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Industrial structure adjustment is the inevitable result of agricultural development with the times, but also an important means of agricultural optimization and upgrading, quality and efficiency. Based on the data of agricultural industrial structure in Heilongjiang Province from 2001 to 2021, this paper adopts the method of output value share to measure the contribution of changes in agricultural industrial structure to agricultural economic growth, and explores the extent of its influence by establishing an elasticity coefficient regression model. According to the results of the study: with the continuous adjustment of the agricultural industrial structure in Heilongjiang Province, the positive impact on agricultural economic growth is becoming more and more prominent, and the degree of contribution has shifted from negative to positive; planting industry makes the most prominent contribution to agricultural economic growth among all the production sectors of agriculture, followed by animal husbandry and forestry, and the impact of fishery is not significant. Therefore, Heilongjiang Province should further explore the direction of structural adjustment and optimization of the agricultural industry, enhance the capacity of sustainable agricultural development, and achieve high-quality development and modernization of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous vegetation is an important component of urban biodiversity and an excellent agent for exploring the mutual feedback mechanism between urbanization and urban ecosystems. Rapid urbanization has had a significant impact on the composition, structure, and distribution patterns of urban spontaneous vegetation diversity. Studying the diversity distribution patterns and causes of urban plant communities is beneficial for understanding the formation and maintenance mechanisms of plant diversity in specific urban habitats. This study selected five cities in different climate subregions of Heilongjiang Province as research targets and conducted field research using uniform sampling and typical sampling methods. The composition, distribution pattern, and driving factors of spontaneous vegetation were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) A total of 633 examples of spontaneous vegetation were recorded, belonging to 93 families and 341 genera, mainly consisting of herbaceous plants and native plants. (2) The diversity index and similarity index of spontaneous vegetation in gravel-type abandoned land habitats are higher than those in other habitat types, while the diversity index of spontaneous vegetation in trees and shrubs is lower, and there is no significant difference in regards to different habitats. (3) Urban population density is a key factor affecting the diversity of native plants, while woody plant coverage, patch area, and landscape trait index are key factors affecting non-native plants. (4) The results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the total explanatory power of environmental characteristic factors in regards to the distribution pattern of spontaneous vegetation was 7.5%. The closest distance between adjacent patches, the coverage of woody plants in patches, the distance from the city edge, the patch area, and the surface impermeability of the buffer zones were key factors affecting the distribution of dominant species in spontaneous vegetation communities. The research results will provide an important reference for the conservation of urban biodiversity and the construction of low-maintenance urban green space plant landscapes in Heilongjiang Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism development is not only an economic issue. Measuring its quality more comprehensively has important implications for achieving sustainable tourism. China has adopted the principle of High-quality Development to avoid the problems caused by the obsessive pursuit of GDP growth in the past. This study constructs an index system to measure the level of High-quality Development of tourism (HQDT), based on the new development philosophy that including innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing. This paper measures the HQDT in Heilongjiang Province from 2005 to 2019, and the results show that the level of HQDT in Heilongjiang Province has grown slowly. This reveals that the quality of the tourism industry has not achieved the same rapid growth as the tourism economy. Innovation have not played a driving role in HQDT, and coordination, green and open are the direct factors restricting the promotion of HQDT. The study initially reveals the feasibility of using HQDT to comprehensively evaluate the quality of the tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo understand the core information awareness of chronic disease prevention and control and its influencing factors among adult residents in Heilongjiang province, and to provide a reference for formulating chronic disease prevention and control strategies and intervention measures. MethodsFrom March to April 2021, a quota sampling method was used to select 5 238 adult residents aged ≥ 18 years old from 10 districts and counties in 8 cities in Heilongjiang province, including Nangang district and Daowai district in Harbin city, Yi’an county in Qiqihar city, Beilin district in Suihua city, Datong district in Daqing city, Luobei county in Hegang city, Huachuan county in Jiamusi city, Muling city and Ning′an city in Mudanjiang city, and Boli county in Qitaihe city, to conduct an online questionnaire survey and analyze the core information awareness of chronic disease prevention and control and its influencing factors among adult residents in Heilongjiang province. ResultsAmong the 5 226 adult residents in Heilongjiang province finally included in the analysis, 3 388 were aware of the core information of chronic disease prevention and control, with an awareness rate of 64.83%; the scoring rates of the dimensions of awareness of the severity of chronic diseases, healthy lifestyles for preventing chronic diseases, core knowledge of hypertension prevention and control, core knowledge of diabetes prevention and control, core knowledge of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease prevention and control, identification of cancer risk factors, and core knowledge of chronic respiratory disease prevention and control were 88.88%, 81.92%, 80.95%, 85.72%, 85.07%, 86.80%, and 83.02%, respectively; multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that adult residents in Heilongjiang province aged ≥ 25 years old and with a junior high school education or above had higher awareness rates of core information on chronic disease prevention and control, while adult residents in Heilongjiang province with occupations of manual labor had lower awareness rates of core information on chronic disease prevention and control. ConclusionThe awareness rate of core information on chronic disease prevention and control among adult residents in Heilongjiang province has reached the 60% target requirement for 2020 in the Medium- and Long-term Plan for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases in China (2017 – 2025), but there is still a certain gap from the 70% target for 2025, and there are differences in the awareness levels of core knowledge of chronic diseases in different dimensions, with the lowest scoring rate in the dimension of core knowledge of hypertension prevention and treatment; age, education level, and occupation are the main influencing factors of core information awareness of chronic disease prevention and control among local adult residents.

