have increased significantly in recent years and is currently considered a field of great interest because of its importance to the educational field. In this perspective, the present study aimed to evaluate the didactic transposition as a pedagogical practice focused on building knowledge in the classroom. For the composition study, 125 questionnaires were used, with 10 objective questions, which had anonymous character, were applied to students over 18 years of age. Students were asked about the teaching strategies used by teachers, 32% reported using exposure to visual media, 26.40% reported using exposure with use of dialogue, 22.40% said they use group work, 12% said that individual assignment is carried out and 9% indicated that interpretation and text analysis are used; Regarding the importance of pedagogical innovation to stimulate learning, 92.80% of the students reported that it is important, 7.2% said they may be important and no student pointed out that it is not important. Through this study it is concluded that the didactic transposition, assists in the knowledge construction in the classroom as it helps to make the most meaningful content. Keywords: Didactic Transposition. Knowledge Construction. Pedagogical Practice.

Radioatividade natural em solos canavieiros do estado de São Paulo

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes frequências de alimentação e autoalimentação sobre o comportamento, desempenho e parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue de juvenis de Colossoma macropomum, durante dois períodos de alimentação (dia / noite). Cento e sessenta e dois juvenis de C. macropomum (3,63 ± 0,05 g) foram submetidos a nove tratamentos: autoalimentação de 24 horas (SF); autoalimentação à vontade durante o dia (SFD) e alimentação em frequências fixas de duas (2D), quatro (4D) e seis (6D) vezes ao dia; autoalimentação á vontade durante a noite (SFN) e alimentação em frequências fixas de duas (2N), quatro (4N) e seis (6N) vezes por noite. SF exibiu 95,7% de atividade alimentar noturna e 4,3% diurna (p

A study on fine-suspended sediment (FSS) yield dynamics was performed in the Piracicaba River drainage basin in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, during an entire hydrological year, and a set of nine flood hydrographs that encompass wet and dry seasons were analysed. The average-specific sediment transport was 88 t km−2 y−1. Hydrograph analysis verified that the lowest sediment yield, totalling 313 t, was related to the driest season of the hydrological year; whereas, the highest yield, amounting to 196,000 t, was related to the season of heaviest rainfall. Both unit hydrographs lasted 10 consecutive days, yet they were obtained under adverse hydrological conditions, with accumulated precipitation in the dry and wet seasons of 14 and 319 mm, respectively, which likely gave rise to different soil saturation levels and changes in surface runoff. This increase in FSS yield, which is greater than 600-fold, is possibly related not only to the different hydrological conditions, but also to the use and occ...

