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Objectives: Racial disparities are pervasive in access to pediatric surgery. The goal of this study was to test the hypotheses that, compared with White children, non-White and Hispanic children: (1) were less likely to attend evaluations by otolaryngologists after a diagnosis of otitis media (OM) eligible for surgical referral, and (2) these children were less likely to receive tympanostomy tube (TT) after surgical consultation., Methods: The OptumLabs Data Warehouse is a de-identified claims database of privately insured enrollees. Guidelines on the management of OMs suggest that children should be evaluated for surgery if they have recurrent acute OM or chronic OM with effusion. A cohort of children who were diagnosed with OM were constructed. For Hypothesis 1, the primary outcome was otolaryngology office visit within 6 months of a diagnosis of recurrent or chronic OM. For Hypothesis 2, the outcome was TT placement within 6 months following the otolaryngology office visit. Cox regression models were used to determine the relationship between race/ethnicity and the primary outcomes., Results: Among 187,776 children with OMs, 72,774 (38.8%) had otolaryngology visits. In a multivariate Cox model, the hazard ratios of attending otolaryngology visit for Black, Hispanic, and Asian children were 0.93 (95% CI,0.90, 0.96), 0.86 (0.83, 0.88), and 0.74 (0.71, 0.77), compared with White children. Among the children evaluated by otolaryngologists, 46,554 (63.97%) received TT. Black, Hispanic, and Asian children with recurrent acute OM had lower likelihood of receiving TT., Conclusions: Racial disparities in attending otolaryngology office visit contributed to the disparities in receiving TT., Quality of Evidence: Level 3 Laryngoscope, 134:3846-3852, 2024., (© 2024 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Aims: To characterize glucagon fill rates and costs among youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)., Methods: Claims-based analysis of commercially-insured youth with T1DM included in OptumLabs® Data Warehouse between 2011 and 2021. Glucagon fill rates and costs were calculated overall and by formulation (injectable, intranasal, autoinjector, and pre-filled syringe). Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with glucagon fills were examined using Cox regression., Results: We identified 13,267 children with T1DM (76.4% non-Hispanic White). Over mean follow-up of 2.81 years (SD 2.62), 70.0% filled glucagon, with stable fill rates from 2011 to 2021. Intranasal glucagon had rapid uptake following initial approval, and it accounted for almost half (46.6%) of all glucagon fills by 2021. Family income was positively associated with glucagon fills in a stepwise fashion (HR 1.39 [95% CI 1.27-1.52] for annual household income ≥$200,000 vs. <$40,000), while Black race was negatively associated with fills (HR 0.83 [95% CI 0.76-0.91]) compared to White race). Annual mean out-of-pocket costs ranged from $21-$68 (IQR $29-$44)., Conclusion: Roughly 30% of commercially-insured youth with T1DM may lack access to unexpired glucagon, with significant disparities among Black and low-income patients. Health systems, clinicians, schools, and caregivers should work together to ensure children have reliable access to this critical medication., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aims: To identify longitudinal trajectories of glycemic control among adults with newly diagnosed diabetes, overall and by diabetes type., Methods: We analyzed claims data from OptumLabs® Data Warehouse for 119,952 adults newly diagnosed diabetes between 2005 and 2018. We applied a novel Mixed Effects Machine Learning model to identify longitudinal trajectories of hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) over 3 years of follow-up and used multinomial regression to characterize factors associated with each trajectory., Results: The study population was comprised of 119,952 adults with newly diagnosed diabetes, including 696 (0.58%) with type 1 diabetes. Among patients with type 1 diabetes, 52.6% were diagnosed at very high HbA 1c , partially improved, but never achieved control; 32.5% were diagnosed at low HbA1c and deteriorated over time; and 14.9% had stable low HbA 1c . Among patients with type 2 diabetes, 67.7% had stable low HbA 1c , 14.4% were diagnosed at very high HbA 1c , partially improved, but never achieved control; 10.0% were diagnosed at moderately