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Silicon wafer drilling has been under heavy investigation for some time already. Several different laser types and methods have been introduced to different applications. In the industry usually the nanosecond lasers are used. Femtosecond lasers have been considered as high cost and not suitable for the industrial production. At present femtosecond lasers offer really high pulse energies and good reliability, and also high repetition rates and relatively high pulse energies are possible in the sub picosecond range. Processing accuracy with femtosecond laser is very good and heat input is negligible in the processed surface. In this paper we demonstrate the effect of the number of pulses in silicon wafer drilling with a femtosecond laser in free air. Silicon wafers used were p-type, [100] oriented and double-side polished. From the experiments we can see that the drilled hole depth increases rapidly until a turning point is reached, and the ablation rate becomes much smaller. The transition occurs at around several hundreds to 1000 shots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosensing through White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy (WLRS) is based on monitoring the shift of interference spectrum due to the binding reactions occurring on top of a thin SiO 2 layer deposited on a silicon chip. Multi-analyte determinations were possible through scanning of a single sensor chip on which multiple bioreactive areas have been created. Nonetheless, the implementation of moving parts increased the instrumentation size and complexity and limited the potential for on-site determinations. Thus, in this work, a new approach, which is based on patterning the sensor surface to create areas with different SiO 2 thickness, is developed and evaluated for multi-analyte determinations with the WLRS set-up. The areas of different thickness can be interrogated by a single reflection probe placed on a fixed position over the chip and the reflection spectrum recorded is de-convoluted to the spectra corresponding to each area allowing the simultaneous monitoring of the bioreactions taking place at each one of them. The combination of different areas thickness was optimized using chips with two areas for single analyte assays. The optimum chips were then used for the simultaneous determination of two mycotoxins, aflatoxin B 1 and fumonisin B 1 . A competitive immunoassay format was followed employing immobilization of mycotoxin-protein conjugates onto the SiO 2 of different thickness. It was found that the dual-analyte assays had identical analytical characteristics with the respective single-analyte ones. The detection limits achieved were 0.05 ng/mL for aflatoxin B 1 and 1.0 ng/mL for fumonisin B 1 , with dynamic ranges extending up to 5.0 and 50 ng/mL, respectively. The sensor was also evaluated for the determination of the two mycotoxins in whole grain samples (wheat and maize). The extraction protocol was optimized and recoveries ranging from 85 to 115% have been determined. Due to lack of moving parts, the novel multi-analyte format is expected to considerably facilitate the built-up of a portable device for determination of analytes at the point-of-need., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We describe successful long-term stimulation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte clusters on thin-film microelectrode structures in vitro. Interdigitated electrode structures were constructed using plain titanium on glass as the electrode material. Titanium rapidly oxidizes in atmospheric conditions to produce an insulating TiO(χ) layer with high relative permittivity. Capacitive coupling to the incubation medium and to the cells adherent to the electrodes was still efficient, and the dielectric layer prevented electrolysis, allowing a wider window of possible stimulation amplitudes to be used, relative to conducting surfaces. A common hypothesis suggests that to achieve proper differentiation of electroactive cells from the stem cells electrical stimuli are also needed. Spontaneously beating cardiomyocyte clusters were seeded on the glass-electrode surfaces, and we successfully altered and resynchronized a clearly different beat interval. The new pace was reliably maintained for extended periods of several tens of minutes., (Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)