Os acidentes de trânsito configuram-se como um crescente problema de saude publica, ultrapassando a marca de um milhao de obitos a cada ano no mundo. Nesse panorama, o Nucleo de Estudos Academicos em Neurocirurgia (NEAN), projeto de extensao da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceara organizou uma atividade junto a populacao em Fortaleza - CE em parceria com o Departamento Estadual de Trânsito (DETRAN). Foi realizada uma ‘’Blitz Educativa’’ na Semana Nacional do Trânsito, cujo tema "Seja Voce a Mudanca no Trânsito" permitiu a difusao de orientacoes basicas sobre a prevencao de acidentes e a solicitacao por atendimento medico, atribuindo a populacao a responsabilidade de garantir a sua seguranca no trânsito. O expressivo numero de mais de 60% de toda a amostra ja havia vivenciado uma ocorrencia acidental no trânsito, o que coincide com as estatisticas oficiais sobre os acidentes de trânsito ocorridos em Fortaleza. Questionados quanto ao numero de telefone para solicitar uma ambulância, o numero mais citado foi 192, seguido de 190 e 193, mostrando a real necessidade da informacao do numero correto para um rapido atendimento e um melhor desfecho do paciente. Assim, faz-se necessario uma sensibilizacao da populacao acerca desses problemas, difundindo o conhecimento e alertando sobre as responsabilidades de cada cidadao para a construcao de um panorama mais aceitavel no trânsito. Palavras-chave: Extensao Universitaria, Acidentes de Trânsito, Relacoes Comunidade-Instituicao. Extension Approach in the 2015 National Week of Traffic: awareness-raising and analysis of accidents, ill-effects and of SAMU’s call number Abstract: Traffic accidents are a growing public health problem, surpassing one million deaths every year worldwide. In this scenario, the ‘ Nucleo de Estudos Academicos em Neurocirurgia’ (NEAN - Center of Academic Studies in Neurosurgery), an extension project in the School of Medicine of Universidade Federal do Ceara, organized an activity in Fortaleza, Ceara State, Brazil, in partnership with the State Department of Traffic. An educational police checkpoint was set up during the National Week of Traffic which had as theme “Be you the change in traffic" providing prevention-focus orientation about traffic accidents and about calling for medical assistance, and assigning to the population the responsibility for ensuring their safety in traffic. An expressive number of more than 60% of the population interviewed during the project had already experienced traffic accidents, which reiterates similar official statistical data on traffic accidents at Fortaleza. When asked about which phone number to request an ambulance, the most cited number was 192, followed by 190 and 193, showing the real necessity of knowing the right number to call for a fast response medical service and a better outcome for the victim. Thus, it is necessary raising the awareness of population about those problems, by educating and alerting them about the responsibilities of each one for the quality of traffic in the city. Keywords : University Extension, Traffic Accidents, Community-Institutional Relations. Enfoque de Extension en la Semana Nacional de Trafico 2015: sensibilizacion y analisis de accidentes, de secuelas y del numero de telefono del SAMU Resumen: Los accidentes de trafico son un problema de salud publica cada vez mayor, superando un millon de muertes cada ano en todo el mundo. En este escenario, el Nucleo de Estudios Academicos en Neurocirurgia (NEAN), un proyecto de extension en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidade Federal de Ceara, organizo una actividad en Fortaleza, Ceara, Brasil, en colaboracion con el Departamento de Trafico. Durante la Semana Nacional de Transito se establecio un puesto de control educativo de la policia que tenia como tema "Se tu el cambio en el trafico" proporcionando orientacion sobre prevencion de accidentes de trafico y como llamar a la asistencia medica, asignando a la poblacion la responsabilidad de asegurar su propia seguridad en el trafico. Se ha detectado un numero expresivo de mas del 60% de la poblacion entrevistada durante el proyecto, que ya habia experimentado una ocurrencia accidental en el trafico, lo que reitera datos estadisticos oficiales similares sobre accidentes de transito en Fortaleza. El numero mas citado para las llamadas medicas de emergencia fue 192, seguido por 190 y 193, lo que demuestra la necesidad real de conocer el numero correcto para llamar a un servicio medico de respuesta rapida y obtener un mejor resultado para la victima. Por lo tanto, es necesario sensibilizar a la poblacion sobre esos problemas, educandolos y alertandolos sobre las responsabilidades de cada uno por la calidad del trafico en la ciudad. Palabras-clave : Extension Universitaria, Accidentes de Trafico, Relaciones Comunidad-Institucion. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24317/2358-0399.2017v8i1.3091

As complicações da Derivação Ventriculoperitoneal (DVP) podem variar de 6% a 40% nas séries da literatura, estando o hematoma subdural crônico (HSDC) presente em até 24% de algumas dessas séries. Preconiza-se o uso de uma válvula de alta pressão, para evitar uma possível hiperdrenagem, nos casos de sintomatologia semelhante à hidrocefalia de pressão normal (HPN) com grande aumento ventricular. Nesse caso, o paciente apresentou a tríade clássica de Hakim-Adams, sendo diagnosticado clinicamente com a hidrocefalia de pressão normal e submetido a uma derivação ventrículo-peritoneal com uma válvula de alta pressão. O paciente evoluiu com a formação de hematoma subdural crônico bilateral (HSDC), sendo necessária a drenagem da coleção sanguínea. O caso apresentado permite a observação das complicações presentes após esse procedimento e também uma revisão bibliográfica acerca da fisiopatologia da HPN.