The Heilongjiang Province is the region in China with the highest grain production and the most significant ecological security barrier in the northern part of the country. In recent years, the growing necessity for water in human production and life has intensified water resource conflicts. In order to identify a solution to this situation, the InVEST model's water yield module is employed to simulate the water yield in Heilongjiang Province in 2000, 2010, and 2020. The water yield in Heilongjiang Province from 2000 to 2020 is evaluated, and the scenario simulation method is employed to investigate the impact of climate change and land use type changes on water yield. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the annual precipitation in Heilongjiang Province increased from 490 mm in 2000 to 764 mm in 2020. The spatial distribution shows a west–high and east–low pattern, with Jixi City having the highest average annual precipitation and the Greater Khingan region having the lowest. During the period of 2000–2020, woodland had the highest proportion, followed by arable land, while built-up land had the smallest proportion. The conversion of unused land and woodland represents the primary driver of the expansion in farmland areas, while the conversion of water bodies accounts for the majority of the growth in the area of unused land. The areas of woodland and water bodies exhibited a slight decrease. The order of water yield of land use types, from the greatest to the least, is as follows: built-up land, unused land, farmland, grassland, woodland, and water bodies. The main factor affecting changes in precipitation levels in the province is climate change, which contributed up to 99.58% during the period 2000–2020. In contrast, changes in land use types contributed a mere 0.42%. The sustained expansion of the urban population in Heilongjiang province has resulted in an augmented water yield in select regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is an important indicator for the quantitative evaluation of carbon sources/sinks in terrestrial ecosystems. An improved CASA model and soil respiration model, combined with MODIS and meteorological data, are utilized to estimate vegetation NEP from 2010 to 2020. A Theil–Sen trend analysis, a Mann–Kendall test, the Hurst index, and geographical detector methods were employed to analyze the spatiotemporal variations in NEP in Heilongjiang Province and its driving factors. The results show the following: (1) The overall NEP in Heilongjiang Province exhibited a fluctuating upward trend from 2010 to 2020, with a growth rate of 4.74 g C·m−2·yr−1, and an average annual NEP of 404 g C·m−2·yr−1. Spatially, NEP exhibits a distribution pattern of "low from east to west to high from north to south in the central region", with 99.27% of the area being a carbon sink. (2) Significant regional differences were observed in the spatial trend of NEP changes, with 78.39% of regions showing increasing trends and 17.53% showing decreasing trends. Future NEP changes are expected to continue, with regions showing a persistent increase (58.44%), potential decrease (19.95%), potential increase (5.65%), and persistent decrease (11.88%). (3) The geographical detector results indicate that altitude is the dominant factor affecting NEP, followed by slope, temperature, population density, etc. The interaction-detector results show that the interaction between each factor shows an increasing trend, and the interaction between any two factors is higher than that of a single factor. The research results can provide scientific references for reducing emissions, increasing sinks, and protecting ecosystems in Heilongjiang Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold is one of the dominant minerals in eastern Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, with abundant resources and multiple types. Through systematic collection and sorting of the existing geological data of gold deposits, the paper comprehensively summarizes the resources endowment, deposit types, ore-controlling factors, spatiotemporal distribution rule, metallogenic evolution and resources potential of gold deposits in eastern Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. The gold deposits in the area can be classified into 6 genetic types, with 48 main prediction types in 5 metallogenic periods. The gold deposits are mainly occurred in such tectonic units as active continental margin and island (volcanic) arc which have experienced multistage tectonic movements and frequent magmatic activities, especially the Variscan-Yanshanian large-scale tectonic and magmatic activities are important controlling factors for gold deposit formation. By summarizing the above results, 34 important prospecting potential areas for gold deposits are identified in the study area, and the gold resources potential and prospecting direction are defined. It is proposed the way to achieve prospecting breakthrough by strengthening exploration in key prospective areas and beneath and around the known gold deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural and rural modernization is an indispensable part of China’s modernization road. This paper constructs the evaluation index system of agricultural and rural modernization level in Heilongjiang Province from three dimensions: high quality and efficiency of agriculture, rural livability and farmers’ prosperity. The entropy method is used to comprehensively measure the level of agricultural and rural modernization in Heilongjiang Province, and the development stages of different periods are determined. The results show that the development level of agricultural and rural modernization in Heilongjiang Province from 2000 to 2022 is on the rise as a whole, and it has reached the basic realization stage. The development level of high quality and efficiency of agriculture, rural industry and livability, and farmers’ prosperity and prosperity are constantly improving. According to the results, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from three dimensions, aiming at promoting the development of agricultural modernization in Heilongjiang Province and realizing rural revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme high and low temperatures both exert impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. However, current research still lacks a precise assessment of the risk of vegetation loss under simultaneous consideration of different temperature stresses and lag effects. To this end, we propose a methodology for assessing the risk of vegetation loss under temperature stress that incorporates lag effects, based on weekly normalized difference vegetation index and temperature data. Quantified risk probabilities of different terrestrial ecosystems to warming and cooling stresses in Heilongjiang Province, China. The results of the study revealed a strong association between vegetation and temperature change during the growing season, reaching the most sensitive state around 9 weeks and 23 weeks lag, respectively, with high spatial consistency. The study identifies the eastern and western edges of the study area as high-risk zones for vegetation loss, while the risk is comparatively lower in the northwestern and central regions. The probability of risk increased by about 0.5% for every 1°C of warming in average temperatures and by about 0.7% for every 1°C of cooling. This indicates that cooling has a greater impact on vegetation than warming. Farmland ecosystems had a higher change in risk to temperature stress and forest ecosystems had the least. This study provides new perspectives for understanding the specific impacts of temperature extremes on different ecosystems and provides a scientific basis for developing adaptive management measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency of chilling injury during the soybean growing season in Heilongjiang province was higher, and the impact was severe. The index for delayed-type chilling injury on soybean in Heilongjiang province was calculated. It was important to prevent and mitigate disasters and ensure safe production of soybeans. In this paper, the soybean yield data of 73 cities and counties in Heilongjiang province from 1961 to 2020, and the daily temperature data of 73 weather