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In this work, we present a method to reconstruct real-frequency properties from analytically continued causal Green's functions within the framework of Migdal-Eliashberg (ME) theory for superconductivity. ME theory involves solving a set of coupled equations self-consistently in imaginary frequency space, but to obtain experimentally measurable properties like the spectral function and quasiparticle density of states, it is necessary to perform an analytic continuation to real frequency space. Traditionally, the ME Green's function is decomposed into three fundamental complex functions, which are analytically continued independently. However, these functions do not possess the causal properties of Green's functions, complicating or even preventing the application of standard methods such as Maximum Entropy. Our approach overcomes these challenges, enabling the use of various analytic continuation techniques that were previously impractical. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method by combining it with Nevanlinna analytic continuation to achieve accurate real-frequency results for ME theory, which are directly comparable to experimental data, with applications highlighted for the superconductors MgB$_2$ and LaBeH$_8$.

The probabilities for gamma-ray and particle emission as a function of the excitation energy of a decaying nucleus are valuable observables for constraining the ingredients of the models that describe the de-excitation of nuclei near the particle emission threshold. These models are essential in nuclear astrophysics and applications. In this work, we have for the first time simultaneously measured the gamma-ray and neutron emission probabilities of 208Pb. The measurement was performed in inverse kinematics at the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) of the GSI/FAIR facility, where a 208Pb beam interacted through the 208Pb(p,p') reaction with a hydrogen gas jet target. Instead of detecting the gamma-rays and neutrons emitted by 208Pb, we detected the heavy beam-like residues produced after gamma and neutron emission. These heavy residues were fully separated by a dipole magnet of the ESR and were detected with outstanding efficiencies. The comparison of the measured probabilities with model calculations has allowed us to test and select different descriptions of the gamma-ray strength function and the nuclear level density available in the literature., Comment: 23 pages, 14 figures

FungiCLEF 2024 addresses the fine-grained visual categorization (FGVC) of fungi species, with a focus on identifying poisonous species. This task is challenging due to the size and class imbalance of the dataset, subtle inter-class variations, and significant intra-class variability amongst samples. In this paper, we document our approach in tackling this challenge through the use of ensemble classifier heads on pre-computed image embeddings. Our team (DS@GT) demonstrate that state-of-the-art self-supervised vision models can be utilized as robust feature extractors for downstream application of computer vision tasks without the need for task-specific fine-tuning on the vision backbone. Our approach achieved the best Track 3 score (0.345), accuracy (78.4%) and macro-F1 (0.577) on the private test set in post competition evaluation. Our code is available at https://github.com/dsgt-kaggle-clef/fungiclef-2024., Comment: Submitted and accepted into CLEF 2024 CEUR-WS proceedings

In this study, we present a thorough investigation into the superconducting state of the ruthenium-based ternary equiatomic compound ScRuSi. Our analysis combines experimental techniques, including muon spin rotation/relaxation ($\mu$SR) and low-temperature resistivity measurements, with theoretical insights derived from first-principles calculations. The low-temperature resistivity measurements reveal a distinct superconducting phase transition in the orthorhombic structure of ScRuSi at a critical temperature ($T_\text{C}$) of $2.5$ K. Further, the TF-$\mu$SR analysis yields a gap-to-critical-temperature ratio of $2\Delta/k_\mathrm{B}T_\mathrm{C} = 2.71$, a value consistent with results obtained from previous heat capacity measurements. The temperature dependence of the superconducting normalized depolarization rate is fully described by the isotropic $s$-wave gap model. Additionally, zero-field $\mu$SR measurements indicate that the relaxation rate remains nearly identical below and above $T_\text{C}$. This observation strongly suggests the preservation of time-reversal symmetry within the superconducting state. By employing the McMillan-Allen-Dynes equation, we calculate a $T_\text{C}$ of $2.11$ K from first-principles calculations within the density functional theory framework. This calculated value aligns closely with the experimentally determined critical temperature. The coupling between the low-frequency phonon modes and the transition metal d-orbital states play an important role in governing the superconducting pairing in ScRuSi. The combination of experimental and theoretical approaches provides a comprehensive microscopic understanding of the superconducting nature of ScRuSi, offering insights into its critical temperature, pairing symmetry, and the underlying electron-phonon coupling mechanism., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

