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1. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Essential Vitreoretinal Care with Three Epicenters in the United States

Author

El Hamichi S, Gold A, Heier J, Kiss S, and Murray TG

Subjects
covid-19, pandemic, retina, ophthalmology, medical practice, Ophthalmology, RE1-994
Abstract

Sophia El Hamichi,1 Aaron Gold,1 Jeffrey Heier,2 Szilard Kiss,3 Timothy G Murray1 1Miami Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, FL, USA; 2Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, MA, USA; 3Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USACorrespondence: Timothy G MurrayMiami Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, FL 33143, USAEmail tmurray@murraymd.comPurpose: To report the impact of COVID-19 on retina practices in three different “hot spot” cities in the United States.Patients and Methods: The authors assessed data of encounters and intravitreal injections from March 16th to May 8th 2020, at different offices specializing in retina in the United States. All three practices are located in COVID-19 hot spot zones. One practice was in an academic setting, one practice was in a private multispecialty setting, and one practice was a solo private vitreo-retina practice. All practices were focused on emergent/urgent care, and the results were compared to preCOVID-19 weekly averages.Results: A significant decrease in the number of encounters and injections was revealed in all three centers involved in this review. There was a decrease of 87% in encounters (156 patients were seen only) and a decrease of 58% (126 patients) in intravitreal injections in Weill Cornell Medical College in NYC and a decline of 59% (569 patients) in encounters and a decrease of 64% (280 patients) of intravitreal injections at the Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston and Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston. The decline at Miami Ocular Oncology & Retina in Miami was 37% (1198 patients) in the encounters and 30% (867 patients) in the injections.Conclusion: This manuscript documents a specific example illustrating that COVID-19 has led to a significant decrease in specialized health services. The degree of infection and mortality rate at each hot spot had a direct impact on the practice volume; however, the type of practice setting also played a role.Keywords: COVID-19, pandemic, retina, ophthalmology, medical practice

Published
2020

3. Risk of inflammation, retinal vasculitis and retinal occlusion-related events with brolucizumab: post-hoc review of HAWK and HARRIER

Author

MONÉS, J., SRIVASTAVA, S. K., JAFFE, G. J., TADAYONI, R., ALBINI, T. A., KAISER, P. K., HOLZ, F. G., KOROBELNIK, Jean-Francois, KIM, I. K., PRUENTE, C., MURRAY, T. G., HEIER, J. S., Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Bordeaux population health (BPH), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Subjects
genetic structures, [SDV.SP.PHARMA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences/Pharmacology, [SDV.MHEP.OS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Sensory Organs, eye diseases
Abstract

International audience; OBJECTIVE: An independent Safety Review Committee (SRC; supported by Novartis Pharma AG [Basel, Switzerland]) analyzed investigator-reported cases of intraocular inflammation (IOI), endophthalmitis and retinal arterial occlusion in the phase 3 HAWK and HARRIER trials of brolucizumab versus aflibercept in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). DESIGN: A post-hoc analysis of a subset of data from two 2-year, double-masked, multicenter, active-controlled randomized phase 3 trials (NCT02307682, NCT02434328). PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=1817) with untreated, active choroidal neovascularization due to AMD in the study eye were randomized and treated in HAWK/HARRIER. The SRC reviewed data from cases of investigator-reported IOI (60/1088 brolucizumab-treated eyes; 8/729 aflibercept-treated eyes).METHODS: The SRC received details and images (color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography) for all investigator-determined cases of IOI, retinal arterial occlusion and endophthalmitis. Cases were reviewed in detail by ≥2 readers, then adjudicated by the SRC as a group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Within this subset of patients: incidence of IOI, signs and incidence of retinal vasculitis and/or retinal vascular occlusion, and visual acuity loss; time since first brolucizumab injection to IOI event onset; frequency of visual acuity loss following brolucizumab injection by time of first IOI event onset.RESULTS: Fifty brolucizumab-treated eyes were considered to have definite/probable drug-related events within the spectrum of IOI, retinal vasculitis and/or vascular occlusion. Based on these cases, incidence of definite/probable IOI was 4.6% (IOI + vasculitis, 3.3%; IOI + vasculitis + occlusion, 2.1%). There were 8 cases (incidence 0.74%) of at least moderate visual acuity loss (≥15 ETDRS letters) in eyes with IOI; 7 were in eyes with IOI + vasculitis + occlusion. Of the 8 cases, 5 experienced their first IOI-related event within 3 months of the first brolucizumab injection (increasing to 7/8 within 6 months). Incidence of IOI in aflibercept-treated eyes was 1.1%, with at least moderate visual acuity loss in 0.14%.CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of IOI cases following brolucizumab injection identified signs of retinal vasculitis with or without retinal vascular occlusion, and an associated risk of visual acuity loss. The findings will help physicians to evaluate the risks and benefits of brolucizumab treatment for nAMD.

Published
2021

4. Effect of pegaptanib sodium 0.3□mg intravitreal injections (Macugen) in intraocular pressure: posthoc analysis from V.I.S.I.O.N. study

Author

Boyer, David S, Goldbaum, Mauro, Leys, Anita M, Starita, Carla, Blumenkranz, M, Buyse, M, Goldberg, M, Gragoudas, E S, Miller, J, Schwartz, S D, Singerman, L, Yannuzzi, L, Adamis, A P, Guyer, D R, OʼShaughnessy, D, de Gronckel, S, Fesneau, G, Quinaux, E, Tremolet, D, Wang, K, Brailey, A, Finman, J, Ting, N, Bressler, N M, Bressler, S B, Denblow, R, Schein, O D, Seabrook, S, Solomon, S, Schachat, A P, Philips, D, Altaweel, M, Davis, M D, Blodi, B A, Danis, R P, Ip, M S, Hiner, C, Elledge, J, Webster, M, Hannan, C, Ficken, J, Alexander, S, Neider, M, Wabers, H, Vargo, P, Lambert, E, Kastorff, L, Carr, A, Shkiele, A, Baliker, J, Guymer, R, Constable, I, Arnold, J, Sarks, S, Chang, A, Gillies, M, Mitchell, P, Haas, A, Stur, M, Leys, A, Moreira, C, Portella, E, de Avila, M, Taleb, A C, Lavinsky, J, Lavinsky, D, Farah, M E, Williams, G, Leonard, B, Garcia, R, Maberley, D, Lopez, J M, Rodriguez, F J, Fiser, I, Larsen, M, Korobelnik, J-F, Soubrane, G, Koenig, F, Gaudric, A, Dithmar, S, Holz, F G, Joussen, A, Kirchhof, B, Wiedemann, P, Pauleikhoff, D, Schneider, U, Suveges, I, Gyory, J, Pollack, A, Loewenstein, A, Rosenblatt, I, Giovannini, A, Menchini, U, Brancato, R, Piccolino, Cardillo F, Grignolo, F M, Bandello, F, Schlingemann, R O, Deutman, A, Kaluzny, J, Pecold, K, Cunha-Vaz, J, da Silva, R, Ruiz Moreno, J M, Mones, J, Figueroa, M, Pournaras, C, Zografos, L, Lois, N, Chakravarthy, U, Hykin, P, Chisholm, I, Johnson, M W, Marcus, D M, Mandava, N, Haller, J A, Cangemi, F, Boyer, D, Kim, I, Loewenstein, J, Heier, J, Reichel, E, Falcone, P M, Weissgold, D J, Conway, B P, Garfinkel, R, Glaser, B, Lyon, A T, Lewis, H, Wells, J A, Wilcox, L, Fish, G, Eliott, D, Fekrat, S, Taney, B, Eaton, A M, Deramo, V, Wroblewski, J, Tom, D, Chow, D R, Orth, D H, Packo, K H, Holz, E, Mieler, W, Kuppermann, B, Sabates, N, Cummings, H, Pendergast, S D, Gonzales, C, Lim, J I, Charles, S, Sanislo, S, Rosenfeld, P, Connor, T, Cantrill, H, Willson, R, Bailey-Freund, K, Rosen, R, Leonard, R, Brucker, A, Ho, A, Sneed, S, Friberg, T, Klein, M, Tornambe, P, Stoller, G, Capone, A, Jr, Bernstein, P S, McDonald, H R, Schatz, H, Johnson, R N, Nanda, M, Avery, R, Wong, K, Grizzard, W S, Higgins, P, Hudson, H, Joffe, L, Varenhorst, M, Slusher, M M, Betts, F, Cunningham, E, Jr, Curtiss, K, Harrison, E, Katz, B, Masonson, H N, DeMarco, R, Beals, C, Patel, M, Rodriguez, I, and Starita, C

Published
2014
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7. Psychometric properties of the 45-item supportive care needs survey-partners and caregivers - Dutch (SCNS-P&C45-D) in partners of patients with breast cancer