stations in the research area were used. Anomalies value of the sum of monthly average temperatures from May to September were taken as hazard factors, respectively. The threshold was determined by regression, which used hazard factors and yield variability to calculate the threshold, which passed the test, and then established an index for delayed chilling injury on soybeans in Heilongjiang province. The results showed that, total monthly average temperature anomaly indicators for delayed chilling injury of soybeans in the study area from May to September correspond to five planting areas, the mild chilling injury thresholds were −1.8 ℃, −1.9℃, −1.9℃, −2.0℃, −2.0℃, moderate chilling injury thresholds were −2.0℃, −2.2℃, −2.3℃, −2.4℃, −2.6℃, and severe chilling injury thresholds were −2.2℃, −2.5℃, −2.7℃, −2.9℃, −3.1℃. After testing, the average accuracy rate of identifying the occurrence trend of delayed-type chilling injury in soybean was 83%, the average accuracy rate of identifying the level of cold damage occurrence was 62%, and the average accuracy rate of identifying cold damage in typical cold damage years was 93%. In summary, the definition and evaluation of the delayed chill injury indicator for the soybean growing season in Heilongjiang province has a high accuracy rate, easy access to the indicator, and strong practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are among the most common diarrhea-causing pathogens in humans and livestock. This was the first study to systematically and molecularly detect the prevalence of three intestinal protozoa in cattle in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. Our findings indicate that a variety of species/genotypes are prevalent in cattle in Heilongjiang Province and that some of them are zoonotic, indicating a risk of zoonotic disease transmission in endemic areas. This study helps to understand the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cattle in Heilongjiang Province. Crytosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are important diarrheal pathogens with a global distribution that threatens the health of humans and animals. Despite cattle being potential transmission hosts of these protozoans, the associated risks to public health have been neglected. In the present study, a total of 1155 cattle fecal samples were collected from 13 administrative regions of Heilongjiang Province. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi were 5.5% (64/1155; 95% CI: 4.2–6.9), 3.8% (44/1155; 95% CI: 2.7–4.9), and 6.5% (75/1155; 95% CI: 5.1–7.9), respectively. Among these positive fecal samples, five Cryptosporidium species (C. andersoni, C. bovis, C. ryanae, C. parvum, and C. occultus), two G. duodenalis assemblages (E and A), and eight E. bieneusi genotypes (BEB4, BEB6, BEB8, J, I, CHS7, CHS8, and COS-I) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all eight genotypes of E. bieneusi identified in the present study belonged to group 2. It is worth noting that some species/genotypes of these intestinal protozoans are zoonotic, suggesting a risk of zoonotic disease transmission in endemic areas. The findings expanded our understanding of the genetic composition and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi in cattle in Heilongjiang Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yichun area of Heilongjiang Province is tectonically located in the Xiaoxinganling-Zhangguangcailing arc-basin system in the eastern Xingan-Mongolian orogenic belt, with multiple-stage magmatic activities occurred in Mesozoic, which has recorded the tectonic evolution of arc-basin system. The paper studies in detail the petrology, geochemistry and chronology of the Mesozoic granites in Baihuaqingniandui area of northern Yichun. The results show that the Mesozoic granites exposed in the area mainly include fine-medium-grained syenogranite and porphyritic monzogranite. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating yields the age of 190.6±1.7 Ma, indicating the fine-medium-grained syenogranite was formed in the Early Jurassic. Lithogeochemically, the granites are characterized by high Si, rich in alkali, poor in Mg, Ca, P and Ti, with the A/CNK value of 1.05-1.15, belonging to peraluminous, high potassium calc-alkaline series, and depletion ofHFSEs (Nb, Ti and P) and LILEs (Ba and Sr), and enrichment of elements such as Rb, IK, Th and Hf. The REE patterns show asymmetrically right-dipping type, with obvious negative Eu anomaly. These geochemical characteristics reveal that the Early Jurassic granites in the area are typically of A2-type, formed in the post-orogenic extensional tectonic setting. Combined with the magmatic activities and tectonic events in Xiaoxinganling Mountains, it is believed that the Early Jurassic magmatic emplacement in Yichun area may have occurred under the post-orogenic extensional tectonic background caused by the westward subduction of paleo-Pacific Plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture has dual roles as a carbon source and a carbon sink and is an important component of China ′ s goal of achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality. In terms of fairness in agricultural carbon emissions, it is of immense importance to comprehensively control agricultural carbon sources and sinks and clarify the driving factors of agricultural net carbon sinks to achieve low-carbon agricultural development in northeast agricultural areas. Based on social and economic data and agricultural production data from cities in Heilongjiang Province from 2000 to 2020, we explored the equity characteristics of regional agricultural carbon emissions and the driving factors of net carbon sinks using ecological carrying capacity models, economic efficiency models, and geographical detectors. The results showed that the total amount of agricultural net carbon sink in Heilongjiang Province demonstrated a fluctuating upward trend, from 1.21× 107 t in 2000 to 4.02×107 t in 2020. Qiqihar, Suihua, and Harbin had the highest net carbon sequestration in agriculture, with the three cities accounting for over 51% of the carbon sequestration in Heilongjiang Province. In terms of agricultural carbon emission equity zoning, the dual high zone primarily concentrated toward Harbin, Heihe, and Suihua in the south and central regions, whereas the dual low zone gradually concentrated toward Jixi, Shuangyashan, and Hegang in the east. The dual low zone is gradually developing toward an economic high-value zone, ecological high-value zone, and dual high zone; however, the gap between different cities is still significant. The area of arable land area and the mechanization level are the main driving factors for the spatial differentiation of agricultural net carbon sinks. The results of interaction detection show that the interaction between arable land area and mechanization level has the strongest correlation with other factors. The net carbon sink is most affected by the interaction between the mechanization and urbanization levels. Heilongjiang Province must develop differentiated green agriculture control measures based on the specific situation of each region to promote sustainable agriculture development in northeast agricultural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Taking the MODIS NDVI data, land use data and meteorological data of Heilongjiang Province from 2000 to 2020 as the research object, three main types of land cover, farmland, forest land and grassland, and two climate factors, temperature and precipitation, were extracted to explore the spatial and temporal changes of the vegetation cover index (NDVI) in Heilongjiang Province in the past 21 years and the relationship between vegetation changes and climate factors. Using Theil-Sen and Mann-Kendall trend tests, coefficient of variation, Hurst index, and correlation analysis methods, Using Theil Sen trend estimation, Mann Kendall trend test, coefficient of variation, Hurst index, and correlation analysis methods, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of NDVI in different seasons and vegetation types in Heilongjiang Province from 2000 to 2020, as well as the relationship between NDVI and temperature and precipitation. The results indicated that, 1) in the past 21 years, the average annual NDVI of the growth season in Heilongjiang Province had been 0. 