Purpose: This work proposes an accurate method for simulating dose reduction in digital mammography starting from a clinical image acquired with a standard dose. Methods: The method developed in this work consists of scaling a mammogram acquired at the standard radiation dose and adding signal-dependent noise. The algorithm accounts for specific issues relevant in digital mammography images, such as anisotropic noise, spatial variations in pixel gain, and the effect of dose reduction on the detective quantum efficiency. The scaling process takes into account the linearity of the system and the offset of the detector elements. The inserted noise is obtained by acquiring images of a flat-field phantom at the standard radiation dose and at the simulated dose. Using the Anscombe transformation, a relationship is created between the calculated noise mask and the scaled image, resulting in a clinical mammogram with the same noise and gray level characteristics as an image acquired at the lower-radiation dose. Results: The performance of the proposed algorithm was validated using real images acquired with an anthropomorphic breast phantom at four different doses, with five exposures for each dose and 256 nonoverlapping ROIs extracted from each image and with uniform images. The authors simulated lower-dose images and compared these with the real images. The authors evaluated the similarity between the normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS) and power spectrum (PS) of simulated images and real images acquired with the same dose. The maximum relative error was less than 2.5% for every ROI. The added noise was also evaluated by measuring the local variance in the real and simulated images. The relative average error for the local variance was smaller than 1%. Conclusions: A new method is proposed for simulating dose reduction in clinical mammograms. In this method, the dependency between image noise and image signal is addressed using a novel application of the Anscombe transformation. NNPS, PS, and local noise metrics confirm that this method is capable of precisely simulating various dose reductions.

The fractionation of heavy metals in riverbed sediments along the Tiete River basin, a highly polluted river in southeast region of Brazil, was investigated using a four-step sequential extraction procedure, in order to determine the concentration and distribution of Cu, Co, Cr, Cd, Zn, Ni and Pb, in the river bottom sediments, related to the potential mobility of geochemical phases. Around the metropolitan area of the City of Sao Paulo, which has 25 million people, the pollution is associated with municipal wastes and industrial effluents. Potentials of high mobility were observed for Cu and Zn along the entire river basin, associated mainly to the organic fraction, while at the Pirapora and Anhembi stations (upper and middle parts of the basin, respectively) the reactive forms of Ni and Pb were more associated to the Fe and Mn oxides. Near the mouth of the Tiete River, no significant contaminations caused by Cr and Ni in riverbed sediments was verified confirming the presence of these metals in ...

Inorganic components were surveyed of some Brazilian cigarette tobacco by INAA. Sixteen different brands were taken from the consumer market and analyzed for As, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, K, La, Na, Rb, Sc, Sm, Sr and Zn elements. Comparisons between the results from this work and those originated from several cigarette tobacco producing countries, indicate significant variation in the levels of some elements.

The elemental composition of pine trees as a function of age was achieved by the tree-ring method. By using instrumental neutron activation analysis, trace elements were determined in individual rings ofPinus elliottii var.elliottii of 32, 14 and 9 years, from an implanted forest ofPinus sp., Buri, Sao Paulo, far away from industrial pollution. Different components of the system such as needles, pith, bark, soil and litter were also analyzed for 18 elements (As, Br, Ce, Co, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Mn, Na, Rb, Sc, Sm, Yb, Zn, and Zr). Al, B, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, and P concentrations were determined by atomic absorption and/or emission spectrometry (AAS; ICP-AES). Some elements have showed similar radial distribution of the concentration for the three ages. Abrupt concentration changes in the pith and ring-bark boundary corresponding to the first and last growth rings were observed.

The interactive processes operating on the continental shelf adjacent to the river mouth control the amount and the characteristics of the Amazon discharge reaching the Atlantic Ocean. In this study, the distribution of trace elemental concentrations, with emphasis to the rare-earth elements, in sediment cores collected at several stations from the Amazon continental shelf during the falling water period was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Cores from the terrigenous and blue water zones have relatively uniform REE concentrations throughout the profile. Cerium anomalies for samples of the upper section of the eight stations are consistently positive and of high values (normally >2). Similar variation in the elemental concentration ratios between the seabed sediments and Amazon River suspended sediments was seen for stations located in the biogenic and blue water zones, with an enrichment for Ce, Sm, Fe, Th, and Sc and a depletion for the La, Eu, Tb, Yb, Co, Cr, Cs, Hf, Ta, and Zn. The shale-normalized REE patterns from shelf sediments are enriched in LREE relative to HREE, with enrichment factors varying from 1.5 for stations near the river mouth (terrigenous zone) to 1.9 for stations located far in the blue water zone. Published data for the Amazon River suspended sediment agree remarkably well with this observation of LREE-enrichment.