Author

Rietveld, M.J.A., Peters, E.J., Husson, O., Ploos van Amstel, F.K., Kamm, Y., Sijtsema, S., Diepenbroek, M., Heier, J., Zoetbrood, C., Zielstra, M., Lambert, S.D., Prins, J.B., Ottevanger, P.B., Rietveld, M.J.A., Peters, E.J., Husson, O., Ploos van Amstel, F.K., Kamm, Y., Sijtsema, S., Diepenbroek, M., Heier, J., Zoetbrood, C., Zielstra, M., Lambert, S.D., Prins, J.B., and Ottevanger, P.B.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 203045.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), OBJECTIVE: To test the psychometric properties of the Dutch 45-item Supportive Care Needs Survey-Partners and Caregivers (SCNS-P&C45-D) among partners of women with breast cancer living in the Netherlands. METHODS: In this cross-sectional validation study, partners of patients with breast cancer were invited to complete a survey on the patient's cancer and the caregiver's level of unmet needs (SCNS-P&C45-D), psychological distress (HADS) and burden (EDIZ). RESULTS: 43% of the invited informal caregivers responded (n = 302). Flooring effects were identified for three items of the SCNS-P&C45-D,which were then deleted from further analysis. The original factor structure and loading pattern of the SCNS-P&C45-D was not replicated. Internal consistency of the SCNS-P&C45-D and all subscales' (emotional and relational needs, health care and illness related needs, practical needs, work and social needs) Cronbach's alpha coefficients exceeded 0.80, the entire measure's Cronbach's alpha is 0.98. Most SCNS-P&C45-D subscales showed moderate correlations with distress and burden from informal care which was in line with expectations based on validity. The domain 'Work and Social needs' showed a high correlation with burden from informal care. Participants reported significantly more or higher unmet needs if they were younger (25.5% vs. 20.3% in older patients, p = 0.004), if diagnosis was less than 1 year ago in one subscale (Health Care and Illness related needs; 19.5% and 18%, p = 0.029, and the total SCNS-P&C45-D; 23.2% vs. 22.4%, p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: The SCNS-P&C45-D is able to identify those partners of patients with breast cancer in need and those who are not.

Published
2019

9. Efficacy and Safety of Lampalizumab for Geographic Atrophy Due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration Chroma and Spectri Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trials

Author

Holz, Fg, Sadda, Sr, Busbee, B, Chew, Ey, Mitchell, P, Tufail, A, Brittain, C, Ferrara, D, Gray, S, Honigberg, L, Martin, J, Tong, B, Ehrlich, Js, Bressler, Nm, Sola, Ff, Schlottmann, P, Zambrano, A, Zeolite, C, Arnold, J, Gillies, M, Luckie, A, Schneltzer, N, de Zaeytijd, J, Boyd, S, Cruess, A, Kertes, P, Lalonde, L, Maberley, D, Laugesen, C, Bodaghi, B, Cohen, Sy, Francais, C, Souied, E, Tadayoni, R, Altay, L, Eter, N, Feltgen, N, Framme, C, Grisanti, S, Holz, F, Pauleikhoff, D, Seres, A, Vajas, A, Varsanyi, B, Boscia, F, Parravano, Mc, Ricci, F, Viola, F, Rechy, Dl, Morales, V, Dijkman, G, Schlingemann, R, Reategui, G, Raczynska, D, Romanowska-Dixon, B, Teper, S, Kacerik, M, Lipkova, B, Oddelenie, O, Mikova, H, Araiz, J, Arias, L, Mataix, J, Mones, J, Montero, J, Sararols, L, Michels, S, Brand, C, Dhillon, B, Agarwal, A, Alfaro, V, Baker, B, Berger, B, Bhisitkul, R, Blodi, B, Boyer, D, Brooks, Hl, Burgess, S, Busquets, M, Callanan, D, Chan, C, Chang, J, Chen, S, Combs, J, Dhoot, D, Dugel, P, Eichenbaum, D, Feist, R, Ferrone, P, Fine, H, Fortun, J, Fox, Ga, Fu, A, Gentile, R, Ghorayeb, G, Gill, M, Gonzalez, V, Gordon, C, Gupta, S, Hampton, R, Heier, J, Hershberger, V, Higgins, P, Ie, D, Isernhagen, R, Katz, R, Kokame, G, Kwun, R, Lee, P, Lee, S, Mansour, S, Marcus, D, Maturi, R, Michels, M, Moore, J, Nielsen, J, Novalis, G, Ober, M, Olsen, K, Patel, S, Pieramici, D, Raskauskas, P, Rofagha, S, Ruby, A, Schneiderman, T, Schwartz, S, Shah, R, Sheth, V, Singerman, L, Singh, R, Sjaarda, R, Stoller, G, Stoltz, R, Suner, I, Tabassian, A, Tarantola, R, Thach, A, Ufret-Vincenty, R, Wirthlin, R, Witkin, A, Wong, R, Wood, M, Zheutlin, J, Alezzandrini, A, Cartier, Mm, Chauhan, D, Chen, F, Gilhotra, J, Guymer, R, Kwan, A, Schmidt-Erfurth, U, Jacob, J, Postelmans, L, Larsen, M, Garcher, Cc, Bocage, C, Devin, F, Kodjikian, L, Korobelnik, Jf, Said, Sm, Weber, M, Agostini, H, Auffarth, G, Bartz-Schmidt, U, Bell, K, Gamulescu, A, Hattenbach, L, Lohmann, Cp, Wolf, A, Nemeth, J, Vamosi, P, Bandello, F, Eandi, C, Lanzetta, P, Nicolo, M, Staurenghi, G, Virgili, G, Franco, Rg, Estudillo, Jr, Hoyng, C, Fernandez, C, Guzman, M, Lujan, S, Herba, E, Kaluzny, J, Misiuk-Hojlo, M, Nawrocki, J, Carneiro, A, Figueira, J, Silva, R, Vaz-Pereira, S, Abdulaeva, E, Erichev, V, Zolotarev, A, Cernak, A, Figueroa, M, Gallego-Pinazo, R, Garcia-Layana, A, Ulla, Fg, Navarro, R, Ortiz, Jm, Imaz, Rt, Kvanta, A, Hatz, K, Wolf, S, Eldem, B, Kir, N, Mentes, J, Saatci, O, Yilmaz, G, Bailey, C, Banerjee, S, Browning, A, Esposti, S, Gale, R, Ghanchi, F, Jackson, T, Lotery, A, Mahmood, S, Mohamed, Q, Narendran, N, Pearce, I, Williams, M, Abraham, P, Abrams, G, Adrean, S, Antoszyk, A, Baker, C, Breazeale, R, Bridges, Wz, Brown, Dm, Calzada, J, Campochiaro, P, Chaudhry, N, Clark, L, Connolly, B, Csaky, K, Do, D, Dreyer, R, Durant, W, Eaton, A, Feiner, L, Ferreyra, H, Flaxel, C, Foxman, S, Freund, Kb, Gonzales, Cr, Gordon, A, Halperin, L, Ho, A, Holekamp, N, Husain, D, Jain, N, Javid, C, Johnson, M, Kiss, S, Lad, E, Leng, T, Liu, M, London, N, Madow, B, Miller, D, Morse, L, Ohr, M, Oliver, S, Pearlman, J, Ray, Sk, Regillo, C, Rosa, R, Rosenfeld, P, Saperstein, D, Sarraf, D, Shildkrot, Y, Suan, E, Weishaar, P, Wieland, M, Williams, D, Williams, J, Wykoff, Cc, Ophthalmology, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, ANS - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, and ANS - Systems & Network Neuroscience