91, and the high vegetation coverage area was mainly distributed in the central and southern parts of Heilongjiang Province. There were obvious seasonal characteristics of NDVI fluctuations within the year. 2) The NDVI in the province was relatively stable, with the highest stability in grassland NDVI. 3) In the past 21 years, the overall NDVI in Heilongjiang Province had shown a significant upward trend, with a rate of 4. 7% increase every 10 years. The regions showing a significant increasing trend accounted for 35. 55% of the province's area (P<0. 05), mainly distributed in the central, western, and northern parts of Heilongjiang Province. 4) In the future, the overall trend of NDVI in Heilongjiang Province will mainly be continuous changes in the same direction (69. 5%), with 35. 33% likely to develop towards a malignant direction of degradation and 43. 6% likely to develop towards a benign direction of improvement. 5) The vegetation and seasons in Heilongjiang Province were positively correlated with precipitation and temperature (P<0. 05). As a result, the overall vegetation coverage level in Heilongjiang Province has been good in the past 21 years and shows an improvement trend. The development trend of future vegetation cover changes is mainly towards benign improvement, and temperature and precipitation have a positive correlation with vegetation change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous vegetation is an important component of urban biodiversity and an excellent agent for exploring the mutual feedback mechanism between urbanization and urban ecosystems. Rapid urbanization has had a significant impact on the composition, structure, and distribution patterns of urban spontaneous vegetation diversity. Studying the diversity distribution patterns and causes of urban plant communities is beneficial for understanding the formation and maintenance mechanisms of plant diversity in specific urban habitats. This study selected five cities in different climate subregions of Heilongjiang Province as research targets and conducted field research using uniform sampling and typical sampling methods. The composition, distribution pattern, and driving factors of spontaneous vegetation were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) A total of 633 examples of spontaneous vegetation were recorded, belonging to 93 families and 341 genera, mainly consisting of herbaceous plants and native plants. (2) The diversity index and similarity index of spontaneous vegetation in gravel-type abandoned land habitats are higher than those in other habitat types, while the diversity index of spontaneous vegetation in trees and shrubs is lower, and there is no significant difference in regards to different habitats. (3) Urban population density is a key factor affecting the diversity of native plants, while woody plant coverage, patch area, and landscape trait index are key factors affecting non-native plants. (4) The results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the total explanatory power of environmental characteristic factors in regards to the distribution pattern of spontaneous vegetation was 7.5%. The closest distance between adjacent patches, the coverage of woody plants in patches, the distance from the city edge, the patch area, and the surface impermeability of the buffer zones were key factors affecting the distribution of dominant species in spontaneous vegetation communities. The research results will provide an important reference for the conservation of urban biodiversity and the construction of low-maintenance urban green space plant landscapes in Heilongjiang Province.

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In soil-crop system, the absorption of elements such as Cd and As by crops is related to complicated factors, among which the interaction between elements is one of the majors affecting the bio-enrichment coefficient. To study the interaction between heavy metal elements in soil-rice system, 89 groups of rice seed and root soil samples are collected in Qing' an area, a typical rice production base in Heilongjiang Province, and heavy metal contents in the samples are tested. The correlation analysis is used to study the relationship between heavy metals in rice seed and root soil. The results show a positive correlation between heavy metal enrichment coefficients of rice seed. The enrichment coefficient of Cd in seed is negatively correlated with Se in soil, as well as the enrichment coefficient of Cu in seed with TOC in soil. Heavy metals in seed mostly have a positive correlation. There is a positive correlation between Zn in seed and As in soil, and a negative correlation between Cu in seed and Cd in soil. In the soil-rice system of the study area, the factors affecting the absorption of heavy metals by rice seed are very complex, with various synergistic and antagonistic interactions between elements, and their interactions need to be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two types of land systems in China: collective-owned and state-owned. Under both systems, differences in land ownership have led to different land-use and management systems, resulting in urban–rural dual structures under the jurisdiction of local governments and urban–rural unitary structures in reclamation areas of the state-owned land system. This has significantly changed the relationship between the rural population and land, which has been intensified by rapid urbanization and industrialization. Therefore, based on the rural population and remote sensing data, this study uses the Tapio decoupling model to determine the relationships between the rural population and residential land under different land systems. The main results indicate that the evolution of the rural population and residential land area under different land systems presents an obvious inverse relationship. From 1995 to 2020, under the jurisdiction of the local government, the land area and population of rural dwellers declined, with the decline in population being faster than that in residential areas. At the same time, the spatial agglomeration of residential areas from the middle to the south of the province expanded. In contrast, the population and residential land area showed significant reverse changes in state-owned domains. Rural residential land area declined, and the rural population increased, most notably in the eastern region. Furthermore, strong negative decoupling between the rural population and rural residential land was observed in areas under local government jurisdiction (accounting for 89.61%), meaning that the population declined while the living area increased, which is not conducive to increasing intensive land-use and productivity. Simultaneously, in state-owned domains, only 33.33% of the rural population and residential land areas presented the above-mentioned negative decoupling, with the remaining 66.67% being coordinated. After 2010, due to the socio-economic gap, the proportion of coordination in local government jurisdiction areas continued to decrease, whereas coordination in reclamation areas remained stable. Therefore, the data suggest that a single land allocation and governance regime across urban and rural domains under the state-owned land system is more helpful in enabling populations and efficient land-use. This suggests that, in the future, it will be helpful to consider promoting the effective integration of urban and rural land markets, optimizing the allocation of urban and rural land resources, and enhancing the reform of the rural land system in order to realize synergistic interactions between the urban and rural populations and construction land in Heilongjiang Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation unevenness significantly influences the rational allocation of water resources and the management of agricultural irrigation. Based on precipitation data from 29 meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province, China, from 1961 to 2020, this study calculated the precipitation concentration index (PCI), precipitation concentration degree (PCD), and precipitation concentration period (PCP) to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation heterogeneity at three distinct