Designing new, technologically relevant superconductors has long been at the forefront of solid-state physics and chemistry research. However, developing efficient approaches for modeling the thermodynamics of superconducting alloys while accurately evaluating their physical properties has proven to be a very challenging task. To fill this gap, we propose an ab initio thermodynamic statistical method, the Extended Generalized Quasichemical Approximation (EGQCA), to describe off-stoichiometric superconductors. Within EGQCA, one can predict any computationally accessible property of the alloy, such as the critical temperature in superconductors and the electron-phonon coupling parameter, as a function of composition and crystal growth conditions by computing the cluster occurrence probabilities that minimize the overall mixing Gibbs free energy. Importantly, EGQCA incorporates directly chemical ordering, lattice distortions, and vibrational contributions. As a proof of concept, we applied EGQCA to the well-known Al-doped MgB$_2$ and to niobium alloyed with titanium and vanadium, showing a remarkable agreement with the experimental data. Additionally, we model the near-room temperature sodalite-like Y$_{1-x}$Ca$_x$H$_6$ superconducting solid solution, demonstrating that EGQCA particularly possesses a promising potential for designing in silico high-$T_{\text{c}}$ superhydride alloys. Our approach notably enables the high-throughput screening of complex superconducting solid solutions, intrinsically providing valuable insights into the interplay between synthesis, thermodynamics, and physical properties.

We study the sedimentation of U-shaped circular disks in the Stokes limit of vanishing inertia. We simulate the flow past such disks using a finite-element-based solution of the 3D Stokes equations, accounting for the integrable singularities that develop along their edges. We show that the purely vertical sedimentation of such disks in their upright- [upside-down-] U orientation is unstable to perturbations about their pitching [rolling] axes. The instability is found to depend only weakly on the size of the container in which the disks sediment, allowing us to analyse their behaviour based on the resistance matrix which governs the evolution of the disk's six rigid-body degrees of freedom in an unbounded fluid. We show that the governing equations can be reduced to two ODEs which describe the disk's inclination against the direction of gravity. A phase-plane analysis, results of which are in good agreement with experiments, reveals that the two instabilities generally cause the disk to sediment along complex spiral trajectories while it alternates between pitching- and rolling-dominated motions. The chirality of the trajectories is set by the initial conditions rather than the (non-chiral) shape of the disk. For certain initial orientations, the disk retains its inclination and sediments along a perfectly helical path. The observed behaviour is fundamentally different from that displayed by flat circular disks which sediment without any reorientation. We therefore study the effect of variations in the disk's curvature to show how in the limit of vanishing curvature the behaviour of a flat disk is recovered., Comment: 27 pages, 12 figures

Following long-standing predictions associated with hydrogen, high-temperature superconductivity has recently been observed in several hydride-based materials. Nevertheless, these high-$T_c$ phases only exist at extremely high pressures, and achieving high transition temperatures at ambient pressure remains a major challenge. Recent predictions of the complex hydride Mg$_{2}$IrH$_{6}$ may help overcome this challenge with calculations of high-$T_c$ superconductivity (65 K$~<~T_c~<~$ 170 K) in a material that is stable at atmospheric pressure. In this work, the synthesis of Mg$_{2}$IrH$_{6}$ was targeted over a broad range of $P$-$T$ conditions, and the resulting products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrational spectroscopy, in concert with first-principles calculations. The results indicate that the charge-balanced complex hydride Mg$_{2}$IrH$_{5}$ is more stable over all conditions tested up to ca 28 GPa. The resulting hydride is isostructural with the predicted superconducting Mg$_{2}$IrH$_{6}$ phase except for a single hydrogen vacancy, which shows a favorable replacement barrier upon insertion of hydrogen into the lattice. Bulk Mg$_{2}$IrH$_{5}$ is readily accessible at mild $P$-$T$ conditions and may thus represent a convenient platform to access superconducting Mg$_{2}$IrH$_{6}$ via non-equilibrium processing methods., Comment: 18 pages, 17 Figures