high HbA 1c and deteriorated over time; and 4.9% were diagnosed at moderately high HbA 1c and improved over time., Conclusions: Claims data identified distinct longitudinal trajectories of HbA 1c after diabetes diagnosis, which can be used to anticipate challenges and individualize care plans to improve glycemic control., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To characterize contemporary trends in glucagon fill rates and expenditures in a nationwide cohort of adults with diabetes overall and by key demographic and clinical characteristics., Research Design and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we examined 1) glucagon fill rates per 1,000 person-years and 2) patient out-of-pocket and health plan costs per filled glucagon dose among adults with diabetes included in OptumLabs Data Warehouse between 1 January 2011 and 31 March 2021., Results: The study population comprised 2,814,464 adults with diabetes with a mean age of 62.8 (SD 13.2) years. The overall glucagon fill rate decreased from 2.91 to 2.28 per 1,000 person-years (-22%) over the study period. In groups at high risk for severe hypoglycemia, glucagon fill rates increased from 22.46 to 36.76 per 1,000 person-years (64%) among patients with type 1 diabetes, 11.64 to 16.63 per 1,000 person-years (43%) among those treated with short-acting insulin, and 16.08 to 20.12 per 1,000 person-years (25%) among those with a history of severe hypoglycemia. White patients, women, individuals with high income, and commercially insured patients had higher glucagon fill rates compared with minority patients, males, individuals with low income, and Medicare Advantage patients, respectively. Total cost per dosing unit increased from $157.97 to $275.32 (74%) among commercial insurance beneficiaries and from $150.37 to $293.57 (95%) among Medicare Advantage beneficiaries., Conclusions: Glucagon fill rates are concerningly low and declined between 2011 and 2021 but increased in appropriate subgroups with type 1 diabetes, using short-acting insulin, or with a history of severe hypoglycemia. Fill rates were disproportionately low among minority patients and individuals with low income., (© 2023 by the American Diabetes Association.)

Objective: To characterize trends in clinical complexity, treatment burden, health care use, and diabetes-related outcomes among adults with diabetes., Research Design and Methods: We used a nationwide claims database to identify enrollees in commercial and Medicare Advantage plans who met claims criteria for diabetes between 1 January 2006 and 31 March 2019 and to quantify annual trends in clinical complexity (e.g., active health conditions), treatment burden (e.g., medications), health care use (e.g., ambulatory, emergency department [ED], and hospital visits), and diabetes-related outcomes (e.g., hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] levels) between 2006 and 2018., Results: Among 1,470,799 commercially insured patients, the proportion with ≥10 active health conditions increased from 33.3% (95% CI 33.1-33.4) in 2006 to 38.9% (38.8-39.1) in 2018 (P = 0.001) and the proportion taking three or more glucose-lowering medications increased from 11.6% (11.5-11.7) to 23.1% (22.9-23.2) (P = 0.007). The proportion with HbA1c ≥8.0% (≥64 mmol/mol) increased from 28.0% (27.7-28.3) in 2006 to 30.5% (30.2-30.7) in 2015, decreasing to 27.8% (27.5-28.0) in 2018 (overall trend P = 0.04). Number of ambulatory visits per patient per year decreased from 6.86 (6.84-6.88) to 6.19 (6.17-6.21), (P = 0.001) while ED visits increased from 0.26 (0.257-0.263) to 0.29 (0.287-0.293) (P = 0.001). Among 1,311,903 Medicare Advantage enrollees, the proportion with ≥10 active conditions increased from 51.6% (51.2-52.0) to 65.1% (65.0-65.2) (P < 0.001); the proportion taking three or more glucose-lowering medications was stable at 16.6% (16.3-16.9) and 18.1% (18.0-18.2) (P = 0.98), and the proportion with HbA1c ≥8.0% increased from 17.4% (16.7-18.1) to 18.6% (18.4-18.7) (P = 0.008). Ambulatory visits per patient per year remained stable at 8.01 (7.96-8.06) and 8.17 (8.16-8.19) (P = 0.23), but ED visits increased from 0.41 (0.40-0.42) to 0.66 (0.66-0.66) (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Among patients with diabetes, clinical complexity and treatment burden have increased over time. ED utilization has also increased, and patients may be using ED services for low-acuity conditions., (© 2022 by the American Diabetes Association.)