timescales: year, maize growth period, and the four stages of the maize growth period. The findings reveal that the rainy season in Heilongjiang Province commences earlier in the southwest compared with the northeast and northwest, with a primary concentration in July. At the annual scale, PCI in southwestern Heilongjiang Province surpasses that in the southeastern region, displaying an approximate east–west gradient in PCD and PCP values ranging from 0.544 to 0.746 and 196 to 203, respectively. During the growth period scale, precipitation concentrates in the southwest and central regions, occurring earlier than in the northeast and northwest. In contrast to the annual scale, the PCI value is smaller, and precipitation predominantly concentrates in mid and late July. Examining the four stages of the maize growth period, PCD generally exhibits a decreasing gradient from west to east. The highest values of PCI and PCD manifest in the southwestern part of Heilongjiang Province, with precipitation concentrated in the middle of each growth stage. The research results serve as a valuable reference for policymakers and stakeholders involved in water resource allocation and agricultural water management in Heilongjiang Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosthogonimiasis poses a threat to the reproductive system of poultry and wild birds, which are the definitive hosts of the parasite causing this disease. However, the parasite infection of the second intermediate host (dragonfly), the primary vector of this pathogen, is rarely reported. In this study, the prevalence of Prosthogonimus infection in dragonflies was investigated from June 2019 to October 2022 in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. The species of metacercariae isolated from dragonfly were identified by morphological characteristics, molecular biology techniques, and animal infection experiments. The results showed that 11 species of dragonflies and one damselfly were identified and among six of the dragonflies infected by Prosthogonimus metacercariae, Sympetrum depressiusculum (28.53%) had the highest infection rate among all positive dragonflies, followed by Sympetrum vulgatum (27.86%) and Sympetrum frequens (20.99%), which are preferred hosts, and the total prevalence was 20.39% (2061/10,110) in Heilongjiang Province. Three species of Prosthogoniumus metacercariae were isolated, including Prosthogonimus cuneatus, Prosthogonimus pullucidus, and Prosthogonimus sp., among which P. cuneatus was the dominant species in dragonflies in Heilongjiang Province. This is the first report on the prevalence of Prosthogonimus in dragonflies in China, which provides baseline data for the control of prosthogonimiasis in Heilongjiang Province and a reference for the prevention of prosthogonimiasis in other areas of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the influence of hydrocarbons, especially adsorbed hydrocarbons, on the detection of cracked hydrocarbon (S2) and total organic carbon (TOC), the hydrogen index (HI)‐based hydrocarbon generation model deviates from actual practice. In this study, the shale in the first member of the Qingshankou Formation in the central depression of the Songliao Basin, where in northeastern China, was taken as the research object and a correction method for S2 and TOC was established. By correcting the experimental results of different maturity samples, the actual hydrocarbon generation model has been revealed, the differences before and after correction compared, and the evolutionary characteristics of the adsorbed hydrocarbon content were clarified. The results show that the organic matter enters the hydrocarbon generation threshold at Ro–0.5% and reaches the hydrocarbon generation peak at Ro–1.0% and that the hydrocarbon generation process ends at Ro–1.3%. The hydrocarbon generation model established based on the measured values has a 'lag effect' compared to actual values, and this extends the hydrocarbon generation window of organic matter and delays the hydrocarbon generation peak. With the increase of maturity, adsorbed hydrocarbon content shows the characteristics of 'first increasing, then stabilizing, and then decreasing', and reaches the most abundant stage at Ro of 0.9%–1.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heilongjiang Province, as the largest production and supply base for high-quality soybeans in China, plays a vital role in optimizing the layout of soybean production and promoting the revitalization of the soybean industry. Soybean yield is used as a key indicator of soybean production. This study integrated soybean yield data from agricultural reclamation systems and local authorities. A variety of statistical analysis methods, such as barycenter analysis, the Mann–Kendall test, the space–time cube, and grey relational analysis, were used to research the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of soybean production in Heilongjiang Province from 2011 to 2021. This paper revealed the spatiotemporal evolution mechanism and explored the reasons for the differences in the effects of influencing factors. The results were as follows. (1) During the period between 2011 and 2021, the center of gravity of county-level soybean yield in Heilongjiang Province moved towards the northwest over a distance of 16.82 km. The soybean yield in the province experienced a mutation in approximately 2018, from a downward trend to an upward trend. (2) The spatiotemporal hot spots of county-level soybean yield in Heilongjiang Province were concentrated along the line from Hailun to Aihui. The types of hot spots included consecutive hot spots, intensifying hot spots, sporadic hot spots, and new hot spots. (3) The spatiotemporal agglomeration patterns of county-level soybean yield in Heilongjiang Province included only high-high clusters, only low-low clusters, only high-low outliers and multiple types. (4) The temporal changes in soybean yield in various counties of Heilongjiang Province had obvious regional characteristics. (5) Socioeconomic factors had aftereffects on soybean planting decisions. (6) Sunlight hours, the price ratio of local soybeans to local maize, average temperature, the number of soybean patents, the price ratio of imported soybeans to local soybeans, soybean cultivation income, local soybean prices, and the number of newly established soybean enterprises were primary influencing factors. Precipitation and soybean import volume were secondary influencing factors. The income difference between maize and soybeans, crops-hitting disaster area, and maize yield were general influencing factors. This study aims to offer new pathways for alleviating the structural contradiction between soybean supply and demand and to provide a reference for the formulation of national soybean industry policies and food security strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Management / Gongcheng Guanli Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The coupling coordination relationship between regional highway transportation and new urbanization is an increasingly important issue in the field of regional sustainable development. This paper aims to establish an index system and develop an integrated method to measure the coupling coordination between regional highway transportation and new urbanization. The evaluation index system comprised two hierarchies, six aspects and 19 indexes, which were weighted by the entropy weight method (EWM). Furthermore, a coupling degree model (CDM) and a coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) were established based on the statistical data from 2011 to 2017 in Heilongjiang Province, China. The ArcGIS spatial analysis method was utilized to analyze the spatial–temporal coupling evolution characteristics of the two subsystems. The findings revealed that the development level of the two subsystems showed an upward tendency. The coupling degree between the two subsystems was leaping from antagonistic stage to breaking-in period. The coupling coordination degree between the two subsystems was the transition stage from imbalance to coordination. Specifically, the spatial differentiation characteristics of the coupling coordination development between the two subsystems were prominent in Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the