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Background: Incidental prostate cancer (IPCa) is encountered in 10% of surgical procedures for benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). Identification of patients with underlying detrimental prostate cancer is paramount for tailored treatment decision-making, but guideline recommendations for this setting are lacking., Objective: To highlight clinical and histological characteristics related to BPO surgery that may predict IPCa with unfavorable pathology., Design, Setting, and Participants: We included men with IPCa who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) in the short term after IPCa diagnosis. Two cohorts were built according to final pathology for the RP specimen: unfavorable pathology (International Society of Urological Pathology [ISUP] grade group [GG] ≥3 and/or ≥pT3a and/or pN1) versus favorable pathology., Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: We performed multivariate regression analysis for the endpoint, which was unfavorable pathology for the RP specimen. Using the model estimates for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), ISUP GG, age, and prostate volume, we established a model for estimating the risk of unfavorable histopathology., Results and Limitations: Overall, 112 patients were included in the final assessment. On multivariate analysis, PSA (odds ratio [OR] 1.083, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.003-1.170; p = 0.042), ISUP GG for the specimen from BPO surgery (OR 3.090; 95% CI 1.129-8.457; p = 0.028), and age (OR 1.121, 95% CI 1.026-1.225; p = 0.012) were independent predictors for unfavorable histopathology. On receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve was 0.751. A novel calculator was developed to predict adverse pathology for men with IPCa. The study is limited by its retrospective design., Conclusions: For men with IPCa, PSA before surgery for BPO, ISUP GG, and age are independent predictors of unfavorable disease. Our results might improve preoperative risk assessment for patient counseling., Patient Summary: We developed a novel calculator to estimate the risk of underlying detrimental disease in men diagnosed with prostate cancer at surgery for benign prostatic obstruction., (Copyright © 2022 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia is a leading cause of neonatal death. Up to one-third of asphyxiated neonates suffer from hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) with substantial long-term morbidity. Currently available diagnostic and prognostic tools bear limitations, and additional reliable biomarkers are needed for all stages of clinical management. A novel tool in neuroscientific research is micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) profiling. The aim of the present study was to determine miRNA expression profiles of healthy and asphyxiated neonates with and without HIE and to assess their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers., Methods: We prospectively enrolled 49 neonates with a gestational age of ≥36 weeks, 15 of which fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of perinatal asphyxia and 34 served as healthy controls. Dried blood spots were collected from umbilical cord blood (UCB) and from venous blood upon admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and at 48 h of life. Samples were analysed by means of FirePlex™ technology (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA)., Results: In the UCB, miRNA expression levels of hsa-mir-124-3p, hsa-mir-1285-5p, and hsa-mir-331-5p were significantly lower in asphyxiated neonates compared to healthy controls. Asphyxiated neonates requiring therapeutic hypothermia had significantly increased expression of hsa-miR-30e-5p and significantly decreased expression of hsa-miR-142-3p, hsa-miR-338-3p, hsa-miR-34b-3p, hsa-miR-497-5p, and hsa-miR-98-5p at the time of admission to the NICU. At 48 h, infants suffering from moderate/severe HIE with a poor long-term neurodevelopmental outcome showed a significant increase in hsa-mir-145-5p., Discussion/conclusion: MiRNA profiling shows promise as a biomarker for perinatal asphyxia, hypothermia-requiring HIE, and poor neurodevelopmental outcome. Confirmatory studies are called for., (© 2022 S. Karger AG, Basel.)