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Abstract Aim If surgical guide fabrication is introduced in a dental education program, a digital and conventional workflow can be used. This study evaluated operator preference, perceived difficulty and effectiveness and operating time of both fabrication methods. Materials and Methods Forty participants in a university setting (students, n = 20; dentists, n = 20) with varying levels of dental experience, but no experience in surgical guide fabrication, were randomly assigned to consecutively fabricate surgical guides on a standardized training model, with either the digital or conventional workflow first. The operating time was measured, and operator preference and the perception of difficulty and effectiveness were assessed with a questionnaire. T tests were used for statistical analysis (α = .05). Result Of the students, 95% preferred the digital workflow and of the dentists 70%. The perceived difficulty of the digital workflow was significantly lower than the conventional workflow in the student group. Both groups perceived the digital workflow to be more effective. The mean operating time (mm:ss) amounted 12:34 ± 2:24 (students) and 18:07 ± 6:03 (dentists) for the digital, and 22:20 ± 3:59 (students) and 20:16 ± 4:03 (dentists) for the conventional workflow. Conclusion Both students and dentists prefer the digital workflow for surgical guide fabrication. Students perceive the digital workflow as less difficult and more effective than the conventional workflow. The operating time for surgical guide fabrication is shorter with a digital workflow. This study indicates that digital fabrication techniques for surgical guides are preferred to be incorporated into the dental curriculum to teach students about treatment planning in implant dentistry.

Pseudoinvasion (PI) is a benign lesion in which cancer is mimicked in the colon by misplacement of dysplastic glands in the submucosa. Although there are morphological clues, the discrimination of PI from true invasion can be a challenge during pathological evaluation of colon adenomas. Both overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis can result in inadequate clinical decisions. This calls for novel tools to aid in cases where conventional methods do not suffice. We performed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI)-based spatial glycomics analysis on a cohort of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) material from 16 patients who underwent polypectomy. We used this spatial glycomic data to reconstruct the molecular histology of the tissue section using spatial segmentation based on uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction (UMAP). We first showed that the spatial glycomic phenotypes of the different morphological entities separated as distinct clusters in colon tissues, we separated true invasion from the other morphological entities. Then, we found that the glycomic phenotype in areas with suspected PI in the submucosa was strongly correlating with the corresponding glycomic phenotype of the adenomatous colon epithelium from the same tissue section (Pearson correlation distance average = 0.18). These findings suggest that using spatial glycomics, we can distinguish PI as having a molecular phenotype similar to the corresponding surface epithelium and true invasion as having a different phenotype even when compared to high-grade dysplasia. Therefore, when a novel molecular phenotype is found in the deepest submucosal region, this may be used as an argument in favor of true invasion.

This paper analyses the effects of product innovations introduced by firms in upstream and downstream sectors and firms in the same sector on firm employment. To this end, we extend the Harrison et al. (2014. "Does Innovation Stimulate Employment? A Firm-Level Analysis Using Comparable Micro-Data from Four European Countries." International Journal of Industrial Organization 35 (1): 29–43) model and analyse the relationship between firm innovation and employment to account for innovation in the same and related sectors. We employ panel data for the innovation activities of Spanish firms together with input–output data. The results show that product innovation by firms in the same sector harms the firm's employment. We also find a negative effect on employment for the introduction of new products in upstream sectors, which results in the reduction of labour in the focal firm. The type of labour that is negatively affected by innovations introduced by both same-sector and upstream firms is low-skilled. No significant effects are found for innovations introduced in downstream industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Degeneration of shoulder muscle tissues often result in tearing, causing pain, disability and loss of independence. Differential muscle involvement patterns have been reported in tears of shoulder muscles, yet the molecules involved in this pathology are poorly understood. The spatial distribution of biomolecules across the affected tissue can be accurately obtained with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI). The goal of this pilot study was to decipher the metabolic landscape across shoulder muscle tissues and to identify signatures of degenerated muscles in chronic conditions. Methods Paired biopsies of two rotator cuff muscles, torn infraspinatus and intact teres minor, together with an intact shoulder muscle, the deltoid, were collected during an open tendon transfer surgery. Five patients, average age 65.2 ± 3.8 years, were selected for spatial metabolic profiling using high‐spatial resolution (MALDI‐TOF) and high‐mass resolution (MALDI‐FTICR) MSI in negative or positive ion mode. Metabolic signatures were identified using data‐driven analysis. Verifications of spatial localization for selected metabolic signatures were carried out using antibody immunohistology. Results Data‐driven analysis revealed major metabolic differences between intact and degenerated regions across all muscles. The area of degenerated regions, encompassed of fat, inflammation and fibrosis, significantly increased in both rotator cuff muscles, teres minor (27.9%) and infraspinatus (22.8%), compared with the deltoid (8.7%). The intact regions were characterized by 49 features, among which lipids were recognized. Several of the identified lipids were specifically enriched in certain myofiber types. Degenerated regions were specifically marked by the presence of 37 features. Heme was the most abundant metabolite in degenerated regions, whereas Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), which catabolizes heme, was found in intact regions. Higher HO‐1 levels correlated with lower heme accumulation. Conclusions Degenerated regions are distinguished from intact regions by their metabolome profile. A muscle‐specific metabolome profile was not identified. The area of tissue degeneration significantly differs between the three examined muscles. Higher HO‐1 levels in intact regions concurred with lower heme levels in degenerated regions. Moreover, HO‐1 levels discriminated between dysfunctional and functional rotator cuff muscles. Additionally, the enrichment of specific lipids in certain myofiber types suggests that lipid metabolism differs between myofiber types. The signature metabolites can open options to develop personalized treatments for chronic shoulder muscles degeneration.