Background and Aims: We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing the risk of malignancy between patients treated with vedolizumab vs. tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) antagonists in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)., Methods: Using an administrative claims database, we identified patients with IBD without prior malignancy who were new users of either vedolizumab or TNFα antagonists between 2014-2018, with no prior exposure to either biologic or in preceding 1 y and had insurance coverage for at least 1 y after treatment initiation. We estimated incidence rate of malignancy (solid organ, hematological or skin cancers) in patients treated with vedolizumab and TNFα antagonists, and compared risk using Cox proportional hazard analysis., Results: We included 4807 patients treated with TNFα antagonists (age, 41 ± 15 y, 60% with Crohn's disease [CD]) of whom 65 developed malignancy over 7214 person-year [PY] follow-up (incidence rate [IR], 9.0 per 1000-PY), and 759 patients treated with vedolizumab (age, 46 ± 16y, 42% CD) of whom 11 developed malignancy over 950-PY follow-up (IR, 11.6). No difference was observed in the incidence of malignancy between vedolizumab versus TNFα antagonists (incidence rate ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.61-2.45). After adjusting for age, sex, race, comorbidity burden, disease phenotype and concomitant use of immunomodulators, no difference was observed in time to incident malignancy between vedolizumab versus TNFα antagonists (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.61-2.19). Similar results were observed on stratified analysis by age and concomitant immunomodulators, and after excluding non-melanoma skin cancers., Conclusions: In an observational study of patients with IBD, no differences were observed in the risk of incident malignancy in patients treated with vedolizumab versus TNFα antagonists., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background and Aims: We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing the risk of serious infections between patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) antagonists vs. vedolizumab in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)., Methods: Using an administrative claims database, we identified patients with IBD who were new-users of either TNFa antagonists or vedolizumab between 2014-2018 and had insurance coverage for at least 1y before and after treatment initiation. We compared the risk of serious infections (infections requiring hospitalization) between patients treated with vedolizumab or TNFa antagonists using marginal structural Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for baseline disease characteristics, healthcare utilization, comorbidities, and time-varying use of corticosteroids, immunomodulators and opiates., Results: We included 4881 patients treated with TNFa antagonists (age, 41 ± 15y, 60% with Crohn's disease [CD]) of whom 434 developed serious infections over 5786 person-year [PY] follow-up, and 1106 patients treated with vedolizumab (age, 44 ± 16y, 39% with CD) of whom 86 developed serious infections over 1040-PY follow-up. Vedolizumab was associated with 46% lower risk of serious infections as compared with TNFa antagonists in patients with ulcerative colitis (HR,0.54 [95% CI,0.35-0.83), but no significant differences were observed in patients with CD (HR,1.30 [0.80-2.11]). Vedolizumab was associated with lower risk of extra-intestinal serious infections in patients with UC, but higher risk of gastrointestinal serious infections in patients with CD., Conclusions: In an observational study of patients with IBD, vedolizumab was associated with lower risk of serious infections as compared with TNFa antagonists, in patients with UC, but not in patients with CD., (Copyright © 2022 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Importance: Social determinants of health play a role in diabetes management and outcomes, including potentially life-threatening complications of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS). Although several person-level socioeconomic factors have been associated with these complications, the implications of area-level socioeconomic deprivation are unknown., Objective: To examine the association between area-level deprivation and the risks of experiencing emergency department visits or hospitalizations for hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic crises (ie, DKA or HHS)., Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used deidentified administrative claims data for privately insured individuals and Medicare Advantage beneficiaries across the US. The analysis included adults with diabetes who met the claims criteria for diabetes between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017. Data analyses were performed from November 17, 2020, to November 11, 2021., Exposures: Area deprivation index (ADI) was derived for each county for 2016 and 2017 using 17 county-level indicators from the American Community Survey. ADI values were applied to patients who were living in each county based on their index dates and were categorized according to county-level ADI quintile (with quintile 1 having the least deprivation and quintile 5 having the most deprivation)., Main Outcomes and Measures: The numbers of emergency department visits or hospitalizations related to the primary diagnoses of hypoglycemia and DKA or HHS (ascertained using validated diagnosis codes in the first or primary position of emergency department or hospital claims) between 2016 and 2019 were calculated for each ADI quintile using negative binomial regression models and adjusted for patient age, sex, health plan type, comorbidities, glucose-lowering medication type, and percentage of White residents in the county., Results: The study population included 1 116 361 individuals (563 943 women [50.5%]), with a mean (SD) age of 64.9 (13.2) years. Of these patients, 343 726 (30.8%) resided in counties with the least deprivation (quintile 1) and 121 810 (10.9%) lived in counties with the most deprivation (quintile 5). Adjusted rates of severe hypoglycemia increased from 13.54 (95% CI, 12.91-14.17) per 1000 person-years in quintile 1 counties to 19.13 (95% CI, 17.62-20.63) per 1000 person-years in quintile 5 counties, corresponding to an incidence rate ratio of 1.41 (95% CI, 1.29-1.54; P < .001). Adjusted rates of DKA or HHS increased from 7.49 (95% CI, 6.96-8.02) per 1000 person-years in quintile 1 counties to 8.37 (95% CI, 7.50-9.23) per 1000 person-years in quintile 5 counties, corresponding to an incidence rate ratio of 1.12 (95% CI, 1.00-1.25; P = .049)., Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that living in counties with a high area-level deprivation was associated with an increased risk of severe hypoglycemia and DKA or HHS. The concentration of these preventable events in areas of high deprivation signals the need for interventions that target the structural barriers to optimal diabetes management and health.