Implicit Personalization (IP) is a phenomenon of language models inferring a user's background from the implicit cues in the input prompts and tailoring the response based on this inference. While previous work has touched upon various instances of this problem, there lacks a unified framework to study this behavior. This work systematically studies IP through a rigorous mathematical formulation, a multi-perspective moral reasoning framework, and a set of case studies. Our theoretical foundation for IP relies on a structural causal model and introduces a novel method, indirect intervention, to estimate the causal effect of a mediator variable that cannot be directly intervened upon. Beyond the technical approach, we also introduce a set of moral reasoning principles based on three schools of moral philosophy to study when IP may or may not be ethically appropriate. Equipped with both mathematical and ethical insights, we present three diverse case studies illustrating the varied nature of the IP problem and offer recommendations for future research. Our code is at https://github.com/jiarui-liu/IP, and our data is at https://huggingface.co/datasets/Jerry999/ImplicitPersonalizationData., Comment: EMNLP 2024 Findings

The novel technique of frequency-offset separated oscillatory fields (FOSOF) has been originally proposed as a modification to Ramsey's method of separated oscillatory fields. It has recently been employed in precision measurements with atomic beams since it allows for an alternative approach to determine absolute resonance frequencies. We present results from a systematic investigation of the FOSOF technique adapted to a beam of cold neutrons.

We demonstrate a machine learning-based approach which predicts the properties of crystal structures following relaxation based on the unrelaxed structure. Use of crystal graph singular values reduces the number of features required to describe a crystal by more than an order of magnitude compared to the full crystal graph representation. We construct machine learning models using the crystal graph singular value representations in order to predict the volume, enthalpy per atom, and metal versus semiconducting phase of DFT-relaxed organic salt crystals based on randomly generated unrelaxed crystal structures. Initial base models are trained to relate 89,949 randomly generated structures of salts formed by varying ratios of 1,3,5-triazine and HCl with the corresponding volumes, enthalpies per atom, and phase of the DFT-relaxed structures. We further demonstrate that the base model is able to extrapolate to new chemical systems with the inclusion of 2,000 to 10,000 crystal structures from the new system. After training a single model with a large number of data points, extension can be done at significantly lower cost. The constructed machine learning models can be used to rapidly screen large sets of randomly generated organic salt crystal structures and efficiently downselect the structures most likely to be experimentally realizable. The models can be used either as a stand-alone crystal structure predictor or incorporated into more sophisticated workflows as a filtering step., Comment: 18 pages, 20 figures

Optical microscopy is an indispensable tool in life sciences research, but conventional techniques require compromises between imaging parameters like speed, resolution, field-of-view, and phototoxicity. To overcome these limitations, data-driven microscopes incorporate feedback loops between data acquisition and analysis. This review overviews how machine learning enables automated image analysis to optimise microscopy in real-time. We first introduce key data-driven microscopy concepts and machine learning methods relevant to microscopy image analysis. Subsequently, we highlight pioneering works and recent advances in integrating machine learning into microscopy acquisition workflows, including optimising illumination, switching modalities and acquisition rates, and triggering targeted experiments. We then discuss the remaining challenges and future outlook. Overall, intelligent microscopes that can sense, analyse, and adapt promise to transform optical imaging by opening new experimental possibilities., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, review

Neutron-induced reaction cross sections of short-lived nuclei are imperative to understand the origin of heavy elements in stellar nucleosynthesis and for societal applications, but their measurement is extremely complicated due to the radioactivity of the targets involved. One way of overcoming this issue is to combine surrogate reactions with the unique possibilities offered by heavy-ion storage rings. In this work, we describe the first surrogate-reaction experiment in inverse kinematics, which we successfully conducted at the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) of the GSI/FAIR facility, using the 208Pb(p,p') reaction as a surrogate for neutron capture on 207Pb. Thanks to the outstanding detection efficiencies possible at the ESR, we were able to measure for the first time the neutron-emission probability as a function of the excitation energy of 208Pb. We have used this probability to select different descriptions of the gamma-ray strength function and nuclear level density, and provide reliable results for the neutron-induced radiative capture cross section of 207Pb at energies for which no experimental data exist., Comment: 10 pages and 5 figures