The aim of this paper was to study the elemental composition of sediments in the Amazon ecosystem by comparing bottom samples from the shelf with those from the floodplain of the Rio Amazonas. Trace elements measured by neutron activation analysis were used. The system is divided into three parts: the basin, including tributaries from the pre-Andean region to Obidos; the delta—plain region between Obidos and the mouth; and the continental shelf. Significant correlation was found between the shelf and floodplain sediments, especially those samples close to the mouth. In the shelf surface samples, Ta, Eu, La, and Ce (in this order) have the lowest coefficients of variation in concentration, whereas Hf, Br, and Cs have the greatest.

A influência dos efluentes urbanos brutos na carga dissolvida do rio Piracicaba em termos de carga de poluição per capita das principais espécies químicas inorgânicas dissolvidas, foi estimada a partir de um modelo de aportes de efluentes pontuais sem tratamento prévio na zona urbana central do município de Piracicaba (SP). As cargas químicas inorgânicas, representadas pelos cátions e ânions principais e a sílica dissolvida foram determinadas nos efluentes brutos e no próprio rio, antes e depois da área urbana. O modelo utilizado permitiu estimar as contribuições dessas espécies químicas nas cargas totais dos efluentes para toda a bacia de drenagem e quantificar em termos mais específicos os respectivos aportes por habitante. The influence of urban raw sewage, in terms of per capita load pollution of major dissolved inorganic chemical species, in fluvial dissolved load was estimated using a model of punctual sewage contributions without previous treatment, in urban central area of Piracicaba city, SP. The inorganic loads represented by major cations, anions and dissolved silica, were determined in both raw sewage and in the river, before and after the river crossing the urban area. This model also allowed the contributions of these chemical species of total effluent loads to be estimated for the entire drainage basin, as well their respective contributions per capita.

Neutron activation analysis was performed on aluvial soil samples from several sites on the floodplains of the Amazon River and its major tributaries for trace elements determination. The spatial and temporal variations of chemical composition of floodland sediments in the Amazon basin are discussed. No significant difference was found in trace elemental distribution in the floodland soils along the Amazon main channel, even after the source material has been progressively diluted with that from lowland draining tributaires. It was also seen that the average chemical composition of floodplain soils compares well with that of the suspended sediments.

Aedes aegypti é uma espécie de ampla distribuição geográfica, e sua presença foi registrada nas ilhas de Cabo Verde. Pelo fato de a sua bioecologia estar sendo atualmente estudada em várias partes do mundo, e também por ter sido realizado o primeiro registro de uma epidemia de dengue no país, decidiu-se pela realização deste levantamento. O trabalho foi realizado entre fevereiro e março de 2010, quando foram inspecionadas seis das dez ilhas que compõem o arquipélago. Os fatores avaliados durante o levantamento foram número, tipo e localização dos recipientes, assim como a presença das formas larvais de Ae. aegypti. Os resultados demonstraram a presença de 2,4 recipientes/residência inspecionada, registrando-se um total de 118 criadouros, sendo estes mais frequentes nas residências abandonadas. A condição de risco foi significativamente diferente entre as ilhas, sendo superior para Boa Vista. Todas as ilhas avaliadas demonstraram tendência significativa à diminuição do número de criadouros, com exceção da ilha de Fogo (GLM; p ≤ 0.05). Os recipientes mais frequentemente registrados foram os barris (> 50 L) (42.6%), localizados tanto no interior quanto no exterior das residências. Como criadouros, foram registrados com mais frequência os barris (> 50 L), tanques (> 200 L) e tanques plásticos (> 50 L) (Teste t; p ≤ 0.05). Aedes aegypti is a species of wide geographical distribution, and its presence is registered on the islands of Cape Verde. Because its bioecology is being currently studied in several parts of the world, and since the first record of a dengue epidemic has been accomplished in the country, we decided to conduct this survey. The study was carried out between February and March, 2010, when six out of the ten islands of the archipelago were inspected. The factors evaluated during the survey were number, type and location of containers, as well as the presence of larval forms of Ae. aegypti. Results showed the existence of 2.4 containers/inspected houses, registering a total of 118 breeding sites, which are more common among abandoned buildings. The risk condition was significantly different between islands, being higher for Boa Vista. All evaluated islands showed a significant decreasing tendency of breeding sites, except for Fogo island (GLM; p ≤ 0.05). The barrels were the containers most frequently recorded (> 50 L) (42.6%), located both inside and outside the houses. As breeding sites, barrels (> 50 L), tanks (> 200 L) and plastic tanks (> 50 L) were more common (t test; p ≤ 0.05).