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, Population, Visual Acuity, Urology, law.invention, Lesion, Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments, Macular Degeneration, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Atrophy, Double-Blind Method, Randomized controlled trial, law, Settore MED/30, Geographic Atrophy, 80 and over, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Fluorescein Angiography, Prospective cohort study, education, Aged, Original Investigation, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Middle Aged, Macular degeneration, Complement Factor D, Female, Intravitreal Injections, Treatment Outcome, medicine.disease, Clinical trial, Ophthalmology, 030104 developmental biology, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Importance Geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of visual disability in older individuals. A phase 2 trial suggested that lampalizumab, a selective complement factor D inhibitor, reduced the rate of GA enlargement, warranting phase 3 trials. Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of lampalizumab vs sham procedure on enlargement of GA. Design, Setting, and Participants Two identically designed phase 3 double-masked, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trials, Chroma and Spectri, enrolled participants from August 28, 2014, to October 6, 2016, at 275 sites in 23 countries. Participants were aged 50 years or older, with bilateral GA and no prior or active choroidal neovascularization in either eye and GA lesions in the study eye measuring 2.54 to 17.78 mm 2 with diffuse or banded fundus autofluorescence patterns. Interventions Participants were randomized 2:1:2:1 to receive 10 mg of intravitreous lampalizumab every 4 weeks, sham procedure every 4 weeks, 10 mg of lampalizumab every 6 weeks, or sham procedure every 6 weeks, through 96 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures Safety and efficacy assessed as mean change from baseline in GA lesion area at week 48 from centrally read fundus autofluorescence images of the lampalizumab arms vs pooled sham arms, in the intent-to-treat population and by complement factor I–profile genetic biomarker. Results A total of 906 participants (553 women and 353 men; mean [SD] age, 78.1 [8.1] years) were enrolled in Chroma and 975 participants (578 women and 397 men; mean [SD] age, 77.9 [8.1] years) were enrolled in Spectri; 1733 of the 1881 participants (92.1%) completed the studies through 48 weeks. The adjusted mean increases in GA lesion area from baseline at week 48 were 1.93 to 2.09 mm 2 across all groups in both studies. Differences in adjusted mean change in GA lesion area (lampalizumab minus sham) were −0.02 mm 2 (95% CI, −0.21 to 0.16 mm 2 ; P = .80) for lampalizumab every 4 weeks in Chroma, 0.16 mm 2 (95% CI, 0.00-0.31 mm 2 ; P = .048) for lampalizumab every 4 weeks in Spectri, 0.05 mm 2 (95% CI, −0.13 to 0.24 mm 2 ; P = .59) for lampalizumab every 6 weeks in Chroma, and 0.09 mm 2 (95% CI, −0.07 to 0.24 mm 2 ; P = .27) for lampalizumab every 6 weeks in Spectri. No benefit of lampalizumab was observed across prespecified subgroups, including by complement factor I–profile biomarker. Endophthalmitis occurred after 5 of 12 447 injections (0.04%) or in 5 of 1252 treated participants (0.4%) through week 48. Conclusions and Relevance In Chroma and Spectri, the largest studies of GA conducted to date, lampalizumab did not reduce GA enlargement vs sham during 48 weeks of treatment. Results highlight the substantial and consistent enlargement of GA, at a mean of approximately 2 mm 2 per year. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02247479andNCT02247531

Published
2018

11. Cyanine platelet single crystals: Growth, crystal structure and optical spectra

Author

Leclaire, NA, Li, M, Véron, AC, Neels, A, Heier, J, Reimers, JR, Nüesch, FA, Leclaire, NA, Li, M, Véron, AC, Neels, A, Heier, J, Reimers, JR, and Nüesch, FA

Abstract

© the Owner Societies. Crystalline organic semiconducting materials are much in demand for multiple electronic and optoelectronic device applications. Here, solution grown ultrathin rhombic crystals of a trimethine carbocyanine anionic dye are used to establish relationships between structural and optical properties. The dye crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c featuring alternating layers of molecules in two different herringbone type patterns, with perchlorate counterions located mostly within one of the two layers. Micro transmittance spectroscopy revealed a broadened spectrum compared to those obtained in solution and in an amorphous thin film. Using polarized light, transmission spectroscopy revealed strong low-energy and weak high-energy bands polarized along the crystallographic b- and c-axis, respectively. Using the extended dipole approximation, significant exciton couplings are predicted between neighboring molecules in the crystal, of the order of the intrinsic monomer reorganization energies associated with nuclear relaxation after excitation, depicting a complex spectral scenario. The exciton coupling pattern explains the relative energies of the b- and c-polarized components but the observed intensities are opposite to expectations based on chromophore alignment within the crystal.

Published
2018

15. REPLY.

Author

Hibert, M. L., Chen, Y. I., Ohringer, N., Wilbur, L. R., Waheed, N. K., Heier, J. S., Calhoun, M. W., Rosenfeld, P. J., and Polimeni, J. R.

Published
2022
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16. Intravitreal aflibercept injection for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: ninety-six-week results of the VIEW studies

Author

Schmidt-Erfurth, U, Kaiser, P, Korobelnik, J, Brown, D, Chong, V, Nguyen, Q, Ho, A, Ogura, Y, Simader, C, Jaffe, G, Slakter, J, Yancopoulos, G, Stahl, N, Vitti, R, Berliner, A, Soo, Y, Anderesi, M, Sowade, O, Zeitz, O, Norenberg, C, Sandbrink, R, and Heier, J

Subjects
Male, genetic structures, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Visual Acuity, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, eye diseases, Retina, Drug Combinations, Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Ranibizumab, Intravitreal Injections, Retreatment, Wet Macular Degeneration, Humans, Female, Fluorescein Angiography, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Aged
Abstract

PURPOSE: To determine efficacy and safety of intravitreal aflibercept in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) during a second year of variable dosing after a first-year fixed-dosing period. DESIGN: Two randomized, double-masked, active-controlled, phase 3 trials. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand four hundred fifty-seven patients with neovascular AMD. METHODS: From baseline to week 52, patients received 0.5 mg intravitreal ranibizumab every 4 weeks (Rq4), 2 mg aflibercept every 4 weeks (2q4), 0.5 mg aflibercept every 4 weeks (0.5q4), or 2 mg aflibercept every 8 weeks (2q8) after 3 monthly injections. During weeks 52 through 96, patients received their original dosing assignment using an as-needed regimen with defined retreatment criteria and mandatory dosing at least every 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of eyes at week 96 that maintained best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA; lost

Published
2013

17. Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant in Patients with Macular Edema Related to Branch or Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Author

Haller, Ja, Bandello, F, Belfort R., Jr, Blumenkranz, M. S., Gillies, M, Heier, J, Loewenstein, A, Yoon, Yh, Jiao, J, Li, Xy, Whitcup, S. M., Aaberg, Tm, Abraham, P, Abujamra, S, Acton, J, Adamczyk Ludyga, A, Adenwalla, M, Agahigian, Dd, Agoas, V, Aguilar Mendoza, M, Aisenbrey, S, Alam, S, Albiani, D, Alexandrescu, B, Alfaiate, Mm, Allam, S, Almeida, Hp, Anagnoste, S, Anand, R, Anderson, N, Antoszyk, A, Armogan, N, Arnold, J, Ash, D, Atlas, Wg, Augustin, Ja, de Ávila MP, Awh, C, Azzolini, C, Babkova, B, Bakri, Sj, Banach, Mj, Barak, A, Barile, G, Barker, D, Barnard, T, Bartz Schmidt KU, Battaglia Parodi, M, Baumal, C, Bedrich, P, Beer, P, Belfort Mattos Junior, R, Bellini, L, Benner, J, Benson, W, Benz, M, Berger, B, Bergren, R, Bharadwaj, A, Bhavan, S, Bhavsar, A, Binder, S, Biondi, A, Bishop, F, Blair, N, Blinder, K, Blumenkranz, M, Bohm, A, Boldrey, Ee, Bornfeld, N, Borrillo, Jl, Boyer, D, Bradford, R, Bridges, W, Brigatti, L, Briggs, M, Brooks HL Jr, Brown, D, Browning, A, Browning, D, Brunner, S, Brunnerova, R, Bryan, Js, Brydak Godowska, J, Buettner, H, Burns, J, Burrows, Af, Busbee, B, Butner, R, Butter, J, Byrnes, G, Callahan, C, Campochiaro, P, Cano Hildalgo RA, Canziani, T, Capaccioli, K, Capone, A, Carmichael, T, Carnevale, K, Casella, Am, Casey, R, Castanheira Dinis, A, Celis, B, Chambers, R, Chang, S, Chang, Yh, Chechik, D, Chee, Sp, Chen, E, Chen, Jt, Chen, Sn, Chen, S, Cheng, B, Chiquet, C, Chong, K, Chong, Lp, Chong, V, Chou, T, Chow, V, Chrapek, O, Chu, T, Chua, J, Chun, D, Chung, Hw, Cialdini, Ap, Ciancas, E, Cihelkova, I, Cisiecki, S, Clark, W, Cleary, T, Coco, R, Codenotti, M, Cohen, Bz, Cohen, Ja, Cohen, J, Connolly, B, Conway, B, Cook, H, Cooper, B, Coors, L, Corwin, J, Costa, Jr, Cottrell, D, Couvillion, S, Craig, J, Cruess, A, Dabbs, T, Danesh, S, Davidorf, F, Davis, J, De Cilla, S, De Fazio, R, de la Fuente MA, de la Rua ER, De Mattia, M, Deen, A, Del Priore, L, Delyfer, Mn, Deuter, C, Devadason, Ds, Devenyi, R, D'Heurle, D, Dickinson, J, Doft, B, Dooner, J, Doubell, D, Downie, J, Drenser, K, Dreyer, R, D'Sousa, Y, Du, T, Duarte, L, Dubiner, Hb, Dubovy, S, Dubska, Z, 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S, Yoken, J, Young, L, Young, S, Zago, Rj, Zakov, Z, Zaras, M, Zegarra, H, Ziemianski, M, Zimmer Galler, I, Zourdani, A, and Zur, C.

Published
2011

18. Strategies to Improve Cyanine Dye Multi Layer Organic Solar Cells

Author

Hany, R., Fan, B., Araujo De Castro, F., Heier, J., Kylberg, W., and Nüesch, F.