The Gaussian Gabor system at the critical density has the property that it is overcomplete in $L^2(\mathbf{R})$ by exactly one element, and if any single element is removed then the resulting system is complete but is not a Schauder basis. This paper characterizes systems that are overcomplete by finitely many elements. Among other results, it is shown that if such a system has a reproducing partner, then it contains a Schauder basis. While a Schauder basis provides a strong reproducing property for elements of a space, the existence of a reproducing partner only requires a weak type of representation of elements. Thus for these systems weak representations imply strong representations. The results are applied to systems of weighted exponentials and to Gabor systems at the critical density. In particular, it is shown that the Gaussian Gabor system does not possess a reproducing partner., Comment: 16 pages

We propose a cheap non-intrusive high-resolution method of visualising transparent or translucent objects which may translate, rotate and shapeshift. We propose a method of reconstructing a strongly deformed time-evolving surface from a time-series of noisy clouds of points using a lightweight neural network. We benchmark the method against three different geometries and varying levels of noise and find that the Gaussian curvature is accurately recovered when the noise level is below $2\%$ of the diameter of the surface and the data from distinct regions of the surface do not overlap.

This contribution presents a pragmatic approach to read-out electronics for drift chambers used in particle physics experiments, specifically for the R3B experiment at GSI. The design uses discrete miniature SMD components and LVDS inputs of a low-cost FPGA to achieve a performance similar to classic ASIC solutions to the problem. The circuit comprises a high gain, low noise amplifier, a custom signal shaper, tailored to the specifics of proportional counter signals, and a leading-edge discriminator with programmable threshold. The presented approach offers an attractive solution for small to medium sized detector systems that require specialized read-out electronics but cannot afford the high cost and development effort associated with ASICs., Comment: Proceeding to TWEPP 2023 Topical Workshop on Electronics for Particle Physics, Oct 1-6, 2023, Geremeas, Sardinia, Italy

The confinement of ultracold neutrons (UCNs) in a three dimensional magnetic field gradient trap allows for a measurement of the free neutron lifetime with superior control over spurious loss channels and can provide a large kinetic energy acceptance to enhance statistical sensitivity. In this paper, we present the first successful implementation of a pulsed spin-flip based loading scheme for a three-dimensional magnetic UCN trap. The measurements with the $\tau$SPECT experiment were performed at the pulsed UCN source of the research reactor TRIGA Mainz. We report on detailed investigations of major systematic effects influencing the neutron storage time, statistically limited by the size of the recorded data set. The extracted neutron storage time constant of $\tau = 859(16)\mathrm{s}$ is compatible with, but not to be interpreted as, a measurement of the free neutron lifetime., Comment: 15 pages, 19 figures, version accepted for publication in Journal of Physics G

A key challenge in materials discovery is to find high-temperature superconductors. Hydrogen and hydride materials have long been considered promising materials displaying conventional phonon-mediated superconductivity. However, the high pressures required to stabilize these materials have restricted their application. Here, we present results from high-throughput computation, considering a wide range of high-symmetry ternary hydrides from across the periodic table at ambient pressure. This large composition space is then reduced by considering thermodynamic, dynamic, and magnetic stability, before direct estimations of the superconducting critical temperature. This approach has revealed a metastable ambient-pressure hydride superconductor, Mg$_2$IrH$_6$, with a predicted critical temperature of 160 K, comparable to the highest temperature superconducting cuprates. We propose a synthesis route via a structurally related insulator, Mg$_2$IrH$_7$, which is thermodynamically stable above 15 GPa and discuss the potential challenges in doing so., Comment: 30 pages, 30 figures, including SM

Experimental manipulation of superconductivity is of paramount importance, not only for practical applications but also for identifying the key factors involved in electron pairing. In this work, we have undertaken a meticulous study of the superconductivity in a series of titanium compounds with a rocksalt structure, synthesized as epitaxial films. We find that substituting nitrogen (N) for oxygen (O) in titanium monoxide (TiO) with the stoichiometry close to TiO$_{0.6}$N$_{0.4}$ leads to superconductivity with a transition temperature (T$_c$) of ~2.6 K, about five times higher than that of TiO at ~0.5 K and half as high as the T$_c$ of ~6 K in titanium nitride (TiN). However, Eliashberg theoretical calculations predict similar Tc in TiO, Ti oxynitride and TiN. The analysis of electron mean free path suggests the presence of significant disorder in TiO and a remarkable reduction in the impact of disorder in oxynitrides. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that disorder decreases the coherence of electronic states for non-zero momenta, which would degrade the influence of electron-phonon. Our findings demonstrate the disorder and superconductivity depend strongly on the N/O ratio, highlighting the critical role of disorder for superconductivity in this series of Ti(O,N) materials.