Background: Identifying biologic-treated patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) at higher risk of serious infections is a priority. We conducted a retrospective cohort study evaluating frailty and risk of serious infections in biologic-treated patients with IBD., Methods: Using an administrative claims database, we identified biologic-treated patients with IBD between 2014 and 2018 with follow-up 1 year before and after treatment initiation. Using a validated claims-based hospital frailty risk scoring system, patients were classified as frail and nonfrail. We compared the risk of serious infections (infections requiring hospitalization) between frail and nonfrail patients using Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusting for age, comorbidities, disease characteristics, health care utilization, use of corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and opiates., Results: We included 5987 biologic-treated patients with IBD (4881 on TNFα antagonists, 1106 on vedolizumab), of whom 2350 (39.3%) were classified as frail; over 7115 person-years of follow-up was included, and 520 patients developed serious infection. Frailty was not associated with increased risk of serious infection (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.12; 95% CI, 0.93-1.36), whereas advanced age (older than 60 years), high comorbidity burden, corticosteroid use, opiate use, and prior serious infection were associated with increased risk of serious infection. On stratified analysis, frailty was associated with increased risk of serious infections in vedolizumab-treated patients (aHR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.03-2.79) but not in TNFα antagonist-treated patients (aHR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.83-1.27)., Conclusions: In biologic-treated patients with IBD, frailty assessed using a claims-based frailty index was not independently associated with increased risk of serious infections. Future studies evaluating objective and biological measures of frailty are warranted to risk-stratify older patients with IBD., (© 2020 Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: Obesity has been associated with adverse disease-related outcomes and inferior treatment response to biologic agents in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), but its impact on the risk of treatment-related complications is unknown. We performed a cohort study examining the association between obesity and risk of serious infections in biologic-treated patients with IBD., Methods: Using an administrative claims database, in a cohort of biologic-treated patients with IBD between 2014 and 2018 with follow-up 1 year before and after treatment initiation, we compared the risk of serious infections (infections requiring hospitalization) between obese vs nonobese patients (based on validated administrative claims) using Cox proportional hazard analysis., Results: We included 5,987 biologic-treated patients with IBD (4,881 on tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists and 1,106 on vedolizumab), of whom 524 (8.8%) were classified as obese. Of the 7,115 person-year follow-up, 520 patients developed serious infection. Risk of serious infection was comparable in obese vs nonobese patients (8.8% vs 8.5%; unadjusted hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-1.54). After adjusting for age, comorbidities, disease characteristics, health care utilization, use of corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and opiates, obesity was not associated with an increased risk of serious infection (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.74 [95% confidence interval, 0.55-1.01]). Similar results were seen on stratified analysis by disease phenotype (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) and index biologic therapy (tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists and vedolizumab)., Discussion: After adjusting for comorbid conditions and disease characteristics, obesity is not independently associated with an increased risk of serious infections in biologic-treated patients with IBD., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American College of Gastroenterology.)