approach combining CCDM with ArcGIS spatial analysis can be applied as an effective method to explore the spatial–temporal evolution of coupling coordination development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Upper Cretaceous Taipinglinchang Formation is the key oil-gas exploration horizon in Sunwu-Jiayin Basin. Based on the detailed field observation and description, the sedimentology of section of Taipinglinchang Formation in the east of the basin is studied in this paper. The results show that the sedimentary facies developed in Taipinglinchang Formation include lacustrine facies and fan delta facies, which can be further divided into 3 sedimentary subfacies with 6 sedimentary microfacies. The petrology and organic geochemical characteristics of the shale in Taipinglinchang Formation are analyzed by various organic geochemical testing methods. The results indicate that the mineral composition of shale is mainly quartz, belonging to felsic shale. The maceral composition is dominated by sapropelinite, with oil-prone property. The source rocks are of medium-good quality, with the organic matter types of II1-II2, which are in the low mature-mature stage, suggesting a good hydrocarbon potential. The results may provide basic data for further research and oil-gas exploration in the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fuyuangou intermediate-basic volcanic rocks, composed of gray-grayish green basalt andesite, pyroxene basalt and dacite pyroclastic rocks, is a newly identified informal mapping unit in the western Mohe City of northwest Heilongjiang Province. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results yield the weighted mean age of andesite of 245±3 Ma, and the minimum 206Pb/238U concordia age of magmatic zircon is 201±2 Ma. Besides, the weighted mean age of dacitic volcanic breccia near the crater is 201±1 Ma, indicating that it was formed in Late Triassic. The lithogeochemical characteristics show that the Fuyuangou intermediate-basic volcanic rocks, belonging to calc-alkaline series, are enriched in LILEs(Ba, K and Sr) and LREEs, and depleted in HFSEs(Nb, Ta, Ti and P) and HREEs, with the geochemical features of arc magmatic rocks. The determination of the volcanic rocks suggests an intermediate-basic volcanic magmatic activity event in Late Triassic in the northern Daxinganling Mountains. Combined the characteristics of the volcanic rocks in the area with regional research results, it is considered that the formation of the volcanic rocks is related to the southward subduction of Mongol-Okhotsk oceanic slab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is an important indicator for the quantitative evaluation of carbon sources/sinks in terrestrial ecosystems. An improved CASA model and soil respiration model, combined with MODIS and meteorological data, are utilized to estimate vegetation NEP from 2010 to 2020. A Theil–Sen trend analysis, a Mann–Kendall test, the Hurst index, and geographical detector methods were employed to analyze the spatiotemporal variations in NEP in Heilongjiang Province and its driving factors. The results show the following: (1) The overall NEP in Heilongjiang Province exhibited a fluctuating upward trend from 2010 to 2020, with a growth rate of 4.74 g C·m−2·yr−1, and an average annual NEP of 404 g C·m−2·yr−1. Spatially, NEP exhibits a distribution pattern of “low from east to west to high from north to south in the central region”, with 99.27% of the area being a carbon sink. (2) Significant regional differences were observed in the spatial trend of NEP changes, with 78.39% of regions showing increasing trends and 17.53% showing decreasing trends. Future NEP changes are expected to continue, with regions showing a persistent increase (58.44%), potential decrease (19.95%), potential increase (5.65%), and persistent decrease (11.88%). (3) The geographical detector results indicate that altitude is the dominant factor affecting NEP, followed by slope, temperature, population density, etc. The interaction-detector results show that the interaction between each factor shows an increasing trend, and the interaction between any two factors is higher than that of a single factor. The research results can provide scientific references for reducing emissions, increasing sinks, and protecting ecosystems in Heilongjiang Province.

The Heilongjiang Province is the region in China with the highest grain production and the most significant ecological security barrier in the northern part of the country. In recent years, the growing necessity for water in human production and life has intensified water resource conflicts. In order to identify a solution to this situation, the InVEST model’s water yield module is employed to simulate the water yield in Heilongjiang Province in 2000, 2010, and 2020. The water yield in Heilongjiang Province from 2000 to 2020 is evaluated, and the scenario simulation method is employed to investigate the impact of climate change and land use type changes on water yield. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the annual precipitation in Heilongjiang Province increased from 490 mm in 2000 to 764 mm in 2020. The spatial distribution shows a west–high and east–low pattern, with Jixi City having the highest average annual precipitation and the Greater Khingan region having the lowest. During the period of 2000–2020, woodland had the highest proportion, followed by arable land, while built-up land had the smallest proportion. The conversion of unused land and woodland represents the primary driver of the expansion in farmland areas, while the conversion of water bodies accounts for the majority of the growth in the area of unused land. The areas of woodland and water bodies exhibited a slight decrease. The order of water yield of land use types, from the greatest to the least, is as follows: built-up land, unused land, farmland, grassland, woodland, and water bodies. The main factor affecting changes in precipitation levels in the province is climate change, which contributed up to 99.58% during the period 2000–2020. In contrast, changes in land use types contributed a mere 0.42%. The sustained expansion of the urban population in Heilongjiang province has resulted in an augmented water yield in select regions.

The article presents the history of the demographic development of one of the Chinese northeastern provinces. Various processes of socio-political, trade, economic, foreign policy and spatial-regional transformations of the PRC in the second half of the XX century influenced the demographic processes of the Chinese border province of Heilongjiang. The purpose of the article is to consider the historical features, factors and reasons for the depopulation of the population of the Heilongjiang province bordering Russia. As a result of studying the natural-climatic, institutional-political and modernization-industrial factors of the historical evolution of Heilongjiang Province, it has been established that the current decline and aging of the population, the decline in the birth rate, the migration of labor resources from the province to other regions of China is a consequence of the reduction of state-owned enterprises, the implementation of a strategy of regional uneven development in 19781999, low investment attractiveness, long-term innovation and technological adaptation of Heilongjiang Province to the rapid pace of Chinas economic development. In the early 1990-ies, when the Soviet Union collapsed and the economy of a neighboring state was in difficult conditions, proximity to Russia did not bring economic growth to Heilongjiang. On the contrary, it was the heavy industry that provided the leading positions for Northeast China in the middle of the XX century that became an obstacle to the economic development of Heilongjiang. In the 1990-ies the reform of state-owned enterprises led to the dismissal of workers who, having lost their jobs, left Heilongjiang province. The decline in the growth rate of the old industrial base in the Northeast of the PRC has had an impact on the fact that Heilongjiang Province has gradually turned from the territory of the main influx of population (19501960-ies) into the territory of the largest outflow of population (2010-ies to the present).

