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Artikkel keskendub keeleressurssidega seonduvatele oiguslikele kusimustele. Aluseks voetakse protsess, mis algab keeleressursside loomisega ning lopeb nende levitamisega. Keeleressurss on oma olemuselt autorioiguslikult kaitstav andmebaas, mida katavad kahetasemelised oigused (oigused autorioiguslikult kaitstavale materjalile, mida ressursside loomisel kasutati, ja oigused ressursile endale), millega tuleb levitamise protsessis arvestada. Keeleressursside loomine saab tugineda kahele voimalikule oiguslikule mudelile: 1) litsentsipohine mudel ja 2) erandipohine mudel. Molemaga kaasnevad positiivsed ja negatiivsed aspektid, mida kaesolevas artiklis ka analuusitakse, vottes arvesse arenguid Euroopa Liidus. Enne kui keeleressurssi saab levitada CLARIN-i vorgustikus, on oluline, et oigused levitada oleks ule antud monele Eesti Keeleressursside Keskuse konsortsiumipartnerile. Oigused ressursile lahevad ule kas toosuhtes voi siis lepinguga. Sel eesmargil on tootatud valja CLARIN-i deponeerimislepingud. Enne kui kasutaja saab ressursile ligipaasu, peab ta noustuma CLARIN-i teenusetingimustega. Artikkel selgitab CLARIN-i tuuplepingutega seonduvaid kusimusi ning tutvustab CLARIN-i lepingute viimaseid parandusi. Regulatory framework determining the development and utilization of digital language resources in Estonia and its compatibility with CLARIN infrastructure The article focuses on legal issues relating to language resources. These issues are analyzed throughout the process of the creation of language resources and their subsequent distribution. Language resources can be defined as copyright protected databases, which are governed by two tiers of rights: 1) rights in material used to create the database and 2) rights in this database. The creation of language resources can be subject to two models: 1) the contract model and 2) the exception model. Both models have their advantages and disadvantages. The models are analyzed in the light of developments at the EU level. Before language resources can be distributed, it is necessary to transfer copyright covering resources to a partner of the Center of Estonian Language Resources. The rights are transferred within employment or contractually. For this purpose, CLARIN deposition license agreement templates have been developed. Before end users can access language resources they have to accept CLARIN Terms of Service. The scope of the article is not confined to the explanation of CLARIN agreement templates. The article also highlights the latest amendments to these templates.

Keeleressursside arendamisel ei osata praktikas sageli arvestada lähtematerjali puudutavate õiguslike piirangutega, mis tekitab tarbetuid õigusriske ja võib takistada loodud ressursside sihipärast kasutamist ja levitamist. Artikli eesmärk on kaardistada levinumad probleemid ja pakkuda kehtivale õigusele tuginevaid lahendeid, viimaste puudumisel aga teoreetilisi ja praktilisi tõlgendusi. Autoriõiguslikult kaitstavate teoste kasutamiseks keeleressurssides esitatakse lisaks litsentsipõhisele meetodile kaks teoste vaba kasutamise viisi, tsiteerimine ja nn teadustöö erand, koos vastavate täpsemate juhistega. Lisaks kirjeldatakse täiendavaid tingimusi, mis puudutavad suulist ja eriti spontaanses olukorras salvestatud kõnet, varem avaldamata teoseid, tuletatud teoste loomist ja keeleressursside avalikustamist. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa9.20

Artikkel käsitleb teaduspoliitilisi ja õiguslikke küsimusi, mida tuleks arvestada keeleressursside litsentsimisel, ja määratleb sobivaimad litsentsimise tingimused, pöörates tähelepanu eelkõige lepinguõiguse ja intellektuaalomandi litsentsimise küsimustele. Samuti võrreldakse artiklis USA, Euroopa riikide ja Eesti keeleressursside litsentsimise õiguslikku raamistikku ning tutvustatakse levinumaid praktikaid avatud juurdepääsu (ingl open access) ja vabade (avatud) litsentside vaatepunktist. Artikli praktiliseks eesmärgiks on selgitada Eestis keeleressursside loomise ja kasutamisega seotud teadlastele ja teadusasutustele intellektuaalomandi (IO) objektide litsentsimise põhialuseid ja jagada näpunäiteid litsentsitingimuste valimiseks. Artikkel on sündinud keeleteadlaste ja juristide koostöös ning mõeldud esmajoones keeleteadlastest lugejaskonnale.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa9.21