In 2013, the American Society of Hematology (ASH) published recommendations with Choosing Wisely to limit surveillance imaging in aggressive lymphoma. We studied surveillance imaging practice patterns for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) before and after the ASH Choosing Wisely campaign. We used OptumLabs Data Warehouse, a national insurance claims database, to retrospectively study imaging frequency in survivors of DLBCL from 2008 to 2016. Three time periods were defined: Period 1 (2008 to 2010), Period 2 (2011 to 2013), and Period 3 (2014 to 2016). One thousand four hundred seventy-two patients were included. Median follow up was approximately 2 years. During the first and second years of surveillance, imaging remained stable between Period 1 (years 1 and 2: 199 [91%] and 137 [83%], respectively) and Period 2 (years 1 and 2: 257 [88%] and 172 [77%], respectively; P = .38), but decreased in Period 3 (years 1 and 2: 315 [78%] and 83 [61%], respectively; P < .01). In a multivariable logistic regression, year after 2012 was a significant predictor of decreased overuse (more than two scans per year in the first year of surveillance; [odds ratio, 0.49 for 2013 v 2008; P = .02]). Our study demonstrated the rate of surveillance scans-both computed tomography and positron emission tomography imaging-in DLBCL decreased after the ASH Choosing Wisely campaign. Multiple factors, such as changes in recommendations, reimbursement, and provider knowledge base, may have all contributed and should be studied further., Competing Interests: Dennis AsanteEmployment: UnitedHealthcare Thorvardur HalfdanarsonConsulting or Advisory Role: Lexicon (Inst), Ipsen (Inst), Advanced Accelerator Applications (Inst), Curium, ScioScientific, TerumoResearch Funding: Ipsen (Inst), ArQule (Inst), Agios (Inst), Thermo Fisher Scientific (Inst), Basilea (Inst) Jose C. VillasboasConsulting or Advisory Role: Kite Pharma (Inst), Gilead Sciences (Inst), Regeneron (Inst)No other potential conflicts of interest were reported.

Background: Adherence to surveillance guidelines in resected colon cancer has significant implications for patient morbidity, cost of care, and healthcare utilization. This study measured the underuse and overuse of imaging for staging and surveillance in stage I-II colon cancer., Methods: The OptumLabs database was queried for administrative claims data on adult patients with stage I-II colon cancer who underwent surgery alone in 2008 through 2016. Use of PET and CT imaging was evaluated during both initial staging (n=6,921) and surveillance for patients with at least 1 year of follow-up (n=5,466). "High use" was defined as >2 CT abdominal/pelvic (CT A/P) or PET scans per year during surveillance., Results: Overall, 27% of patients with stage I-II colon cancer did not have a staging CT A/P or PET scan and 95% did not have a CT chest scan. However, rates of staging CT A/P and CT chest scans increased from 62.0% (2008) to 74.8% (2016) and from 2.3% (2008) to 7.1% (2016), respectively. Staging PET use was overall very low (5.2%). During surveillance, approximately 30% of patients received a CT A/P or PET and 5% received a CT chest scan within the first year after surgery. Of patients who had surveillance CT A/P or PET scans, the proportion receiving >2 scans within the first year (high use) declined from 32.4% (2008) to 9.6% (2016) (P = .01)., Conclusions: Although PET use remains appropriately low, many patients with stage I-II colon cancer do not receive appropriate staging and surveillance CT chest scans. Among those who do receive these scans during surveillance, high use has declined significantly over time.

Objective: To compare risk of reintervention, long-term clinical outcomes, and health care utilization among women who have bulk symptoms from leiomyoma and who underwent the following procedures: hysterectomy, myomectomy, uterine artery embolization, and magnetic resonance-guided, focused ultrasound surgery., Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of administrative claims from a large U.S. commercial insurance database. Women aged 18-54 years undergoing any of the previously mentioned leiomyoma procedures between 2000 and 2013 were included. We assessed the following outcome measures: risk of reintervention between uterine-sparing procedures, risk of other surgical procedures or complications of the index procedure, 5-year health care utilization, pregnancy rates, and reproductive outcomes. Propensity score matching along with Cox proportional hazard models were used to adjust for differences in baseline characteristics between study cohorts., Results: Among the 135,522 study-eligible women with mean follow-up of 3.4 years, hysterectomy was the most common first-line procedural therapy (111,324 [82.2%]) followed by myomectomy (19,965 [14.7%]), uterine artery embolization (4,186 [3.1%]) and magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (47 [0.0003%]). Small but statistically significant differences were noted for uterine artery embolization and myomectomy in reintervention rate (17.1% compared with 15.0%, P=.02), subsequent hysterectomy rates (13.2% compared with 11.1%, P<.01) and subsequent complications from index procedures (18.1% compared with 24.6%, P<.001). During follow-up, women undergoing myomectomy had lower leiomyoma-related health care utilization, but had higher all-cause outpatient services. Pregnancy rates were 7.5% and 2.2% among myomectomy and uterine artery embolization cohorts, respectively (P<.001) with both cohorts having similar rates of adverse reproductive outcome (69.4%)., Conclusions: Although the overwhelming majority of women having leiomyoma with bulk symptoms underwent hysterectomy as their first treatment procedure, among those undergoing uterine-sparing index procedures, approximately one seventh had a reintervention, and one tenth ended up undergoing hysterectomy during follow-up. Compared with women undergoing myomectomy, women undergoing uterine artery embolization had a higher risk of reintervention, lower risk of subsequent complications, but similar rate of adverse reproductive outcomes.

