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Eastern Indonesia suffers from significant tsunami hazards due to its complex tectonic setting characterized by several subduction zones, numerous active volcanoes, as well as submarine landslides. Following the two destructive tsunamis in Indonesia in 2018 in Palu and Sunda Strait, it has been urgent to address large tsunami hazards in this unique tsunamigenic zone. This presentation outlines the outcomes of an international collaborative project on “Building Earthquake and Tsunami Resilience in East Indonesia”, supported by the Royal Society (UK) for the period 2019-2023. The project brought together research teams from UK and Indonesia, working together towards safer communities from tsunamis and earthquakes. The project mapped and studied seismogenic and tsunamigenic zones in East Indonesia, modelled scenarios of potential future tsunamis, and developed community resilience to tsunamis. A marine seismic survey was conducted in August 2022 to obtain seismic and bathymetric data from the region. The project also studied several recent earthquakes and tsunamis in the region, including the 14th November 2019 Molucca Sea tsunami following an Mw 7.2 earthquake, the 16th of June 2021 tsunami following an Mw 5.9 earthquake, and the 2018 Palu earthquake and tsunamis. It is believed that this project has generated a large database for earthquake and tsunami resilience studies in East Indonesia, and will inspire future research works. This research is funded by TheRoyal Society(the United Kingdom), grant number CHL/R1/180173 and Lloyd’s Tercentenary Research Foundation, the Lighthill Risk Network, and the Lloyd’s Register Foundation. &nbsp, The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Background & objective Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), represent serious nosocomial and community infections. Biofilm formation as an important virulence factor may be affected by sub-inhibitory levels of antibiotics. Few studies examined the effects of all therapeutic antimicrobial agents on clinical S.aureus. The current study aimed at observing the inducing and reducing effects of antibiotics, commonly used to treat staphylococcal infections on the production of staphylococcal biofilm. Methods Four MRSA (1ATCC and 3 clinical) and 1 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains with biofilm forming ability, evaluated by the Congo red agar (CRA) plate test, were employed. Biofilm formation was measured by crystal violet microtiter plate assay. Cefazolin, rifampicin, vancomycin, oxacillin, clindamycin, cotrimoxazole, minocycline, linezolid, azithromycin, and clarithromycin were added to wells ranging from 0.06to 128 µg/mL (1× to 1/1024 MIC dependent on the MIC value of each strain). Results The current study showed that azithromycin and vancomycin had a significant inducing effect on biofilm formation. In contrast, linezolid, cefazolin, and clarithromycin, and in the second place, clindamycin and minocycline could inhibit the level of biofilm production in the sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations. Conclusion The findings demonstrated that the biofilm formation as an important virulence factor may be affected by the subinhibitory levels of antibiotics.

Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. In the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean (Sumatra-Andaman) tsunami, numerous survey teams investigated its effects on various locations across the Indian Ocean. However, these efforts were focused only on sites that experienced major destruction and a high death toll. As a consequence, some Indian Ocean coastal megacities were not examined. Among the cities not surveyed was Mumbai, the principal west coast port and economical capital of India with a population of more than 12 million. Mumbai is at risk of tsunamis from two major subduction zones in the Indian Ocean: the Sumatra–Andaman subduction zone (SASZ) and the Makran subduction zone (MSZ). As a part of the present study, we conducted a field survey of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami effects in Mumbai, analysed the available tide gauge records and performed tsunami simulations. Our field survey in 2018 January found run-up heights of 1.6−3.3 m in the Mumbai area. According to our analysis of tide gauge data, tsunami trough-to-crest heights in Okha (550 km to the north of Mumbai) and in Mormugao (410 km to the south of Mumbai) were 46 cm and 108 cm, respectively. Simulations of a hypothetical MSZ Mw 9.0 earthquake and tsunami, together with the Mw 9.1 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake and tsunami, show that the tsunami heights generated in Mumbai by an MSZ tsunami would be significantly larger than those generated by the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman tsunami. This result indicates that future tsunami hazard mitigation for Mumbai needs to be based on a potential large MSZ earthquake rather than an SASZ earthquake. Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) of the United Kingdom; contract number NE/P016367/1; Royal Society, the United Kingdom (grant number CHL/R1/180173; Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India; Russian State Assignment of IORAS number 0149-2019-0005.