Subjects
Organic-based PV, Advanced Photovoltaics: New Concepts and Ultra-high Efficiency
Abstract

25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 297-302, We report the status and strategies to improve the performance of cyanine dye / C60 bilayer heterojunction solar cells. Cyanines are characterized by convenience of synthesis and tunable light absorption. They have high light extinction coefficients, which offer the possibility to go around the constraints of small exciton diffusion length, and ultrathin films can be applied to fabricate multi layer organic solar cells. We optimized the cell performance by oxidative doping (with O2/water/light, or NOBF4) of the cyanine layer. Doping increased the film conductivity and induced a steep rise in the short-circuit current and the open-circuit voltage. The external quantum efficiency approached 80% at maximum, meaning that the full cyanine layer of 30 nm thickness was active in charge generation. We argue that cyanine aggregates may be responsible for efficient charge transport over larger distances to the heterointerface. We also describe simple processes to match the energy to the low-lying hole-transporting cyanine level by using a thin organic salt layer or doped polyaniline as anode buffer layer. Thereby, hole injection was facilitated and good-performing devices (power conversion efficiency = 3%) with a high fill factor (FF ~ 60%) were fabricated. Cyanine dyes are accompanied by mobile counter ions. These ions can diffuse into adjacent layers and build up important space charge that alters the energy levels at heterojunctions. The control of the ionic space charge allows to control the flow of electronic charge carriers and to implement new functionalities unique to organic opto-electronic devices.

Published
2010
Full Text
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19. Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant in Patients with Macular Edema Due to Retinal Vein Occlusion

Author

Haller, Ja, Bandello, F, Belfort R., Jr, Blumenkranz, Ms, Gillies, M, Heier, J, Loewenstein, A, Yoon, Yh, Jacques, Ml, Jiao, J, Li, Xy, Whitcup, Sm, OZURDEX GENEVA Study Group, Aaberg, Tm, Abraham, P, Abujamra, S, Acton, J, Adamczyk Ludyga, A, Adenwalla, M, Agahigian, Dd, Agoas, V, Aguilar Mendoza, M, Aisenbrey, S, Alam, S, Albiani, D, Alexandrescu, B, Alfaiate, Mm, Allam, S, Almeida, Hp, Anagnoste, S, Anand, R, Anderson, N, Antoszyk, A, Armogan, N, Arnold, J, Ash, D, Atlas, Wg, Augustin, Ja, de Avila MP, Awh, C, Azzolini, C, Babkova, B, Bakri, Sj, Banach, Mj, Barak, A, Barile, G, Barker, D, Barnard, T, Bartz Schmidt KU, Parodi, Mb, Baumal, C, Bedrich, P, Beer, P, Mattos RB Jr, Bellini, L, Benner, J, Benson, W, Benz, M, Berger, B, Bergren, R, Bharadwaj, A, Bhavan, S, Bhavsar, A, Binder, S, Biondi, A, Bishop, F, Blair, N, Blinder, K, Blumenkranz, M, Bohm, A, Boldrey, Ee, Bornfeld, N, Borrillo, Jl, Boyer, D, Bradford, R, Bridges, W, Brigatti, L, Briggs, M, Brooks HL Jr, Brown, D, 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Boron, A, Ma, C, Ma, P, Maberley, D, Maccumber, M, Madhusudhana, Kc, Madreperla, S, Magee, M, Magolan, J, Maia Ode O., Jr, Maia, A, Majji, A, Malthieu, D, Mango, C, Marmor, M, Marques, L, Martin, D, Martinez, Ja, Massaoutis, P, Mathur, R, Mattioli, S, Maturi, Rk, Mazur Michalek, I, Mcallister, I, Mccabe, F, Mccannel, Ca, Mcgimpsey, S, Mchugh, Jd, Mckibbin, M, McLean WC Jr, Mcmillan, T, Meireles, R, de Melo CS, Menchini, U, Meredith, T, Merrill, P, Mian, U, Michels, M, Midena, E, Mieler, Wf, Migliavacca, L, Miller, D, Miller, J, Mincey, G, Mitchell, P, Mizubuti, Sk, Mohamed, S, Mohammed, M, Moinfar, N, Moisseiev, J, Mones, J, Montemayor Lobo, R, Montero, J, de Moraes NI, Moreira CA Jr, Morely, M, Moreno, Jm, Moron, Jt, Morrison, Vl, Morse, L, Moshfeghi, A, Moshfeghi, D, Muccioli, C, Munshi, V, Murthy, Rc, Naing, T, Nair, R, Nascimento, J, Nascimento, Vp, Nawrocka, Z, Nawrocki, J, Newell, C, Newsom, R, Nguyen, J, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, Rl, Nichols, J, Nilanjana, D, Noguchi, B, Noorily, S, Novack, R, Novak, M, Novalis, G, O'Brien, D, Offermann, I, Oguido, Ap, Oh, K, Okruszko, A, de Oliveira TL, Oliver, S, Ong, S, Orellana, J, Orzalesi, N, O'Toole, L, Ovando, Y, Paccione, J, Pach, J, Packo, K, Packowska, Ma, Palmer, J, Palmer, H, Palombi, K, Papp, A, Paques, M, Paranhos A., Jr, Park, D, Park, Ri, Park, S, Parke, D, Pastor Jimeno JC, Patel, S, Patra, S, Pavan, Pr, Pearce, I, Pecold, K, Pedio, M, Peh, Kk, Pelosini, L, Pendergast, S, Perez, Br, Perez Ortiz DJ, Perkins, S, Peters, M, Pheasant, T, Pilat, J, Pilotto, E, Piltz Seymour, J, Pirracchio, A, Pollack, A, Portella, E, Pracharova, Z, Prati, M, Prensky, Jg, Preston, R, Prieto, F, Puls, S, Purohit, Ar, Quintao, T, Rahhal, F, Rahman, W, Ramos, Ar, Ramsey, S, Rani, A, Rao, Pk, Rapizzi, E, Raskauskas, P, Ratiglia, R, Ratnakaram, R, Rauser, Me, Regillo, C, Rehak, J, Reichel, E, Reid, Da, Rejmont, L, Renaud Rougier MB, Ribon, Ri, Ricarova, R, Rich, R, Riley, A, Ripandelli, G, Rishi, E, Rivett, K, Rogers, A, Romanet, Jp, Rosa, Pj, Rosberger, D, Rose, S, Rosenfeld, P, Ross, Rr, Rotberg, M, Roth, Cb, Roth, D, Rubaltelli, D, Rubsamen, P, Ruby, A, Ruiz Moreno JM, Ruiz, R, Russell Gonder, J, Russell, M, Ryu, Jw, Sachs, H, Sadda, S, Safar, A, Salinas, C, Sall, K, Samad, A, Samkova, K, Sanders, J, Sandhu, R, Sandhu, Ss, Sandner, D, Sanislo, Sr, Sartani, G, Saviano, S, Savy, O, Schechter, Ba, Schenker, Hi, Schiff, W, Schlichtenbrede, F, Schneider, B, Schneider, L, Schneiderman, T, Schocket, L, Schoenherr, Schoenleber, D, Scholl, Hp, Schreiber, J, Schwartz, Sd, Sears, J, Sedlakova, J, Seery, C, Sell, C, Shah, G, Shapiro, M, Sharma, A, Sheidow, T, Sheu, Sj, Sheufele, T, Shukla, D, Siewec Proscinska, J, Silva, E, Singer, M, Singer, S, Singerman, Lj, Singh, M, Siow, Yc, Sipperley, Jo, Sivaprasad, S, Sjaarda, R, Snyder, W, Sobrin, L, Sodi, A, Solomon, S, Sonkin, P, Soubrane, G, Gisèle, P, Spirn, B, Srivastava, S, Stannard, K, Staurenghi, G, Steinmetz, R, Stepien, K, Stern, W, Stevenson, Od, Stewart, D, Stolba, U, Stoller, G, Stone, C, Stout, Jt, Stringfellow, G, Studnicka, J, Suarez Figueroa, M, Sung, J, Susini, A, Syracuse, R, Szaflik, J, Szlechter, M, Tabandeh, H, Tadayoni, R, Takahashi, Wy, Taleb, Ac, Talks, Sj, Tamayo, L, Tan, M, Taney, B, Tarnawska, D, Tassinari, G, Taylor, J, Telander, D, Territo, C, Thomas, M, Thompson, Jt, Thompson, Ws, Tiedeman, Js, Topping, T, Trese, M, Truong, S, Tsang, Cw, Tufail, T, Ufret Vincenty, R, Uhmannova, R, 2nd, Ulanski L., Ulinska, M, Urminsky, J, Uy, H, Vaishnav, H, Varano, M, Vavvas, D, Vega Sanz BF, Veloso, A, Vicha, I, Viola, F, Visser, L, Vlkova, E, Voelker, M, Volkert, D, Vossmerbaumer, U, Vu, C, Vyas, S, Walker, J, Walter, A, Andreas, R, Wasiak, K, Watt, Dr, Weger, M, 3rd, Weidman F., Weinberger, D, Weisz, Jm, 3rd, Wells J., Wheatley, M, Wickremasingh, S, Wiegand, T, Wieland, M, Will, D, Williams, G, Williams, Rg, Wilson, D, Win, Ph, Wing, Gl, Wirostko, W, Wirthlin, R, Wong, Al, Wong, T, Woo, J, Wu, Tt, Wylegala, E, Yan, J, Yang, Ch, Yang, Cm, Yang, Y, Yang, Yc, Yarian, D, Yates, P, Yedavally, S, Yoken, J, Young, L, Young, S, Zago, Rj, Zakov, Z, Zaras, M, Zegarra, H, Ziemianski, M, Zimmer Galler, I, Zourdani, A, and Zur, C.