The neutron emission in projectile fragmentation at relativistic energies was studied with the Large-Area-Neutron-Detector LAND coupled to the ALADIN forward spectrometer at the GSI Schwerionen-Synchrotron (SIS). Stable 124Sn and radioactive 107Sn and 124La beams with an incident energy of 600 MeV/nucleon were used to explore the N/Z dependence of the identified neutron source. A cluster-recognition algorithm is applied for identifying individual particles within the hit distributions registered with LAND. The obtained momentum distributions are extrapolated over the full phase space occupied by the neutrons from the projectile-spectator source. The mean multiplicities of spectator neutrons reach values of up to about 11 and depend strongly on the isotopic composition of the projectile. An effective source temperature of T \approx 2-5 MeV, monotonically increasing with decreasing impact parameter, is deduced from the transverse momentum distributions. For the interpretation of the data, calculations with the statistical multifragmentation model were performed. The variety of excited projectile spectators assumed to decay statistically is represented by an ensemble of excited sources with parameters determined previously from the fragment production observed in the same experiments. The obtained agreement is very satisfactory for more peripheral collisions where, according to the model, neutrons are mainly emitted during the secondary decays of excited fragments. The neutron multiplicity in more central collisions is underestimated, indicating that other sources besides the modeled statistical breakup contribute to the observed neutron yield. The choice made for the symmetry-term coefficient of the liquid-drop description of produced fragments has a weak effect on the predicted neutron multiplicities., Comment: 22 pages, 24 figures, to appear in Physical Review C

Migdal-Eliashberg theory is one of the state-of-the-art methods for describing conventional superconductors from first principles. However, widely used implementations assume a constant density of states around the Fermi level, which hinders a proper description of materials with distinct features in its vicinity. Here, we present an implementation of the Migdal-Eliashberg theory within the EPW code that considers the full electronic structure and accommodates scattering processes beyond the Fermi surface. To significantly reduce computational costs, we introduce a non-uniform sampling scheme along the imaginary axis. We demonstrate the power of our implementation by applying it to the sodalite-like clathrates YH$_6$ and CaH$_6$, and to the covalently-bonded H$_3$S and D$_3$S. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of maximizing the density of states at the Fermi level in doped H$_3$S and BaSiH$_8$ within the full-bandwidth treatment compared to the constant-density-of-states approximation. Our findings highlight the importance of this advanced treatment in such complex materials., Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures. Revised manuscript with minor changes. Supplemental Information available on the journal website (open access)

On the basis of revisions of some of the systematic errors, we reanalyzed the electron-antineutrino angular correlation ($a$ coefficient) in free neutron decay inferred from the recoil energy spectrum of the protons which are detected in 4$\pi$ by the aSPECT spectrometer. With $a = -0.10402(82)$ the new value differs only marginally from the one published in 2020. The experiment also has sensitivity to $b$, the Fierz interference term. From a correlated $(b,a)$ fit to the proton recoil spectrum, we derive a limit of $b = -0.0098(193)$ which translates into a somewhat improved 90 \% CL region of $-0.041 \leq b \leq 0.022$ on this hypothetical term. Tighter constraints on $b$ can be set from a combined$^{(c)}$ analysis of the PERKEO~III ($\beta$ asymmetry) and aSPECT measurement which suggests a finite value of $b$ with $b^{(c)}$ = -0.0181 $\pm$ 0.0065 deviating by 2.82$\sigma$ from the standard model., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1908.04785

A variety of experiments investigating properties of neutrons can be performed at pulsed reactor neutron sources like the research reactor TRIGA Mainz. A typical problem faced by these experiments is the non-availability of a reliable facility-provided trigger signal in coincidence with the neutron production. Here we present the design and implementation of a neutron pulse detector that provides a coincident trigger signal for experimental timing with a relative precision of 4.5 ms., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures

Purpose: In this paper, we establish a baseline for handwritten stenography recognition, using the novel LION dataset, and investigate the impact of including selected aspects of stenographic theory into the recognition process. We make the LION dataset publicly available with the aim of encouraging future research in handwritten stenography recognition. Methods: A state-of-the-art text recognition model is trained to establish a baseline. Stenographic domain knowledge is integrated by applying four different encoding methods that transform the target sequence into representations, which approximate selected aspects of the writing system. Results are further improved by integrating a pre-training scheme, based on synthetic data. Results: The baseline model achieves an average test character error rate (CER) of 29.81% and a word error rate (WER) of 55.14%. Test error rates are reduced significantly by combining stenography-specific target sequence encodings with pre-training and fine-tuning, yielding CERs in the range of 24.5% - 26% and WERs of 44.8% - 48.2%. Conclusion: The obtained results demonstrate the challenging nature of stenography recognition. Integrating stenography-specific knowledge, in conjunction with pre-training and fine-tuning on synthetic data, yields considerable improvements. Together with our precursor study on the subject, this is the first work to apply modern handwritten text recognition to stenography. The dataset and our code are publicly available via Zenodo.

We extend basic results in $3$-manifold topology to general three-dimensional Alexandrov spaces (or Alexandrov $3$-spaces for short), providing a unified framework for manifold and non-manifold spaces. We generalize the connected sum to non-manifold $3$-spaces and prove a prime decomposition theorem, exhibit an infinite family of closed, prime non-manifold $3$-spaces which are not irreducible, and establish a conjecture of Mitsuishi and Yamaguchi on the structure of closed, simply-connected Alexandrov $3$-spaces with non-negative curvature. Additionally, we define a notion of generalized Dehn surgery for Alexandrov $3$-spaces and show that any closed Alexandrov $3$-space may be obtained by performing generalized Dehn surgery on a link in $S^3$ or the non-trivial $S^2$-bundle over $S^1$. As an application of this result, we show that every closed Alexandrov $3$-space is homeomorphic to the boundary of a $4$-dimensional Alexandrov space., Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures

We report on the performance of a Magnetically Shielded Room (MSR) intended for next level $^3$He/$^{129}$Xe co-magnetometer experiments which require improved magnetic conditions. The MSR consists of three layers of Mu-metal with a thickness of 3 mm each, and one additional highly conductive copper-coated aluminum layer with a thickness of 10 mm. It has a cubical shape with an walk-in interior volume with an edge length of 2560 mm. An optimized degaussing (magnetic equilibration) procedure using a frequency sweep with constant amplitude followed by an exponential decay of the amplitude will be presented. The procedure for the whole MSR takes 21 minutes and measurements of the residual magnetic field at the center of the MSR show that $|B|<1$ nT can be reached reliably. The chosen degaussing procedure will be motivated by online hysteresis measurements of the assembled MSR and by Eddy current simulations showing that saturation at the center of the Mu-metal layer is reached. Shielding Factors can be improved by a factor $\approx 4$ in all directions by low frequency (0.2 Hz), low current (1 A) shaking of the outermost Mu-metal layer., Comment: 13 pages. The following article has been submitted to Review of Scientific Instruments

A subset $M$ of a separable Hilbert space $H$ is $\ell^1$-bounded if there exists a Riesz basis $\mathcal{F} = \{e_n\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ for $H$ such that $\sup_{x \in M} \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}} |\langle x, e_n\rangle| < \infty.$ A similar definition for $\ell^1$-frame-bounded sets is made by replacing Riesz bases with frames. This paper derives properties of $\ell^1$-bounded sets, operations on the collection of $\ell^1$-bounded sets, and the relation between $\ell^1$-boundedness and $\ell^1$-frame-boundedness. Some open problems are stated, several of which have intriguing implications.

We investigate the response of a Ramsey-type experiment on an additional oscillating magnetic field. This superimposed field is oriented in the same direction as the static main magnetic field and causes a modulation of the original Larmor spin precession frequency. The observable magnitude of this modulation reduces at higher frequencies of the oscillating field. It disappears completely if the interaction time of the particles matches the oscillation period, which we call resonant cancellation. We present an analytical approach that describes the effect and compare it to a measurement using a monochromatic cold neutron beam.