Abstract Background Tackling childhood obesity is complex and requires a community-based approach implemented in multiple environments. It is known from literature that knowledgeable and skilled professionals are essential to implement such an approach successfully. The aim of the present study was to assess the need for training and support among a global network of programme directors implementing a Community-Based Childhood Obesity Intervention (CBCOI) based on the EPODE approach, in order to assist them in optimising the implementation process. Methods An online survey was sent to 40 programme directors representing programmes implementing a CBCOI based on the EPODE approach. The survey consisted of statements on a 5-point Likert scale and multiple-choice questions about attitude towards and usefulness of training and support, and preferences for some predefined training types and training topics. In total, 22 programme directors responded to the survey (55% response rate). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics to describe the need for support in order to improve successful implementation. Results Respondents strongly agreed that continually updating skills and learning how to make their programmes more effective and sustainable at the start and during the implementation was important. On-site training was preferred most at the commencement of a programme, while a 2-day training course was most valued during implementation. Monitoring, measuring and programme evaluation was identified as the most valuable training topic. Conclusions The results indicate a continuing and significant need for support and training among programme directors implementing a CBCOI. The findings give directions regarding topics and types of training and support in order to improve the implementation process.

Introduction: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) and hypertensive nephrosclerosis (HN) represent the most common causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and many patients progress to ­end-stage renal disease. Patients are treated primarily through the management of cardiovas­cular risk factors and hypertension; however patients with HN have a more favorable outcome. A noninvasive clinical approach to separate these two entities, especially in hypertensive patients who also have diabetes, would allow for targeted treatment and more appropriate resource allocation to those patients at the highest risk of CKD progression. Meth­ods: In this preliminary study, high-spatial-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ion­ization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was integrated with high-mass accuracy MALDI-FTICR-MS and nLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis in order to detect tissue proteins within kidney biopsies to discriminate cases of DN (n = 9) from cases of HN (n = 9). Results: Differences in the tryptic peptide profiles of the 2 groups could clearly be detected, with these becoming even more evident in the more severe histological classes, even if this was not evident with routine histology. In particular, 4 putative proteins were detected and had a higher signal intensity within regions of DN tissue with extensive sclerosis or fibrosis. Among these, 2 proteins (PGRMC1 and CO3) had a signal intensity that increased at the latter stages of the disease and may be associated with progression. Discussion/Conclusion: This preliminary study represents a valuable starting point for a future study employing a larger cohort of patients to develop sensitive and specific protein biomarkers that could reliably differentiate between diabetic and hypertensive causes of CKD to allow for improved diagnosis, fewer biopsy procedures, and refined treatment approaches for clinicians.

La relación entre la innovación y el empleo es un tema debatido desde los inicios del capitalismo. A menudo, domina la visión pesimista, donde la nueva tecnología tiende a desplazar la mano de obra existente, como es el caso de la actual discusión sobre la robotización y la inteligencia artificial. Sin embargo, la evidencia empírica muestra que las tasas de empleo siguen creciendo a pesar de la introducción de nuevas máquinas. El objetivo del artículo es revisar las tendencias y teorías respecto a la relación innovación versus empleo tanto en términos cuantitativos como cualitativos. Además, se discute de forma crítica el impacto que tienen las nuevas tecnologías sobre las relaciones laborales en términos del bienestar social y la distribución internacional del empleo y la riqueza. The relationship between innovation and employment is a topic debated since the beginning of capitalism. The pessimistic view often dominates where new technology tends to displace labor, as it is the case in the current discussion on robotization and artificial intelligence. However, empirical evidence shows that employment rates continue growing despite the introduction of new machines. The goal of the article is to review trends and theories regarding the relationship between innovation versus employment, in both quantitative and qualitative terms. In addition, the impact of new technologies on labor relations in terms of social welfare and the international distribution of employment and wealth are critically discussed. A relação entre inovação e emprego tem sido um tópico de debate desde o início do capitalismo. A visão pessimista costuma dominar, onde as novas tecnologias tendem a deslocar o trabalho existente, como é o caso da atual discussão sobre robótica e inteligência artificial. No entanto, evidências empíricas mostram que as taxas de emprego continuam a crescer, apesar da introdução de novas máquinas. O objetivo do artigo a seguir é revisar as tendências e teorias relacionadas à inovação em relação ao emprego em termos quantitativos e qualitativos. Além disso, o impacto das novas tecnologias nas relações de trabalho em termos de bem-estar social e distribuição internacional de emprego e riqueza.