The green food industry is important for China because it bears the additional expectation of promoting the rural economy Heilongjiang Province is a representative example, which is one of the main production bases of green food With this in mind, this paper takes Heilongjiang Province as an example to research the main influencing factor of the green food industry This article uses system dynamics methods to construct research models and uses mathematical models to calculate the industry lifecycle. Different from previous studies, this paper provides the life cycle of the industry and discusses the effects of influencing factors during the different periods The main conclusion includes: The stage before 2011 is the termination period, the stage from 2011 to 2019 is the growth period, and the stage after 2019 is the property period By the final time of the simulation, there are no signs of filtering; The enterprise scale is the main influencing factor that can make positive effects on the output value of the green food industry from the growth period, and others have no objective impact from beginning to end; Undesirably high level of financial investment will execute a negative effect for industrial development in the property period, at least in terms of output value.

[Objective] In this study, the differences in mineral element contents in different organs of four wild lily verities in Heilongjiang were analyzed and the whole plant utilization values of different germplasm resources were explored to provide basis for breeding wild lily varieties and comprehensive uti-lization of entire plants. [Method] Four wild lily varieties in Heilongjiang, namely Li Hum pumilum, L. distichum, L. concolor var. pulchellum and L. pensylvanicum, were selected and mineral element contents (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb and P) in roots, bulbs, stems and leaves were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The differences and correlations of mineral elements among different organs of four wild lilies were explored. Then, the principal component analysis and cluster analysis were also used to comprehensively evaluate their utilization values. [Result] The four wild lily verities were abundant in mineral elements and contents of bulb mineral elements were in order of K>Mg>P> Ca>Na>Fe> Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb. The mineral element contents in roots were in order of K>Na>Mg>P>Ca>Fe>5>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb, those in stems were in order of K>Mg>Ca>P>Na>Fe> Cu>Zn> Mn>Pb, and those in leaves were in order of K>Ca>Mg>P>Na>Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb. The distribution of mineral element contents was different among different varieties, with significantly higher P contents in organs of L. pumilum and L. distichum (P<0.05) and more abundant Cu contents in organs of L. concolor var. pulchellum and L. pensylvanicum. The K/Na ratio was higher in stems and leaves than in bulbs and roots, and L. pensylvanicum had the highest K/Na values in all organs. The correlations of mineral element contents were greatly different among organs. There were very significantly positive correlations for Pb-Mg, Pb-K, Fe-Ca, Fe-P and K-Mg (P<0.01) and very significantly negative correlations for Fe-Cu and Cu-Ca (P<0.01) in bulbs. Ca-Fe, K-Mn and Zn-Mg in roots demonstrated very significantly positive correlations (P<0.01), while Fe-Pb, Cu-Zn, Cu-Mg and Ca-Pb in roots showed very significant negative correlations (P<0.01). In stems, Fe-Na and P-K had very significantly positive correlations (P<0.01), while Mn-Ca, Pb-Na and Fe-Pb revealed very significantly negative correlations (P<0.01). In leaves, very significantly positive correlations were observed for Mg-Pb and Fe-Na (P<0.01). In bulbs and leaves, Mn elements were not significantly correlated with other elements. The principal component analysis found that representative elements were P, K and Mn. The top 3 principal components (F1-F3) were selected for comprehensive ranking, and the comprehensive scores were in a decreasing order of L. pumilum, L. distichum, L. concolor var. pulchellum and L. pensylvanicum. According to contents of 10 mineral elements in bulbs, the four lily varieties could be roughly divided into two groups of L. distichum and L. pumilum with more Fe, Zn, Ca, P and Na accumulation and L. pensylvanicum and L. concolor var. pulchellum with more Mn, K, Mg, Cu and Pb accumulation. [Conclusion] The wild lily varieties in Heilongjiang were rich in mineral elements. Except for the common edible organ of bulbs, other organs also had great development potential and utilization value. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis found that bulbs of L. pumilum had more development potential than the other three varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global temperature has been increasing, an intriguing phenomenon has emerged wherein the potential evapotranspiration (PET) in many areas does not show a clear positive correlation with the temperature. Instead, PET is decreasing in various areas, giving rise to the "evaporation paradox". This phenomenon also occurs in Heilongjiang province. Heilongjiang province is a province in China with a large agricultural output, so it is necessary to explain the mechanism of decreasing pan evaporation in order to cope with the rational use of food and water resources in China. In this paper, the Mann–Kendall (M-K) parameter test and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the trends and correlation between PET and climate change in Heilongjiang province from 1961–2020. The results show that the potential evaporation in Heilongjiang province had a decreasing trend of 7.776 mm/10 a, and there was a fluctuation in the decreasing trend during 1985–1995 and 2000–2020. Temperature, wind speed, vapor pressure, and solar radiation contributed −87.23%, 88.25%, 65.87%, and 42.53% to PET variation, respectively, highlighting wind speed as the main factor in the decrease in PET, followed by the vapor pressure and solar radiation, whereas temperature-induced changes in PET were neutralized by the former. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the major new agricultural business entities, agricultural leading enterprises (ALEs) are responsible for ensuring national food security, leading agricultural and rural modernization, and increasing farmers' employment prospects and incomes. From the perspective of headquarters and branches, this study used a point pattern analysis, the local Moran's index, the rank-size rule, and the geographical detector to depict the spatial pattern of ALEs in Heilongjiang Province, detect influencing factors, and reveal the spatial layout mechanism. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) ALE headquarters and branches in Heilongjiang Province had different location requirements, and their layout orientation, clustering areas, and influencing factors were different. (2) The headquarters displayed a pronounced urban and agglomeration orientation, while branches exhibited a significant farm dependence and raw material orientation. (3) Both the headquarters and the branches showed a significant trend towards spatial clustering. The headquarters were mainly in the Harbin municipal district and surrounding counties, including Wuchang, Zhaodong, and Beilin, which showed a high–high cluster pattern. The branches were mainly in the Sanjiang Plain. Tongjiang, Fujin, Hulin, Mishan, Raohe, Baoqing, and Suibin showed a high–high cluster pattern, while the Harbin municipal district and Bei'an showed a high–low outlier pattern. (4) The ALEs' regional connection network in Heilongjiang Province was radially distributed with the Harbin municipal district as the centre. The agricultural reclamation system deeply influenced it. (5) The number of supporting enterprises, number of permanent residents, gross domestic product, railway mileage, number of people with Bachelor's degrees or above, and distance from the provincial capital were the main influencing factors of the headquarters spatial pattern in Heilongjiang Province. The number of state farms in Heilongjiang Province, the per capita grain yield, highway mileage, and