Objective: To determine follow-up practice patterns of US patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and their concordance with 4 clinical practice guidelines., Patients and Methods: In a retrospective analysis of adult patients using the OptumLabs Data Warehouse database, we identified those who had an incident diagnosis of MGUS from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2013, no history or subsequent diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic malignancy, and at least 2 years of follow-up., Results: A total of 11,676 patients with MGUS were included in the study. During the first 2 years after MGUS diagnosis, the distribution of patients by mean interval between visits was as follows: less than 6 months, 12.7%; every 6 to 12 months, 25.2%; every 13 to 24 months, 17.7%; and longer than 24 months, 44.4%. A higher proportion of patients were followed up at intervals of less than 13 months over time, from 32.7% to 41.1% ( P <.001). Patients 60 years or older were more likely to be followed up at intervals of less than 13 months; those from the Northeast or younger than 50 years were more likely to be followed up at intervals longer than 24 months compared with their counterparts ( P <.001). More than half of the patients 80 years or older were followed up at intervals of less than 6 months (12.3%), 6 to 12 months (27.8%), or 13 to 24 months (18.2%). Only approximately half of the patients (41.1%-58.8%) with MGUS diagnosed in 2013 were concordant with any of the 4 clinical guidelines., Conclusion: The MGUS follow-up practice patterns varied geographically and demographically and were frequently discordant with guideline recommendations. A large proportion of patients with limited life expectancy had frequent follow-up visits.

Introduction: Our goal was to investigate trends in computed tomography (CT) utilization in emergency departments (EDs) and its association with hospitalization., Methods: We conducted an analysis of an administrative claims database of U.S. privately insured and Medicare Advantage enrollees. We identified ED visits from 2005 through 2013 and assessed for CT use, associated factors, and hospitalization after CT, along with patient demographics. We used both descriptive methods and regression models adjusted for year, age, sex, race, geographic region, and Hwang comorbidity score to explore associations among CT use, year, demographic characteristics, and hospitalization., Results: We identified 33,144,233 ED visits; 5,901,603 (17.8%) involved CT. Over time, CT use during ED visits increased 59.9%. CT use increased in all age groups but decreased in children since 2010. In propensity-matching analysis, odds of hospitalization increased with age, comorbidities, male sex, and CT use (odds ratio, 2.38). Odds of hospitalization over time decreased more quickly for patients with CT., Conclusion: CT utilization in the ED has increased significantly from 2005 through 2013. For children, CT use after 2010 decreased, indicating caution about CT use. Male sex, older age, and higher number of comorbidities were predictors of CT in the ED. Over time, odds of hospitalization decreased more quickly for patients with CT., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: By the WestJEM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. This publication and related research project was supported by the Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of Mayo Clinic.