Published
2010

21. Enlarged bilayer interfaces from liquid-liquid dewetting for photovoltaic applications

Author

Heier, J., Groenewold, J., Castro, F.A., Nüesch, F., Hany, R., Heremans, P.L., Muccini, M., Meulenkamp, E.A., Colloïden en grenslagen, and Dep Scheikunde

Abstract

The details of the arrangement of mixtures of semiconducting materials in thin-films have a major influence on the performance of organic heterojunction solar cells. Here, we exploit the phenomenon of spinodal dewetting during spin coating of blends of PCBM and a cyanine dye for the design of phase separated morphologies with increased interfacial area. AFM snapshots of as-prepared films and after selective dissolution suggest that the solution separates into transient bilayers, which destabilize due to long-range intermolecular interactions. We propose that film destabilization is effectively driven by electrostatic forces that build up due to mobile ions that cross the junction and dissolve partially in PCBM. The resulting morphology type is mainly dependent on the ratio between the layer thicknesses, whereas the dominant wavelengths formed are determined by the absolute film thickness. Solar cells were fabricated from films with known structure and a power conversion efficiency of η = 0.29 % was measured for a vertically segregated film consisting of a cyanine layer covering the anode and an upper phase composed of dewetted PCBM domains. We explain the merits of this structure in contrast to a lateral separated blend morphology where the efficiency was 3 times smaller.

Published
2008

22. Nanoscale structuring of semiconducting molecular blend films in the presence of mobile counterions

Author

Heier, J., Groenewold, J., Huber, S., Nüesch, F., Hany, R., Colloïden en grenslagen, and Dep Scheikunde

Abstract

The controlled fabrication of submicrometer phase-separated morphologies of semiconducting organic materials is attracting considerable interest, for example, in emerging thin-film optoelectronic device applications. For thin films of spin-coated blends of PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) and cationic cyanine dyes, we used atomic force microscopy scans to infer the structure formation mechanism: The solutions separate into transient bilayers, which further spinodally destabilize because of long-range molecular interactions. A thin layer ruptures earlier than a thick layer, and the earlier instability determines the morphology. Consequently, the resulting morphology type mainly depends on the ratio of the layer thicknesses, whereas the periodicity of structures is determined by the absolute film thickness. These findings allow control of the feature sizes, and nodular domains with diameters well below 50 nm were produced. Films prepared with dyes possessing a mobile counterion were always unstable. To rationalize the findings, we developed a thermodynamic model showing that electrostatic forces induced by the mobile counterions act as destabilizing pressure.

Published
2008

30. Kinetics of Individual Block Copolymer Island Formation and Disappearance near an Absorbing Boundary

Author

Heier, J., Kramer, E. J., Groenewold, J., and Fredrickson, G. H.

Abstract

We investigate the formation and coalescence of surface relief structures in symmetric diblock copolymers films of poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS−PVP) on chemically patterned surfaces. The substrates have patterns of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) produced by microcontact printing HO-terminated (HO−) SAM stripes alternating with H3C-terminated (H3C−) SAM stripes. The PS−PVP lamellae over the H3C−SAM have a defect-rich morphology compared to the film above the HO−SAM. These film sections above the H3C−SAM attract excess PS−PVP that would normally form islands on a uniform substrate. In the early stages of annealing waves of thickness develop from the H3C/HO−SAM boundary and propagate into the film over the HO−SAM. For a 3 μm wide HO−SAM stripe a single line of excess copolymer breaks up into a single line of islands with a well-defined spacing along the grating. At long times these islands dissolve by transport of copolymer to the H3C−SAM stripe. The well-defined 2D geometry allows us to analyze the transport leading to this dissolution quantitatively. The rate-controlling process during the island dissolution is two-dimensional pressure relaxation.

Published
2000

32. Anisotropic Coarsening of Two-Dimensional Surface Domains in Copolymer Thin Films

Author

Heier, J., Sivaniah, E., and Kramer, E. J.

Abstract

We have investigated by scanning force microscopy the growth of surface relief structures on thin diblock copolymer films for a ∞ × ∞ geometry (homogeneous substrate) and a L × ∞ geometry (heterogeneous substrate). We characterize the growth by a length scale obtained from the correlation function describing the fluctuations. Two-dimensional viscous flow within a continuous layer dominates the process. On the homogeneous substrate we find a power law growth with an exponent of α = 2/3, while the growth on the stripe pattern in a direction parallel to the stripes is characterized by an exponent that is much lower.

Published
1999

33. Spinodal Decomposition in a Subsurface Layer of a Polymer Blend Film

Author

Heier, J., Kramer, E. J., Revesz, P., Battistig, G., and Bates, F. S.

Abstract

We have studied phase separation in off-critical mixtures of poly(ethylene propylene) (hPEP) and perdeuterated poly(ethylene propylene) (dPEP) inside the metastable and unstable region of the phase diagram but under the influence of a surface that attracts the majority component (dPEP). In the adjacent depletion region nucleation barriers are eliminated, and the film starts to phase separate long before phase separation occurs in the bulk. The hPEP-rich domains are confined to grow anisotropically within the unstable region. The growth gives rise to the formation of a regular roughness pattern on the surface when the domains relax into a more circular shape driven by interfacial tension. The volume fraction versus depth profiles are obtained using time-of-flight forward recoil spectrometry (TOF-FRES) while the roughness pattern that mirrors the phase morphology in the depletion layer can be monitored by scanning force microscopy (SFM). Depending on initial dPEP volume fraction the lateral bicontinuous phase pattern inside the unstable region either develops into a dPEP-rich layer containing hPEP-rich droplets or forms a continuous hPEP-rich layer with dPEP-rich droplets. The lateral growth of the pattern follows a λ(t) = λ(t=0) + bt0.80 law where λ(t=0) and λ(t) are the pattern wavelength initially and at time t after the quench.

Published
1999

34. Transient Surface Roughening of Thin Films of Phase Separating Polymer Mixtures

Author

Jandt, K. D., Heier, J., Bates, F. S., and Kramer, E. J.

Abstract

The surface morphology of thin molten films of phase separating mixtures of poly(ethylenepropylene) (PEP) and perdeuterated poly(ethylenepropylene) (dPEP) of the critical composition were investigated using scanning force microscopy. Volume fraction versus depth profiles were also obtained using time-of-flight forward recoil spectrometry (TOF-FRES). The free surface of a film with a nominal thickness of about d = 200 nm is initially smooth but develops a regular roughness pattern, with a wavelength about 500 nm and an amplitude about 2.5 nm, after a certain annealing time, which corresponds to the transition from a four-layer (dPEP/PEP/dPEP/PEP) to a two-layer (dPEP/PEP) phase-separated domain structure in the direction normal to the film thickness. At much longer times the two-layer films become smooth again. We attribute these fine surface patterns to transient pressure differences accompanying mass transport by hydrodynamic flow, where this transport occurs though perforations in the PEP-rich layered domain just below the dPEP-rich surface layer. This flow is driven by the pressure beneath the highly curved lateral interfaces of the intermediate layers. In keeping with this hypothesis, thicker films (d > 280 nm), which do not develop breaks in the PEP-rich layered domain and for which diffusional transport is necessary for coarsening of the layer structure to occur, do not show this transient roughening.

Published
1996

35. Medical care of Iraqis at a forwardly deployed U.S. Army hospital during Operation Desert Storm.

Author

Wintermeyer, S F, Pina, J S, Cremins, J E, and Heier, J S

Abstract

To evaluate the injuries and diseases and their subsequent care for both Iraqis and U.S. soldiers in the Persian Gulf War, we analyzed all 196 admissions to the 46th Combat Support Hospital during Operation Desert Storm, with primary focus on the 118 admissions during the Ground War. Admission diagnosis was used to classify injury or disease. Percentage of patients who underwent surgery for combat wounds and percentage of patients who were air-evacuated were used as measurements of quality of care. The proportion of Iraqi patients who had been wounded in action was significantly higher than the proportion for Americans (95 vs. 53% for the Ground War). The rate of surgical procedures per wounded patients admitted was the same for Iraqis (28%) as for Americans (27%). Rates of air-evacuation for Iraqis were not statistically different from those for Americans in the same category of admission diagnoses. These last two findings suggest that the quality of care given to Iraqis was the same as that given to Americans.