distance from the provincial capital were the main influencing factors of the branch spatial patterns in Heilongjiang Province. The interaction results indicated that the explanatory power of two-factor interaction was stronger than that of a single factor regardless of headquarters or branches, and most interaction types were bilinear enhancements. This study aims to provide a decision-making reference for the long-term development of ALEs in Heilongjiang Province at the present stage and accelerate the development of agricultural industrialization in major grain-producing areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heilongjiang rural infrastructure construction is not perfect, social security is not perfect, agricultural production conditions are unstable, industrial structure is monotonous. The low level of education among farmers, poverty due to illness and disability and an aging population have all contributed to the return of rural poverty in Heilongjiang. In order to effectively solve the scale of poverty return risk, Heilongjiang Province must increase rural projects; vigorously develop rural economy, actively attract high-quality talents, and establish the strategic carrier of talent gathering in Heilongjiang Province; implement poverty alleviation policies and innovate poverty alleviation methods; improve the rural social security system in order to achieve practical results in the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The aim of this study is to explore the dynamic changes of vegetation in Heilongjiang Province and its influencing factors, and to provide a scientific basis for the restoration and management of the regional ecological environment. [Methods] Spatiotemporal variations of vegetation NDVI and its response mechanism to climate change and human activities in Heilongjiang Province were analyzed in depth using method of Sen+Mann-Kendall trend analysis, Hurst index, partial correlation analysis, residual analysis and relative role analysis based on MODIS NDVI data and meteorological data from 2000 to 2020. At the same time, the relative roles of climate change and human activities in the process of vegetation change in different situations were determined quantitatively. [Results] (1) NDVI in Heilongjiang Province fluctuated growth at a rate of 0.028/decade (p＜0.001) from 2000 to 2020, with a spatial distribution pattern of low in the southwest and high in the central and southeast and obvious vertical zonality, the area of NDVI improvement was much larger than the area of degradation during 21 years. The future trend of NDVI change in the study area is mainly continuous improvement, accounting for 82.367% of the total area. (2) NDVI was positively correlated with temperature, precipitation and relative humidity, and negatively correlated with sunshine hours in Heilongjiang Province from 2000 to 2020, precipitation had the strongest effect on NDVI. the areas where human activities had a positive impact on NDVI accounted for 89.549% of the total area, which promoted the vegetation growth in Heilongjiang Province overall. (3) The relative roles of climate change and human activities on NDVI changes showed obvious spatial heterogeneity, where climate change was the main driver of NDVI improvement in Heilongjiang Province, while the role of human activities on NDVI degradation was slightly higher than that of climate change, and the two were basically equal. [Conclusion] In the past 21 years, the vegetation condition in Heilongjiang Province had generally improved, and its variations had been influenced by both climate change and human activities. In the future, we should improve the adaptation of vegetation to climate change according to local conditions and minimize the ecological damage caused by human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating ambient ozone (O3) pollution in China has garnered significant attention, necessitating an intensified focus on O3 pollution control and the coordinated management of PM2.5 and O3. This study reviews and analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics of O3 and PM2.5 concentrations in 13 cities within Heilongjiang Province from 2019 to 2021. The analysis is based on data sourced from the ecological environment monitoring network. In addition to this, correlation analyses were executed to explore the interaction between the two pollutants. The findings reveal a declining trajectory in PM2.5 concentration over the past three years, while O3 concentration has exhibited an upward trend. Temporally, both O3 and PM2.5 concentrations display pronounced seasonal variations, with peaks evident during the spring and summer (May to July), as well as in the winter (January, February, and December). From a spatial standpoint, elevated O3 concentrations were identified in the southwestern cities of Harbin, Daqing, and Suihua, while the northwestern cities of Daxinganling and Heihe exhibited comparatively lower O3 concentrations, but the difference was not significant. Conversely, PM2.5 concentrations demonstrated substantial variation among the 13 cities (districts). Regarding their correlation, a noteworthy positive correlation between the two pollutants was observed in April and May, contrasted by a negative correlation in November and December. Weather categories such as excellent, good, lightly polluted, moderately polluted, and other weather showed a lower correlation, whereas heavily polluted and severely polluted categories demonstrated a stronger correlation. Furthermore, the correlation with severe pollution is greater than that with heavily polluted, further indicating that heavier air pollution is more conducive to the coexistence of O3 and PM2.5 to form composite pollution. On a provincial scale, the correlation between the two pollutants is progressively increasing annually. This signifies a closely intertwined and intricate interaction and transformation relationship between O3 and PM2.5, accentuating the urgency for synergistic control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Woduhe area of Heilongjiang Province is located in the eastern side of the Greater Xing'an Range. This area has experienced the evolution of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean, the Palaeo‐Pacific, and the Mongolia–Okhotsk Ocean, and it can be used to discuss the transformation process of these palaeo‐oceanic plates to continental plates. However, controversies exist over its time period and the process of transformation. The 1:250000 Woduhe Geological Map shows that Early Cretaceous granitic batholith developed near the Dajinshan area. However, the LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating presented in this paper shows that the trondhjemites from the southern part of the Dajinshan area were formed at 156.9 ± 2.2 Ma, syenogranites were formed at 131.7 ± 1.6 Ma, and diorite porphyrite dikes were formed at 126.0 ± 3.1 Ma. Therefore, Early Cretaceous batholiths should be reclassified as different, separate units. The Late Jurassic intrusive rocks belong to TTGG assemblages (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite‐granite). Trace element spider diagrams show that the rocks are enriched in K, Pb, Zr, and Hf; depleted in Nb, Ta, and Eu; with higher Sr; and lower Y content. The rare earth element pattern is right‐sloping (La/Yb > 12). The Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks belong to G assemblages (granodiorite). Combined with the tectonic settings, we determined that the Late Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous granites were formed in a magmatic arc setting related to subduction. Late Jurassic intrusive magma mainly originated from the partial melting of the thickened lower crust under the Xing'an arc, and was likely contaminated by mantle material. Early Cretaceous intrusive magma originated from the partial melting of the Xing'an sub‐arc crust. Based on the distribution of the Late Jurassic TTG (N and NE) and G (S and SW) assemblages, intrusive records of the southward and southwestward subduction of the Mongolia–Okhotsk Ocean can be observed. In addition, the grade of maturity of the Xing'an arc is increasing during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]