Por espectrometria gama de alta resolcao, determinou-se a radioatividade especifica de solos e rochas no Municipio de Piracicaba, SP, utilizando os radionuclideos das series do radio e torio e o 40K. Foram coletadas amostras de solos a 60 cm de profundidade e de rochas tipicas da regiao. Apos o preparo, as amostras lacradas foram deixadas em repouso ate atingirem uma condic!ao proxima do equilibrio secular e, entao, foi efetuada a contagem na regiao dos fotopicos mais importantes dos componentes de cada serie. A media ponderada de radioatividade especifica dos solos do municipio foi de 24,1 Bq.kg-1 para a 226Ra e 34,8 Bq.kg-1 para a 232th.

Aiming to suppress the South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae), an Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management (AW-IPM) program that integrates the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) will be implemented on apple growing areas in Southern Brazil. An accurate distinction between the sterile-released flies and the wild fertile flies is essential, since false detections could trigger unnecessary and costly control actions over the surveyed area. In this context, the use of Stable Isotopes Analysis (SIA) emerges as a potential tool for discriminating the origin of the insects. The present study demonstrated whether it is possible to adequately identify laboratory-reared A. fraterculus flies, besides evaluating the influence of attractive and preservative substances on flies\' isotopic composition over time. This study also assessed for the first time the trophic discrimination factor (TDF) and the turnover rate of A. fraterculus after diet switching, once the lack of these species-and element-specific laboratory-derived parameters could limit the SIA application in understanding the ecological patterns of this fruit fly. The ?13C and ?15N signals of the larval and adult diets, laboratory-flies, wild flies captured in Southern Brazil (Vacaria), attractive and preservative substances and the flies immersed in the substances were performed by CF-IRMS at CENA/USP. The isotopic compositions from males and females, either from laboratory and wild flies, did not differ significantly. The A. fraterculus flies reared on larval diets presented different ?13C values compared to wild flies and those reared on fruits (C3-based diets). The values of ?15N were not conclusive for flies differentiation, and traceability could not depend solely on ?15N values. In relation to the capture and preservation methods tested (CeraTrapTM, grape juice and absolute ethanol), it was observed that, depending on the substance, at least one of the isotopic values can suffer alteration compared to the controls. Despite the fact that isotopic compositions of the laboratory-flies could be affected by attractive and preservative substances and by the time that the flies remained immersed in the trap, it was still possible to distinguish flies reared on artificial diet from wild flies. After the diet switching experiment, the ?13C signals of flies began to change, reflecting their recent diet as a result of metabolic turnover, expressed in half-life (t1/2). All treatments showed significant difference in ?13C values over time. The ?15N showed values fewer conclusive when compared to the ?13C values, because the variation of the diet sources was based on the stable isotopes of carbon. Despite of these results, after 15 days of diet shift, the isotopic compositions of