Secrecy is a traditional method of knowledge protection. The protection and management of trade secrets has high strategic relevance for small transition economies. As the majority of Estonian entrepreneurs are SMEs in low-tech sectors, the implementation of adequate trade-secret protection strategy is vital. There are several advantages to trade-secret protection. First, the scope of trade-secret protection can be extensive and includes non-patentable knowledge. Second, it does not require the registration or fulfilment of any formal procedures.The Estonian high-tech sector also relies on trade-secret protection. Concentration of activities in a low- or high-tech sector only determines whether entrepreneurs combine patent and trade-secret protection or whether they are solely dependent on trade-secret protection.The enhancement of entrepreneurial skills to manage trade-secrets is crucial. Despite the high strategic relevance of trade secret protection, Estonian entrepreneurs do not, yet, seem to have the necessary capabilities to leverage trade-secret protection. A similar situation can be detected in other Baltic states. Therefore, the main focus of this article is on the exploration of how to control and utilize trade secrets in the value creation process by entrepreneurs in the Estonian legal and economic environment through appropriate economic and legal strategies and relevant legal implementation and protection measures. The authors analyze theoretical and practical issues concerning trade-secret protection, argue their own concepts and put forward several proposals.

1. Introduction The transformation of a country into a knowledge-based economy (KBE) is equally important to modern Western countries as well as to the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, which radically changed their political and economic order at the beginning of the 1990s. It is accompanied by a considerable impact on the functioning of society. At the EU level, KBE describes "economic activity that relies not on 'natural' resources (like land or minerals) but on intellectual resources such as know-how and expertise" (COM (2008) 466:3). According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the concept of KBE describes "economies which are directly based on the production, distribution and use of knowledge and information. This is reflected in the trend in OECD economies towards growth in high-technology investments, high-technology industries, more highly-skilled labor and associated productivity gains" (OCDE/GD (96) 102, 1996:7). It is true that "[o]ne of the characteristic features of the knowledge economy is that universities and public research organizations are becoming increasingly engaged in the utilization of research" (Ulf Petrusson 2011:73). Therefore, the development of efficient academia-industry collaboration is a key issue in a well-functioning knowledge-based economy (Kelli and Pisuke 2008:223238). In this article, the terms 'academia' and 'university' are used in the broad meaning, including universities and other research organizations. The Europe 2020 Strategy underlines that education, research and innovation are key drivers for competitiveness, jobs, sustainable growth and social progress. It also requires promoting and reinforcing cooperation between academia and industry at the EU and national levels (COM (2010) 2020:13). The "People" Programme of the Seventh Framework Programme (2007 to 2013) contains "Academia-Industry Pathways and Partnerships" activity as one of the Marie Curie Actions. The aim of the activity is to enhance the human capacity of industry-academia cooperation in the fields of research training, career development and knowledge sharing, taking also into account the protection of intellectual property rights (C (2011) 5033:4). Therefore, the stakeholder organizations are expected to develop and implement structured programs to increase mobility between academia and industry (COM (2012) 392). The Draft Horizon 2020--the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014-2020)--also supports research and innovation cooperation between universities, research institutions and enterprises as an important measure to ensure optimum development and dynamic use of European intellectual capital in order to generate and transfer new skills and innovation. At the same time effective industry-academia links, as well as the development and implementation of research and innovation agendas also through public-private partnerships, are considered to be essential in addressing competitiveness (COM (2011) 809:43-44, 48, 63). The Horizon 2020 Programme puts an emphasis on the Knowledge and Innovation Community (KIC) in financing European research. KIC is defined as "an autonomous partnership of higher education institutions, research organizations, companies and other stakeholders in the innovation process in the form of a strategic network based on joint mid- to long-term innovation planning to achieve the EIT challenges, regardless of its precise legal form" (Article 2 of the Regulation (EC) No. 294/2008). Therefore, it is important to distinguish between different players in the European research and industry policy. The exploitation of the results of university research could be a major driving force behind innovation which is the core value-creating process in a knowledge-based economy (for further discussion, see Etzkowitz 2001:18-29, Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 2000:109-123). However, the role of academia is not always adequately and sufficiently conceptualized by policy-makers, which leads to deficiencies in knowledge management by the university and thereby constitutes an obstacle to academia industry cooperation (for further discussion, see Formica et al. …