Objectives: To report patterns and patient characteristics associated with initiation of and persistence with medical therapies for uterine fibroid-related heavy menstrual bleeding., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Setting: US commercial insurance claims database., Population: 41 561 women aged 18-54 years with uterine fibroids and heavy menstrual bleeding who initiated medical therapies from January 2000 through December 2013., Method: Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess patient characteristics associated with initiation and persistence. Cox proportional hazards regression was used on propensity score-matched cohorts to examine change from index medication., Main Outcomes Measures: Initiation of and persistence with four first-line medical therapies: short- and long-acting reversible contraceptive steroids, leuprolide acetate, and tranexamic acid., Results: Most women (79.4%) took short-acting reversible contraceptive steroids as first-line therapy (index medication), whereas 9.5%, 8.5%, and 2.7% used long-acting reversible contraceptive steroids, leuprolide acetate, and tranexamic acid, respectively. During follow-up, 16 594 women (39.9%) switched to nonindex medication (18.4%) or procedural treatment (81.6%). In comparison with women taking short-acting steroids, those receiving long-acting steroids were less likely to switch [hazard ratio (HR) 0.84, 95% CI 0.79-0.91], whereas women taking leuprolide acetate (HR 2.44, 95% CI 2.27-2.62) or tranexamic acid (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.26-1.65) were more likely to switch. Older age, emergency department visits, anaemia, and inflammatory disease diagnoses at baseline were associated with increased probability of discontinuing the index medication or switching to another therapy., Conclusions: Women with uterine fibroid-related heavy menstrual bleeding were more likely to persist with their initial therapy of long-acting reversible contraceptive steroid compared with other medical options., Tweetable Abstract: 80% women with fibroid-related heavy menstrual bleeding use SARC, but LARC users are more persistent., (© 2016 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

Background & Aims: Inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF agents) are the most effective therapy for Crohn's disease (CD). We evaluated the real-world comparative effectiveness and safety of different anti-TNF agents (infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab pegol) in biologic-naive patients with CD in a retrospective, propensity-matched cohort study using a national administrative claims database (Optum Labs Data Warehouse)., Methods: We identified 3205 biologic-naive patients with CD (mean age, 41 ± 15 years; 45% male; median follow-up period after anti-TNF therapy, 19 months; 44.5% on infliximab and 38.9% on adalimumab) who received their first prescription for an anti-TNF agent (infliximab, adalimumab, or certolizumab pegol) after a 12-month period without any anti-TNF treatment (baseline), and with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months after their initial anti-TNF prescription, between 2006 and 2014. The primary outcomes were all-cause and CD-related hospitalization, abdominal surgery, corticosteroid use, and serious infections. We performed a propensity-matched, Cox proportional hazards analysis, accounting for baseline demographics, health care use, comorbidities, and use of CD-related medication., Results: Compared with adalimumab-treated patients, infliximab-treated patients had a lower risk of CD-related hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.98), abdominal surgery (aHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.99), and corticosteroid use (aHR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.75-0.96). Compared with certolizumab pegol-treated patients, infliximab-treated patients had a lower risk of all-cause hospitalization (aHR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52-0.95) and CD-related hospitalization (aHR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.39-0.90). Adalimumab-treated patients had outcomes comparable with those of certolizumab pegol-treated patients. All agents had comparable risk of serious infections., Conclusions: In a retrospective analysis of a large cohort of biologic-naive patients with CD, we found infliximab to be superior to adalimumab and certolizumab pegol for patient-relevant outcomes, without increased risk of serious infections., (Copyright © 2016 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: With the advent of healthcare payment reform, identifying high-risk populations has become more important to providers. Existing risk-prediction models often focus on chronic conditions. This study sought to better understand other factors to improve identification of the highest risk population., Study Design: A retrospective cohort study of a paneled primary care population utilizing 2010 data to calibrate a risk prediction model of hospital and emergency department (ED) use in 2011., Methods: Data were randomly split into development and validation data sets. We compared the enhanced model containing the additional risk predictors with the Minnesota medical tiering model. The study was conducted in the primary care practice of an integrated delivery system at an academic medical center in Rochester, Minnesota. The study focus was primary care medical home patients in 2010 and 2011 (n = 84,752), with the primary outcome of subsequent hospitalization or ED visit. A total of 42,384 individuals derived the enhanced risk-prediction model and 42,368 individuals validated the model. Predictors included Adjusted Clinical Groups-based Minnesota medical tiering, patient demographics, insurance status, and prior year healthcare utilization. Additional variables included specific mental and medical conditions, use of high-risk medications, and body mass index., Results: The area under the curve in the enhanced model was 0.705 (95% CI, 0.698-0.712) compared with 0.662 (95% CI, 0.656-0.669) in the Minnesota medical tiering-only model. New high-risk patients in the enhanced model were more likely to have lack of health insurance, presence of Medicaid, diagnosed depression, and prior ED utilization., Conclusions: An enhanced model including additional healthcare-related factors improved the prediction of risk of hospitalization or ED visit.