laboratory-flies in all treatments were statistically different from the isotopic composition of wild flies. The C4-based diets in the larval and adult stages can be considered suitable tracers of A. fraterculus in an SIT program Objetivando a supressão da mosca-da-fruta sul-americana, Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae), um programa de Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) integrando a Técnica de Insetos Estéril (TIE) será implementado em áreas de cultivo de maçã na região sul do Brasil. Para isso, é necessária uma distinção precisa entre as moscas estéreis liberadas e as moscas férteis selvagens, uma vez que detecções falsas podem desencadear ações de controle desnecessárias e onerosas sobre a área de interesse. Neste contexto, o uso da Análise de Isótopos Estáveis (AIE) surge como uma ferramenta potencial para discriminar a origem dos insetos. O presente estudo demonstrou se é possível identificar adequadamente as moscas criadas em laboratório para programas de TIE, além de avaliar a influência de substâncias atrativas e preservativas na composição isotópica das moscas ao longo do tempo. Este estudo também determinou, pela primeira vez para A. fraterculus, o fator de discriminação isotópica e a taxa de turnover após a troca de dietas, uma vez que a ausência desses parâmetros de laboratório, específicos para a espécie e elemento, poderia limitar a aplicação da AIE no entendimento dos padrões ecológicos dessa mosca-das-frutas. Os sinais de ?13C e ?15N das dietas larvais e de adultos, moscas de laboratório, moscas selvagens capturadas no sul do Brasil (Vacaria), substâncias atrativas e preservativas, e as moscas imersas nessas substâncias foram adquiridos por CF-IRMS no CENA/USP. As composições isotópicas de machos e fêmeas, tanto de laboratório quanto selvagens, não diferiram significativamente entre si. As moscas A. fraterculus criadas em dietas larvais apresentaram diferentes valores de ?13C em comparação com moscas selvagens e criadas em frutos (dietas à base de fontes C3). As assinaturas de ?15N não foram conclusivas para a diferenciação das moscas, e a rastreabilidade não pode depender apenas desses valores. Em relação aos métodos de captura e preservação testados (CeraTrap®, suco de uva e etanol absoluto), observou-se que, dependendo da substância, pode existir alteração de pelo menos um dos valores isotópicos quando comparados aos controles. Apesar das composições isotópicas das moscas de laboratório terem sido afetadas pelo tempo e substâncias nas quais as moscas permaneceram imersas na armadilha, ainda foi possível distinguir as moscas criadas em dietas artificiais das moscas selvagens. Após o experimento de mudança de dieta, os sinais de ?13C das moscas começaram a mudar, refletindo a dieta mais recente como resultado do turnover metabólico, expresso em meia-vida (t1/2). Todos os tratamentos mostraram diferença significativa nos valores de ?13C ao longo do tempo. Valores de ?15N apresentaram resultados menos conclusivos quando comparados aos valores ?13C, porque a variação das fontes da dieta foi baseada nos isótopos estáveis do elemento carbono. Apesar destes resultados, após 15 dias de mudança de dieta, a composição isotópica das moscas em todos os tratamentos foi estatisticamente diferente da composição isotópica das moscas selvagens. As dietas baseadas em fonte C4 na fase larval e na fase adulta podem ser consideradas como traçadores adequados para A. fraterculus em um programa de TIE