Appendix A. Supplementary data: The following is the Supplementary data to this article: Download Word document (https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0029801818318286-mmc1.docx - 3MB). Copyright © 2019 The Authors. The 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake and consequent tsunami have been controversial because of uncertainty over whether and where the plate interface ruptured and the incapability of the proposed source models to reproduce the near-field runup of 7 m. Existing models identify a wide range of locations for the interface rupture, from on land to offshore, and fail to reproduce runup of 7 m near Kaikoura. To generate the large tsunami peak in Kaikoura tide gauge record and the observed runup height, offshore seafloor movement is necessary, but the offshore extension of the plate-interface rupture and its type, either seismic rupture or a landslide, is uncertain. Here, we propose a submarine landslide in addition to the earthquake source, with the landslide delayed 10–20 min after the earthquake rupture. The landslide volume is 4.5–5.2 km3, located within 173.7–174.3oE (longitude) and 42.6–42.15oS (latitude). Our proposed dual tsunami source successfully reproduces near-field tide gauge records as well as observed near-field runup height of 7 m. We showed that more accurate source models of earthquakes can be achieved by considering observed runup data through runup inversions in addition to waveform inversions. Brunel Research Initiative and Enterprise Fund 2017/18 (BUL BRIEF) at Brunel University London

Copyright © The Author(s) 2018. We studied ocean-wide propagation properties of four recent trans-Pacific tsunamis based on deep-ocean measurements across the Pacific Ocean. First, we analyzed and simulated the 16 September 2015 tsunami generated by the Illapel (Chile) earthquake (Mw 8.4) and compared its ocean-wide propagation with those of three other events: the 2014 Iquique (Mw 8.2), 2010 Maule (Mw 8.8) and 2011 Tohoku (Mw 9.0). The Illapel and Maule tsunami sources are located close to each other and we reconstructed the source spectrum of the larger (i.e. Maule) tsunami by applying spectral deconvolution using the smaller (i.e. Illapel) tsunami as the empirical Green's function. The initial negative phase was found for all four events with durations of 8–29 (Iquique), 20–35 (Illapel), 22–70 (Maule) and 40–79 (Tohoku) min, with the maximum amplitudes of 0.11–0.26, 0.4–0.7, 0.5–2.9 and 1.9–2.5 cm, and the amplitude ratios to the first elevation phases of 20–40 per cent, 22–41 per cent, 29–61 per cent and 12–67 per cent, respectively. Unlike other studies, our results revealed that the duration ($${D_{ini}}$ $) and amplitude ($${A_{ini}}$ $) of the initial negative phase are directly proportional to the earthquake magnitude ($${M_w}$ $) with equations: $${M_w} = \;6.129 + 1.629\;{\rm{log}}( {{D_{ini}}} )$ $ and $${M_w} = \;8.676 + 0.706\;{\rm{log}}( {{A_{ini}}} )$ $. No relationships were observed between these parameters (i.e. $${D_{ini}}$ $ and $${A_{ini}}$ $) and distance from the source. The amplitudes of far-field DART waves do not vary with distance or strike angle, and depend only on the $${M_w}$ $. The average far-field deep-ocean amplitudes ($${A_{tsu}}$ $) for the Iquique, Illapel, Maule and Tohoku tsunamis were 0.9, 1.7, 6.0 and 15.0 cm, respectively, yielding the equation: $${M_w} = \;8.245 + 0.665\;{\rm{log}}( {{A_{tsu}}} )$ $. Brunel Research Initiative and Enterprise Fund

Copyright © The Author(s) 2017. A complicated earthquake (Mw 7.8) in terms of rupture mechanism occurred in the NE coast of South Island, New Zealand on 13 November 2016 (UTC) in a complex tectonic setting comprising a transition strike-slip zone between two subduction zones. The earthquake generated a small tsunami with zero-to-crest amplitude of 257 cm at the near-field tide gauge station of Kaikoura. Spectral analysis of the tsunami observations showed dual peaks at 3.6–5.7 and 5.7–56 min, which we attribute to the potential landslide and earthquake sources of the tsunami, respectively. Tsunami simulations showed that a source model with slip on an offshore plate-interface fault reproduces the near-field tsunami observation in terms of amplitude but fails in terms of tsunami period. On the other hand, a source model without offshore slip fails to reproduce the first peak, but the later phases are reproduced well in terms of both amplitude and period. It can be inferred that an offshore source is necessary to be involved, but it needs to be smaller in size than the plate-interface, which most likely points to a confined submarine landslide source; consistent with the dual-peak tsunami spectrum. We estimated the dimension of the potential submarine landslide at 8–10 km. This research was funded by Brunel Research Initiative & Enterprise Fund 2017/18 (BUL BRIEF) at the Brunel University London to the lead author (MH).

Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). The April 2016 Ecuador Mw 7.8 earthquake was the first megathrust tsunamigenic earthquake along the Ecuador-Colombia subduction zone since 1979 (Mw 8.2 with 200 deaths from tsunami). While there was no tsunami damage from the 2016 earthquake, small tsunamis were recorded at DART and tide gauges. Here, we designed various fault models with and without shallow-slip area, and compared the computed teleseismic and tsunami waveforms with the observations. While teleseismic inversions were indifferent about inclusion or exclusion of the shallow slip, tsunami waveforms strongly favored the slip model without shallow slip. Our final slip model has a depth range of 15–44 km and its western shallowest limit is located at the distance of ~60 km from the trench. Maximum and average slips were 2.5 and 0.7 m, respectively. The large-slip area was 80 km (along strike) × 60 km (along dip) in the depth range of 15–35 km.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Breast feeding has been associated with multiple developmental advantages for the infant. The probability of successful breast-feeding in preterm infant mothers is less than healthy and term infant mothers. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of breast feeding education program on exclusive breastfeeding and growth indices of preterm infants at 4 months after birth.METHODS: This Quasi experimental study was performed on pregnant mothers who exposed to preterm labor and their preterm infants. Seventy four preterm infants were assigned to intervention and control groups. Both groups were followed up to 4 months after birth. Intervention group received prenatal education and post partum follow up but control group only used the routine education in hospital. Then two groups were compared.FINDINGS: Percentage of exclusive breast-feeding at 2 months after birth in control group was 45% (n=33) and in intervention group was 60% (n=44) (p=0.07). In infants weighing 1000-1499g at 2 months of age, weight index and head circumstance in intervention group was more than control group (p=0.003 and p=0.05). In infants weighing over 2500g at 4 months of age, weight index and head circumstance in intervention group was more than control group (p=0.01 and p=0.02). CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, prenatal education and post partum follow up is effective on exclusive breastfeeding. Using breastfeeding in intervention group was more than control group.

We apply a genetic algorithm (GA) to find the optimized unit sources using dispersive tsunami synthetics to estimate the tsunami source of the 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake. The optimal number and distribution of unit sources gives the sea surface elevation similar to that from our previous slip distribution on a fault using tsunami data, but different from that using seismic data. The difference is possibly due to submarine mass failure in the source region. Dispersion effects during tsunami propagation reduce the maximum amplitudes by up to 20% of conventional linear long wave propagation model. Dispersion effects also increase tsunami travel time by approximately 1 min per 1,300 km on average. The dispersion effects on amplitudes depend on the azimuth from the tsunami source reflecting the directivity of tsunami source, while the effects on travel times depend only on the distance from the source. The sea bottom pressure data at the Ocean Bottom Seismograph stations used in this research were provided by instruments from the Ocean Bottom Seismograph Instrument Pool (http://www.obsip.org) which is funded by the US National Science Foundation. The facilities of the IRIS Data Management System were used to access the data used in this study. The sea level observations at the DART stations used in this research were provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and publicly available from http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/. The sea level observations at the tide gauge station in Canada were provided by the Canadian Hydrographic Service http://www.tides.gc.ca/eng. We thank Alexander Rabinovich (Institute of Ocean Sciences, Canada) for providing processed tide gauge data at the Canadian stations.

Faculty of Engineering of the University of Tehran

Background Intervention in early childhood development as one of the social determinants of health, is important for reducing social gap and inequity. In spite of increasingly developing intensive neonatal care wards and decreasing neonatal mortality rate, there is no follow up program in Iran. This study was carreid out to design high risk infants follow up care program with the practical aim of creating an model action for whole country, in 2012. Methods This qualitative study has been done by the Neonatal Department of the Deputy of Public Health in cooperation with Pediatrics Health Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. After study of international documents, consensus agreement about adapted program for Iran has been accomplished by focus group discussion and attended Delphi agreement technique. After compiling primary draft included evidence based guidelines and executive plan, 14 sessions including expert panels were hold to finalize the program. Results After finalizing the program, high risk infants follow up care service package has been designed in 3 chapters: Evidence based clinical guidelines; eighteen main clinical guidelines and thirteen subsidiaries clinical guidelines, executive plan; 6 general, 6 following up and 5 backup processes. Education program including general and especial courses for care givers and follow up team, and family education processes. Conclusion We designed and finalized high risk infants follow up care service package. It seems to open a way to extend it to whole country.

Introduction: Despite growing knowledge about pain assessment and intervention, neonatal infant pain remains a challenge to neonatal care providers because these infants cannot speak and advocate for themselves. The aim of this study was to explore the effective factors in the implementation of neonatal pain management from of nurse’s perspectives in NICU. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study, a content analysis approach was used. Participants consisted of 25 nurses working in neonatal intensive care unit of Alavi hospital in Ardabil, North east of Iran. Data were collected using four focus group discussions and were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: The results of the data analysis eventually led to the creation of two abstract themes that were effective for pain management. The two themes “Individual Factors” and “Organizational Factors” were introduced. First theme contains categories of “Knowledge of the personnel” and “Attitude of the personnel” and the second theme include “Policy of pain control”, “Working conditions of nurse ” and “Management performance” Conclusion: The findings of this research indicate that the implementation of neonatal pain management has been affected by the problems and obstacles that are not a priority in the field of study about pain management Therefore; there is a need for strategies to reduce or remove these barriers