Published
1996

36. Thin Diblock Copolymer Films on Chemically Heterogeneous Surfaces

Author

Heier, J., Kramer, E. J., Walheim, S., and Krausch, G.

Abstract

We have used scanning force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to study the microphase separation of P(S-b-2VP) block copolymers on chemically structured substrates. Gold was patterned by microcontact printing to form regions of self-assembled alkyl monolayers terminated by −CH3 or −OH. The differences in surface and interfacial energies between the coexisting phases and the boundary surfaces strongly influence the resulting domain structure. We find that excess material accumulates only on layers formed above the H3C-terminated SAM. For this to happen, single block copolymer molecules diffuse over distances of several micrometers. TEM investigations reveal that the block copolymer is well ordered into lamellae parallel to the substrate over the HO-terminated SAM but that the block copolymer layers on the H3C-terminated SAM are frequently oriented perpendicular to the substrate. This perpendicular orientation could decrease the edge free energy of the islands that form on this layer.

Published
1997

38. Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant in Patients with Macular Edema Related to Branch or Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Author

Peter Kaiser, Beatriz Fernandez-Vega Sanz, Jan Studnicka, Magdalena Ulinska, Lilianne Duarte, Sobha Sivaprasad, Richard Newsom, Nicole Eter, Alain Gaudric, Jose M Ruiz-Moreno, Tom Sheidow, AGNES GLACET-BERNARD, Darius Mohammad Moshfeghi, Rubens Belfort Jr, Rohan Essex, Jose Garcia-Arumi, Dirk Sandner, Francesco Bandello, CHUNG-MAY YANG, António Joaquim Rodrigues Castanheira Dinis, Dorota Tarnawska, Orna Geyer, Jean-Francois GIRMENS, Victor Chong, Demetrios Vavvas, Samantha Fraser-Bell, Michel Paques, Haller, Ja, Bandello, Francesco, Belfort, R, Blumenkranz, M, Gillies, M, Heier, J, Loewenstein, A, Yoon, Yh, Jiao, J, Li, Xy, and Whitcup, Sm

Subjects
Intraocular pressure, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, genetic structures, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Cataract surgery, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Surgery, Ophthalmology, Central retinal vein occlusion, medicine, Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant, sense organs, Implant, medicine.symptom, Prospective cohort study, business, Macular edema
Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 1 or 2 treatments with dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEX implant) over 12 months in eyes with macular edema owing to branch or central retinal vein occlusion (BRVO or CRVO). Design: Two identical, multicenter, prospective studies included a randomized, 6-month, double-masked, sham-controlled phase followed by a 6-month open-label extension. Participants: We included 1256 patients with vision loss owing to macular edema associated with BRVO or CRVO. Methods: At baseline, patients received DEX implant 0.7 mg (n = 421), DEX implant 0.35 mg (n = 412), or sham (n = 423) in the study eye. At day 180, patients could receive DEX implant 0.7 mg if best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 250 mu m. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome for the open-label extension was safety; BCVA was also evaluated. Results: At day 180, 997 patients received open-label DEX implant. Except for cataract, the incidence of ocular adverse events was similar in patients who received their first or second DEX implant. Over 12 months, cataract progression occurred in 90 of 302 phakic eyes (29.8%) that received 2 DEX implant 0.7 mg injections versus 5 of 88 sham-treated phakic eyes (5.7%); cataract surgery was performed in 4 of 302 (1.3%) and 1 of 88 (1.1%) eyes, respectively. In the group receiving two 0.7-mg DEX implants (n = 341), a >= 10-mmHg intraocular pressure (IOP) increase from baseline was observed in (12.6% after the first treatment, and 15.4% after the second). The IOP increases were usually transient and controlled with medication or observation; an additional 10.3% of patients initiated IOP-lowering medications after the second treatment. A >= 15-letter improvement in BCVA from baseline was achieved by 30% and 32% of patients 60 days after the first and second DEX implant, respectively. Conclusions: Among patients with macular edema owing to BRVO or CRVO, single and repeated treatment with DEX implant had a favorable safety profile over 12 months. In patients who qualified for and received 2 DEX implant injections, the efficacy and safety of the 2 implants were similar with the exception of cataract progression. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 2453-2460 (C) 2011 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Published
2011

39. Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant in Patients with Macular Edema Due to Retinal Vein Occlusion

Author

Peter Kaiser, Beatriz Fernandez-Vega Sanz, Jan Studnicka, Magdalena Ulinska, Lilianne Duarte, Sobha Sivaprasad, Richard Newsom, Nicole Eter, Alain Gaudric, Jose M Ruiz-Moreno, Tom Sheidow, AGNES GLACET-BERNARD, Darius Mohammad Moshfeghi, Rubens Belfort Jr, Rohan Essex, Jose Garcia-Arumi, Dirk Sandner, Francesco Bandello, CHUNG-MAY YANG, António Joaquim Rodrigues Castanheira Dinis, Dorota Tarnawska, Orna Geyer, Jean-Francois GIRMENS, Victor Chong, Demetrios Vavvas, Samantha Fraser-Bell, Michel Paques, Haller, Ja, Bandello, Francesco, Belfort, R, Blumenkranz, M, Gillies, M, Heier, J, Loewenstein, A, Yoon, Yh, Jacques, Ml, Jiao, J, Li, Xy, and Whitcup, Sm

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Intraocular pressure, Visual acuity, genetic structures, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Cataract surgery, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Surgery, Ophthalmology, Central retinal vein occlusion, Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant, Medicine, Branch retinal vein occlusion, Implant, medicine.symptom, business, Macular edema
Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEX implant; OZURDEX, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA) compared with sham in eyes with vision loss due to macular edema (ME) associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) or central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Design: Two identical, multicenter, masked, randomized, 6-month, sham-controlled clinical trials (each of which included patients with BRVO and patients with CRVO). Participants: A total of 1267 patients with vision loss due to ME associated with BRVO or CRVO. Intervention: A single treatment with DEX implant 0.7 mg (n = 427), DEX implant 0.35 mg (n = 414), or sham (n = 426). Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure for the pooled data from the 2 studies was time to achieve a >= 15-letter improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Secondary end points included BCVA, central retinal thickness, and safety. Results: After a single administration, the time to achieve a >= 15-letter improvement in BCVA was significantly less in both DEX implant groups compared with sham (P= 15-letter improvement in BCVA was significantly higher in both DEX implant groups compared with sham at days 30 to 90 (P= 15-letter loss in BCVA was significantly lower in the DEX implant 0.7-mg group compared with sham at all follow-up visits (P 25 mmHg peaked at 16% at day 60 (both doses) and was not different from sham by day 180. There was no significant between-group difference in the occurrence of cataract or cataract surgery. Conclusions: Dexamethasone intravitreal implant can both reduce the risk of vision loss and improve the speed and incidence of visual improvement in eyes with ME secondary to BRVO or CRVO and may be a useful therapeutic option for eyes with these conditions.

Published
2010

40. Multifunctional SnO 2 QDs/MXene Heterostructures as Laminar Interlayers for Improved Polysulfide Conversion and Lithium Plating Behavior.

Author

Deng S, Sun W, Tang J, Jafarpour M, Nüesch F, Heier J, and Zhang C

Abstract

Poor cycling stability in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries necessitates advanced electrode/electrolyte design and innovative interlayer architectures. Heterogeneous catalysis has emerged as a promising approach, leveraging the adsorption and catalytic performance on lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) to inhibit LiPSs shuttling and improve redox kinetics. In this study, we report an ultrathin and laminar SnO 2 @MXene heterostructure interlayer (SnO 2 @MX), where SnO 2 quantum dots (QDs) are uniformly distributed across the MXene layer. The combined structure of SnO 2 QDs and MXene, along with the creation of numerous active boundary sites with coordination electron environments, plays a critical role in manipulating the catalytic kinetics of sulfur species. The Li-S cell with the SnO 2 @MX-modified separator not only demonstrates superior electrochemical performance compared to cells with a bare separator but also induces homogeneous Li deposition during cycling. As a result, an areal capacity of 7.6 mAh cm -2 under a sulfur loading of 7.5 mg cm -2 and a high stability over 500 cycles are achieved. Our work demonstrates a feasible strategy of utilizing a laminar separator interlayer for advanced Li-S batteries awaiting commercialization and may shed light on the understanding of heterostructure catalysis with enhanced reaction kinetics., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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41. MEK-inhibitor treatment reduces the induction of regulatory T cells in mice after influenza A virus infection.