O presente estudo objetivou a caracterização hidrogeoquímica da microbacia de drenagem Entre Rios, reflorestada com eucaliptos utilizando-se modelos de transporte de materiais nas fases dissolvidas e particuladas, em períodos de amostragens, antes e depois da realização da colheita de madeira. Na área experimental foram coletadas amostras de águas fluviais, material particulado em suspensão, águas de chuva, solos e sedimentos de fundo. Foram determinados importantes parâmetros e variáveis como vazão, concentração de íons majoritários e material particulado em suspensão, variabilidade temporal e transportes de material dissolvido e particulado, mecanismos de aporte difuso e pontual da carga dissolvida, separação das componentes superficial e subterrânea no escoamento total, concentração e biodisponibilidade dos principais metais pesados nos solos e sedimentos de fundo do córrego. As características hidroquímicas das águas fluviais mostraram que as espécies químicas SiO2, HCO3 -, Ca2+, Mg2+ e Na+ apresentaram comportamentos de diluição com o aumento da vazão e aportes de origem difusa, em todo período, relacionadas à formação geológica da região e mecanismos de recarga da bacia. A amostragem realizada cinco meses após a colheita de madeira evidenciou anomalias de K+ e Cl- que apresentaram padrões de aumento de suas concentrações em relação ao aumento das respectivas vazões, associadas à aplicação de insumos agrícolas. O transporte específico de TDS na amostragem anterior à colheita foi de 35,81 kg km-2d-1, e posterior à colheita foi de 23,53 kg km-2d-1 pelo método estocástico. Tal transporte foi composto principalmente de SiO2 e HCO3 - e a origem destas espécies estiveram associadas à alterações de rochas e aportes atmosféricos totais. Em termos de MPS, as concentrações obtidas se relacionaram positivamente com a vazão nas amostragens intensivas indicando maiores arrastes deste material nas maiores vazões, com concentrações máximas de 50,2 e 80,6 mg L-1 antes e após a colheita, respectivamente. A erosão mecânica da microbacia mostrou-se com uma taxa de degradação física dos solos de 8,7 m Ma-1.Em relação aos aportes atmosféricos, as espécies químicas mais representativas foram o Ca2+ e o Na+ para os cátions e HCO3 -, NO3 - e SO4 2- para os ânions. O transporte específico do TDS nas águas de chuva foi de 4,10 t km-2 a-1. Pelas razões dos transportes totais de águas pluviais e fluviais ficou evidenciado um controle dos aportes atmosféricos totais sobre as águas do córrego da microbacia. Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Zn e Sc foram os metais pesados com maiores concentrações no solo LVd da microbacia. A especiação química dos solos revelou que o LVd foi solo que apresentou maior fração biodisponível para Cd e Zn e estiveram associados principalmente as frações óxidos de ferro cristalino e matéria orgânica, respectivamente. Os resultados dos fatores de enriquecimento para as camadas de 0-10 cm dos solos da microbacia de drenagem não evidenciaram influência antrópica causada pelos tratos culturais, exceto pelo Cu no solo LVAd na camada de 0-10 cm This study aimed to characterize the Entre Rios stream small watershed hydrogeochemistry, reforested with eucalyptus using materials transport models in dissolved and particulate phases, in periods of sampling, before and after the clearcutting. In the experimental area were collected river water samples, suspended particulate material, rain water, soil and botton sediments. Were determined important parameters and variables such as discharge, major íons concentration, and suspended particulate material, temporal variability and dissolved and particulate transports, punctual and diffuse input mechanisms of the dissolved load, superficial and sub superficial components of the total discharge, concentration and bioavailability of the major heavy metals in soils and bottoms sediments. Hydrochemistry characteristics of the fluvial waters showed that chemical species SiO2, HCO3 -, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ presented dilution behavior with increasing of the discharge and diffuse input, in any period, related to the regional geological formation and watershed recharge mechanisms. Sampling performed five months after the clearcutting showed abnormalities of K+ and Clthat showed increase of their concentrations with the discharge, associated with the agricultural inputs application. The TDS specific transport in the sample before clearcutting was 35.81 kg km-2d-1, and after was 23.53 kg km-2d-1 calculated by the stochastic method. This transport was composed mainly of the SiO2 and HCO3 - and the origin of these species were associated with rock alterations and total atmospheric inputs. In terms of MPS, the concentrations were related positively with the discharge in intensive sampling indicating more haul of this material in the higher discharge with maximum concentrations of the 50.2 and 80.6 mg L-1 before and after clearcutting, respectively. The mechanical erosion showed a soil physical degradation tax of the 8.7 m Ma-1. In relation of atmospherics inputs, the most representative chemical species were Ca2+ and Na+ and HCO3 -, NO3 -, SO4 2-. The TDS specific transport in rain waters was 4.10 t km-2 y-1. The rations between rainwater and river transports demonstrated the control of the atmospheric total contributions in the watershed waters. Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Zn and Sc were heavy metals with higher concentrations LVd in soil. The soils chemical speciation showed to the LVd soil higher bioavailable fraction for Cd and Zn and were associated mainly with crystalline iron oxides and organic matter, respectively. The enrichment factors results for the 0-10 cm soil layer in the watershed showed no anthropogenic influence caused by cultural treatments, except for the Cu in 0-10 cm LVAd soil layer