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Color separation gratings (CSGs) are designed within the framework of the rigorous electromagnetic theory using a gradient method. The optimality of the scalar-theory-based solutions is estimated. The results of the experimental study of a CSG to separate three wavelengths are presented. OCIS codes: 330.1690, 050.2770, 050.1950, 050.1940.

Next-generation COVID-19 vaccines are being developed to expand the breadth of coverage against existing and future variants and to extend the duration of protection. Prime-2-CoV_Beta is an orf virus (ORFV) based multi-antigen COVID-19 vaccine that co-expresses Spike (S) and Nucleocapsid (N) antigens. The safety and immunogenicity of Prime-2-CoV_Beta is investigated in a phase 1 first-in-human (FIH) dose-finding trial (ORFEUS study, ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05367843). Participants of two age groups (18-55 and 65-85 years) who previously completed at least two doses of mRNA vaccines were enrolled and sequentially assigned to different dose groups to receive one intramuscular dose of 3 × 10 5 , 3 × 10 6 , 1.5 × 10 7 , or 3 × 10 7 plaque-forming units (PFU) of Prime-2-CoV_Beta on day 1 and a second dose on day 29. Here, we report safety and immunogenicity data collected up to 6 months after the first study vaccination. Prime-2-CoV_Beta is safe and well tolerated and elicits immune responses at higher dose levels in participants aged 18-55. A single dose of 3 × 10 7 PFU boosted binding and cross-neutralizing antibody responses that are maintained through 6 months after the first booster vaccination. Polyfunctional S-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are observed after vaccination. No pre-existing or vaccine-induced neutralizing anti-vector antibodies are detected. Our findings highlight the potential of the ORFV vector as a safe platform for future vaccine design, which provides the ability to deliver multiple antigens and allows for repeat immunization.

A method of producing inkless parameric color pairs is studied. In this method, colors are formed additively using diffraction gratings with differing grating periods as primary colors. Gratings with different grating periods reflect different spectral radiance peaks of a fluorescent lamp to the desired viewing angle, according to the grating equation. Four spectral peaks of a 4000 K fluorescent lamp--red, green, cyan, and blue-are used as the primary colors. The colors are mixed additively by fixing the relative areas of different grating periods inside a pixel. With four primary colors it is possible to mix certain colors with different triplets of primary colors. Thus, it is theoretically possible to produce metameric colors. In this study, three parameric color pairs are fabricated using electron beam lithography, electroplating, and hot embossing. The radiance spectra of the color pairs are measured by spectroradiometer from hot-embossed plastic samples. The CIELAB DeltaE(ab) and CIEDE2000 color differences between radiance spectra of the color pairs are calculated. The CIEDE2000 color differences of color pairs are between 2.6 and 7.2 units in reference viewing conditions. The effects of viewing angle and different light sources are also evaluated. It is found that both the viewing angle and the light source have very strong influences on the color differences of the color pairs.