Background: Real-world comparative benefits and risks of infliximab (IFX) and adalimumab (ADA) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are unclear., Aim: To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of IFX and ADA in patients with UC who were new users of anti-TNF agents., Methods: Using an administrative claims database (Optum Labs Data Warehouse), we identified patients who received first anti-TNF (IFX, ADA) prescription after a 12-month period without any anti-TNF treatment (baseline), and with a minimum 6-month follow-up after anti-TNF initiation. Primary outcome measures were: all-cause and UC-related hospitalisation, abdominal surgery, corticosteroid use >60 days after starting anti-TNF, and serious infections. We performed 2:1 propensity-score matched Cox proportional hazard analysis, and inverse probability-of-treatment weight (IPTW) analysis, accounting for healthcare utilisation, comorbidities and use of UC-related medication., Results: We included 1400 new users of anti-TNF agents (age, 43 ± 15 years; 52% males), from 2006 to 2014. On propensity-score matched analysis, there was no significant difference in the risk of UC-related hospitalisation [IFX vs. ADA; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71-1.51], corticosteroid use (aHR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.68-1.06) and serious infections (aHR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.29-1.34) between IFX- and ADA-treated patients; the number of surgical events was very small. On IPTW analysis, risk of corticosteroid use was significantly lower in IFX - as compared to ADA - treated patients (aHR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.68-0.99). Results were stable on multiple sensitivity analyses., Conclusions: In a large retrospective cohort of patients with UC who were new users of anti-TNF agents, IFX-treated patients may have lower corticosteroid use than ADA-treated patients, but risk of hospitalisation and serious infections were comparable., (© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To compare the costs of vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy with robotically assisted hysterectomy., Methods: We identified all cases of robotically assisted hysterectomy, with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, treated at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2009. Cases were propensity score-matched (one-to-one) to cases of vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy, selected randomly from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2006 (before acquisition of the robotic surgical system). All billed costs were abstracted through the sixth postoperative week from the Olmsted County Healthcare Expenditure and Utilization Database and compared between cohorts with a generalized linear modeling framework. Predicted costs were estimated with the recycled predictions method. Costs of operative complications also were estimated., Results: The total number of abdominal hysterectomies collected for comparison was 234 and the total number of vaginal hysterectomies was 212. Predicted mean cost of robotically assisted hysterectomy was $2,253 more than that of vaginal hysterectomy ($13,619 compared with $11,366; P<.001), although costs of complications were not significantly different. The predicted mean costs of robotically assisted compared with abdominal hysterectomy were similar ($14,679 compared with $15,588; P=.35). The costs of complications were not significantly different., Conclusions: Overall, vaginal hysterectomy was less costly than robotically assisted hysterectomy. Abdominal hysterectomy and robotically assisted hysterectomy had similar costs., Level of Evidence: II.

Background & Aims: Central obesity could increase the risk for Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma by mechanical and/or metabolic mechanisms, such as hyperinsulinemia. We performed an epidemiologic study to determine whether prior type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is associated with BE., Methods: We performed a population-based case-control study using the General Practice Research Database, a UK primary care database that contains information on more than 8 million subjects, to identify cases of BE (using previously validated codes; n = 14,245) and matched controls without BE (by age, sex, enrollment date, duration of follow-up evaluation, and practice region by incidence density sampling; n = 70,361). We assessed the association of a prior diagnosis of DM2 with BE using conditional univariate and multivariable regression analysis. Confounders assessed included smoking, obesity measured by body mass index (BMI), and gastroesophageal reflux disease., Results: BE cases were more likely than controls to have smoked (52.4% vs 49.9%), have a higher mean BMI (27.2 vs 26.9), and a higher prevalence of DM2 than controls (5.8% vs 5.3%). On multivariable analysis, DM2 was associated with a 49% increase in the risk of BE, independent of other known risk factors (odds ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.91). This association was stronger in women than men. Results remained stable with sensitivity analyses., Conclusions: In a large population-based case-control study, DM2 was a risk factor for BE, independent of obesity (as measured by BMI) and other risk factors (smoking and gastroesophageal reflux disease). These data suggest that metabolic pathways related to DM2 should be explored in BE pathogenesis and esophageal carcinogenesis., (Copyright © 2013 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)