Author

Koch-Heier J, Vogel AB, Füll Y, Ebensperger M, Schönsiegel A, Zinser RS, and Planz O

Subjects
Animals, Mice, Protein Kinase Inhibitors pharmacology, Protein Kinase Inhibitors therapeutic use, Female, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Forkhead Transcription Factors metabolism, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes drug effects, Viral Load drug effects, Disease Models, Animal, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory immunology, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory drug effects, Orthomyxoviridae Infections immunology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections drug therapy, Influenza A virus immunology
Abstract

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial and complex role in balancing the immune response to viral infection. Primarily, they serve to regulate the immune response by limiting the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, reducing inflammation in infected tissue, and limiting virus-specific T cell responses. But excessive activity of Tregs can also be detrimental and hinder the ability to effectively clear viral infection, leading to prolonged disease and potential worsening of disease severity. Not much is known about the impact of Tregs during severe influenza. In the present study, we show that CD4 + /CD25 + FoxP3 + Tregs are strongly involved in disease progression during influenza A virus (IAV) infection in mice. By comparing sublethal with lethal dose infection in vivo , we found that not the viral load but an increased number of CD4 + /CD25 + FoxP3 + Tregs may impair the immune response by suppressing virus specific CD8 + T cells and favors disease progression. Moreover, the transfer of induced Tregs into mice with mild disease symptoms had a negative and prolonged effect on disease outcome, emphasizing their importance for pathogenesis. Furthermore, treatment with MEK-inhibitors resulted in a significant reduction of induced Tregs in vitro and in vivo and positively influenced the progression of the disease. Our results demonstrate that CD4 + /CD25 + FoxP3 + Tregs are involved in the pathogenesis of severe influenza and indicate the potential of the MEK-inhibitor zapnometinib to modulate CD4 + /CD25 + FoxP3 + Tregs. Thus, making MEK-inhibitors even more promising for the treatment of severe influenza virus infections., Competing Interests: OP is consultant for Atriva Therapeutics GmbH. JK-H, YF, ME, and AS were employees of Atriva Therapeutics GmbH. AV is employee of and has securities from BioNTech SE. The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors declare that this study received funding from Atriva Therapeutics GmbH (Tuebingen, Germany), licensee of zapnometinib. The funder had the following involvement with the study: study design, data, and decision to publish., (Copyright © 2024 Koch-Heier, Vogel, Füll, Ebensperger, Schönsiegel, Zinser and Planz.)

Published
2024
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42. Polypy: A Framework to Interpret Polymer Properties from Mass Spectroscopy Data.

Author

Vlnieska V, Khanda A, Gilshtein E, Beltrán JL, Heier J, and Kunka D

Abstract

Mass spectroscopy (MS) is a robust technique for polymer characterization, and it can provide the chemical fingerprint of a complete sample regarding polymer distribution chains. Nevertheless, polymer chemical properties such as polydispersity (Pd), average molecular mass (Mn), weight average molecular mass (Mw) and others are not determined by MS, as they are commonly characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). In order to calculate polymer properties from MS, a Python script was developed to interpret polymer properties from spectroscopic raw data. Polypy script can be considered a peak detection and area distribution method, and represents the result of combining the MS raw data filtered using Root Mean Square (RMS) calculation with molecular classification based on theoretical molar masses. Polypy filters out areas corresponding to repetitive units. This approach facilitates the identification of the polymer chains and calculates their properties. The script also integrates visualization graphic tools for data analysis. In this work, aryl resin (poly(2,2-bis(4-oxy-(2-(methyloxirane)phenyl)propan) was the study case polymer molecule, and is composed of oligomer chains distributed mainly in the range of dimers to tetramers, in some cases presenting traces of pentamers and hexamers in the distribution profile of the oligomeric chains. Epoxy resin has Mn = 607 Da, Mw = 631 Da, and polydispersity (Pd) of 1.015 (data given by GPC). With Polypy script, calculations resulted in Mn = 584.42 Da, Mw = 649.29 Da, and Pd = 1.11, which are consistent results if compared with GPC characterization. Additional information, such as the percentage of oligomer distribution, was also calculated and for this polymer matrix it was not possible to retrieve it from the GPC method. Polypy is an approach to characterizing major polymer chemical properties using only MS raw spectra, and it can be utilized with any MS raw data for any polymer matrix.

Published
2024
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43. Influenza A virus replication has a stronger dependency on Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway activity than SARS-CoV-2.

Author

Hoffmann H, Ebensperger M, Schönsiegel A, Hamza H, Koch-Heier J, Schreiber A, Ludwig S, Schindler M, and Planz O

Subjects
Humans, MAP Kinase Signaling System, SARS-CoV-2, Pandemics, Virus Replication, Signal Transduction, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, Influenza A virus, Influenza, Human drug therapy, COVID-19
Abstract

The recent COVID-19 pandemic again highlighted the urgent need for broad-spectrum antivirals, both for therapeutic use in acute viral infection and for pandemic preparedness in general. The targeting of host cell factors hijacked by viruses during their replication cycle presents one possible strategy for development of broad-spectrum antivirals. By inhibiting the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, a central kinase cascade of eukaryotic cells, which is being exploited by numerous viruses of different virus phyla, the small-molecule MEK inhibitor zapnometinib has the potential to address this need. We here performed a side-by-side comparison of the antiviral efficacy of zapnometinib against IAV and SARS-CoV-2 to determine the concentration leading to 50% of its effect on the virus (EC 50 ) and the concentration leading to 50% reduction of ERK phosphorylation (IC 50 ) in a comparable manner, using the same experimental conditions. Our results show that the EC 50 value and IC 50 value of zapnometinib are indeed lower for IAV compared to SARS-CoV-2 using one representative strain for each. The results suggest that IAV's replication has a stronger dependency on an active Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and, thus, that IAV is more susceptible to treatment with zapnometinib than SARS-CoV-2. With zapnometinib's favorable outcome in a recent phase II clinical trial in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the present results are even more promising for an upcoming phase II clinical trial in severe influenza virus infection., Competing Interests: OP and SL are shareholders of Atriva Therapeutics GmbH and consultants for Atriva Therapeutics GmbH. HHo and ME were employees of Atriva Therapeutics GmbH at the time of the study. ASS and JK are employees of Atriva Therapeutics GmbH. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors declare that this study received funding from Atriva Therapeutics GmbH (Tuebingen, Germany), licensee of zapnometinib. The funder had the following involvement with the study: study design and decision to publish., (Copyright © 2023 Hoffmann, Ebensperger, Schönsiegel, Hamza, Koch-Heier, Schreiber, Ludwig, Schindler and Planz.)

Published
2023
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44. Micro-Cup Architecture for Printing and Coating Asymmetric 2d-Material-Based Solid-State Supercapacitors.

Author

Zhang CJ, Schneider R, Jafarpour M, Nüesch F, Abdolhosseinzadeh S, and Heier J

Abstract

High energy density micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) are in high demand for miniaturized electronics and microsystems. Research efforts today focus on materials development, applied in the planar interdigitated, symmetric electrode architecture. A novel "cup & core" device architecture that allows for printing of asymmetric devices without the need of accurately positioning the second finger electrode here have been introduced. The bottom electrode is either produced by laser ablation of a blade-coated graphene layer or directly screen-printed with graphene inks to create grids with high aspect ratio walls forming an array of "micro-cups". A quasi-solid-state ionic liquid electrolyte is spray-deposited on the walls; the top electrode material -MXene inks- is then spray-coated to fill the cup structure. The architecture combines the advantages of interdigitated electrodes for facilitated ion-diffusion, which is critical for 2D-material-based energy storage systems by providing vertical interfaces with the layer-by-layer processing of the sandwich geometry. Compared to flat reference devices, volumetric capacitance of printed "micro-cups" MSC increased considerably, while the time constant decreased (by 58%). Importantly, the high energy density (3.99 µWh cm -2 ) of the "micro-cups" MSC is also superior to other reported MXene and graphene-based MSCs., (© 2023 The Authors. Small published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Published
2023
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45. Stable MXene Dough with Ultrahigh Solid Fraction and Excellent Redispersibility toward Efficient Solution Processing and Industrialization.

Author

Deng S, Guo T, Nüesch F, Heier J, and Zhang CJ

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, and/or nitrides, so-called MXenes, have triggered intensive research interests in applications ranging from electrochemical energy storage to electronics devices. Producing these functional devices by printing necessitates to match the rheological properties of MXene dispersions to the requirements of various solution processing techniques. In particular, for additive manufacturing such as extrusion-printing, MXene inks with high solid fraction are typically required, which is commonly achieved by tediously removing excessive free water (top-down route). Here, the study reports on a bottom-up route to reach a highly concentrated binary MXene-water blend, so-called MXene dough, by controlling the water admixture to freeze-dried MXene flakes by exposure to water mist. The existence of a critical threshold of MXene solid content (≈60%), beyond which no dough is formed, or formed with compromised ductility is revealed. Such metallic MXene dough possesses high electrical conductivity, excellent oxidation stability, and can withstand a couple of months without apparent decay, providing that the MXene dough is properly stored at low-temperature with suppressed dehydration environment. Solution processing of the MXene dough into a micro-supercapacitor with gravimetric capacitance of 161.7 F g -1 is demonstrated. The impressive chemical and physical stability/redispersibility of MXene dough indicate its great promise in future commercialization., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Published
2023
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46. Dynamics of Sliding Friction between Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) on Stainless Steel and PMMA Microspheres.

Author

Cihan E, Heier J, Lubig K, Gräf S, Müller FA, and Gnecco E

Abstract

In this work, we investigated the sliding friction measured between poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) colloidal probes with two different diameters D (1.5 and 15 μm) and laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on stainless steel with periodicities Λ of 0.42 and 0.9 μm, when the probes are elastically driven along two directions, perpendicular and parallel to the LIPSS. The time evolution of the friction shows the characteristic features of a reverse stick-slip mechanism recently reported on periodic gratings. The morphologies of colloidal probes and modified steel surfaces are geometrically convoluted in the atomic force microscopy (AFM) topographies simultaneously recorded with the friction measurements. The LIPSS periodicity is only revealed with smaller probes ( D = 1.5 μm) and when Λ takes the largest value of 0.9 μm. The average value of the friction force is found to be proportional to the normal load, with a coefficient of friction μ varying between 0.23 and 0.54. The values of μ are rather independent of the direction of motion, and they reach their maximum when the small probe is scanned on the LIPSS with the larger periodicity. The friction is also found to decrease with increasing velocity in all cases, which is attributed to the corresponding decrease of the viscoelastic contact time. These results can be used to model the sliding contacts formed by a set of spherical asperities of different sizes driven on a rough solid surface.

Published
2023
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47. CATASTROPHIC, BILATERAL RETINAL VASCULAR OCCLUSION AFTER INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB INJECTION.

Author

Ng CC, Brill D, Cunningham ET Jr, Burckhard BA, Jumper JM, Heier J, Rifkin LM, Eliott D, McDonald HR, and Sobrin L

Subjects
Male, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bevacizumab, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized adverse effects, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Intravitreal Injections, Fluorescein Angiography, Inflammation, Angiogenesis Inhibitors therapeutic use, Retinal Diseases chemically induced
Abstract

Purpose: To describe two cases of catastrophic, bilateral retinal vascular occlusion after intravitreal (IVT) bevacizumab injection., Methods: Case series. Main outcome measures included clinical and fluorescein angiography findings., Results: Case 1-A 65-year-old woman with calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis syndrome developed acute, severe, bilateral visual loss 2 weeks after bilateral IVT bevacizumab injection for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Examination and fluorescein angiography revealed moderate anterior chamber inflammation, bilateral perivascular retinal hemorrhages, and near total retinal vascular occlusion. Extensive testing revealed moderately elevated anti-B2 glycoprotein (antiphospholipid) antibodies. Case 2-An 85-year-old man with polymyalgia rheumatica and left eye exudative age-related macular degeneration experienced severe, bilateral, sequential visual loss in the left eye and then right eye approximately 3 weeks after IVT bevacizumab left eye injection. Examination revealed bilateral panuveitis, diffuse perivascular exudates, and intraretinal hemorrhages. Fluorescein angiography showed diffuse venous leakage. Extensive testing revealed an elevated antinuclear antibody and mildly elevated anticardiolipin antibody., Conclusion: Patients with underlying retinal vascular vulnerabilities may be at increased risk of catastrophic, bilateral retinal vascular occlusion after treatment with IVT bevacizumab. The moderate-to-severe intraocular inflammation in both cases and the contralateral involvement after unilateral IVT injection in Case 2 suggest a possible delayed immune-mediated mechanism.

Published
2023
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48. Rational Design of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Inks for Conductive, Transparent Films.

Author

Guo T, Zhou D, Deng S, Jafarpour M, Avaro J, Neels A, Heier J, and Zhang C

Abstract

Transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) with a high figure of merit (FOM e , defined as the ratio of transmittance to sheet resistance) are crucial for transparent electronic devices, such as touch screens, micro-supercapacitors, and transparent antennas. Two-dimensional (2D) titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x ), known as MXene, possesses metallic conductivity and a hydrophilic surface, suggesting dispersion stability of MXenes in aqueous media allowing the fabrication of MXene-based TCEs by solution processing. However, achieving high FOM e MXene TCEs has been hindered mainly due to the low intrinsic conductivity caused by percolation problems. Here, we have managed to resolve these problems by (1) using large-sized Ti 3 C 2 T x flakes (∼12.2 μm) to reduce interflake resistance and (2) constructing compact microstructures by blade coating. Consequently, excellent optoelectronic properties have been achieved in the blade-coated Ti 3 C 2 T x films, i . e ., a DC conductivity of 19 325 S cm -1 at transmittances of 83.4% (≈6.7 nm) was obtained. We also demonstrate the applications of Ti 3 C 2 T x TCEs in transparent Joule heaters and the field of supercapacitors, showing an outstanding Joule heating effect and high rate response, respectively, suggesting enormous potential applications in flexible, transparent electronic devices.

Published
2023
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49. Unraveling Polysulfide's Adsorption and Electrocatalytic Conversion on Metal Oxides for Li-S Batteries.

Author

Deng S, Guo T, Heier J, and Zhang CJ

Abstract

Lithium sulfur (LiS) batteries possess high theoretical capacity and energy density, holding great promise for next generation electronics and electrical vehicles. However, the LiS batteries development is hindered by the shuttle effect and sluggish conversion kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Designing highly polar materials such as metal oxides (MOs) with moderate adsorption and effective catalytic activity is essential to overcome the above issues. To design efficient MOs catalysts, it is critical and necessary to understand the adsorption mechanism and associated catalytic processes of LiPSs. However, most reviews still lack a comprehensive investigation of the basic mechanism and always ignore their in-depth relationship. In this review, a systematic analysis toward understanding the underlying adsorption and catalytic mechanism in LiS chemistry as well as discussion of the typical works concerning MOs electrocatalysts are provided. Moreover, to improve the sluggish "adsorption-diffusion-conversion" process caused by the low conductive nature of MOs, oxygen vacancies and heterostructure engineering are elucidated as the two most effective strategies. The challenges and prospects of MOs electrocatalysts are also provided in the last section. The authors hope this review will provide instructive guidance to design effective catalyst materials and explore practical possibilities for the commercialization of LiS batteries., (© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Published
2023
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50. Establishment of a novel method to assess MEK1/2 inhibition in PBMCs for clinical drug development.

Author

Schüssele LM, Koch-Heier J, Volk J, Löffler MW, Hoffmann K, Bruyns RM, and Planz O

Abstract

The Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway plays a key role in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, cytokine production, and immune responses. However, it is also involved in diseases such as cancer, and numerous viruses rely on an active Raf/MEK/ERK pathway for propagation. This pathway, and particularly MEK1/2, are therefore promising therapeutic targets. Assessment of target engagement is crucial to determine pharmacodynamics or the efficacy of a MEK1/2 inhibitor. In the field of infectious diseases, this is usually first determined in clinical trials with healthy volunteers. One method to detect MEK1/2 inhibitor target engagement is to assess the degree of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, as ERK1/2 is the only known substrate of MEK1/2. As healthy subjects, however, only feature a low baseline MEK1/2 activation and therefore low ERK1/2 phosphorylation in most tissues, assessing target engagement is challenging, and robust methods are urgently needed. We hence developed a method using PBMCs isolated from whole blood of healthy blood donors, followed by ex vivo treatment with the MEK1/2 inhibitor zapnometinib and stimulation with PMA to first inhibit and then induce MEK1/2 activation. As PMA cannot activate MEK1/2 upon MEK1/2 inhibition, MEK1/2 inhibition results in impaired MEK1/2 activation. In contrast, PMA stimulation without MEK1/2 inhibition results in high MEK1/2 activation. We demonstrated that, without MEK1/2 inhibitor treatment, MEK1/2 stimulation with PMA induces high MEK1/2 activation, which is clearly distinguishable from baseline MEK1/2 activation in human PBMCs. Furthermore, we showed that treatment with the MEK1/2 inhibitor zapnometinib maintains the MEK1/2 activation at approximately baseline level despite subsequent stimulation with PMA. As our protocol is easy to follow and preserves the cells in an in vivo -like condition throughout the whole handling process, this approach can be a major advance for the easy assessment of MEK1/2 inhibitor target engagement in healthy probands for clinical drug development., Competing Interests: OP is consultant for Atriva Therapeutics GmbH. LS, JK-H, and JV are employees of Atriva Therapeutics GmbH. KH and RB are employees of Nuvisan GmbH. The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Schüssele, Koch-Heier, Volk, Löffler, Hoffmann, Bruyns and Planz.)

Published
2022
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