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1. The hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach: A synthesis method for enhancing theory development in ecology and evolution

Author

Volkswagen Foundation, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (US), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Heger, T. [0000-0002-5522-5632], Enders, M. [0000-0002-0681-852X], Gómez Aparicio, Lorena [0000-0001-5122-3579], Jeschke, Jonathan M. [0000-0003-3328-4217], Heger, T., Aguilar, Carlos, Bartram, Isabelle, Braga, Raul Rennó, Dietl, Gregory P., Enders, M., Gibson, David J., Gómez Aparicio, Lorena, Gras, Pierre, Jax, Kurt, Lokatis, Sophie, Lortie, C. J., Mupepele, Anne-Christine, Schindler, Stefan, Starrfelt, Jostein, Synodinos, Alexis, Jeschke, Jonathan M., Volkswagen Foundation, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (US), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Heger, T. [0000-0002-5522-5632], Enders, M. [0000-0002-0681-852X], Gómez Aparicio, Lorena [0000-0001-5122-3579], Jeschke, Jonathan M. [0000-0003-3328-4217], Heger, T., Aguilar, Carlos, Bartram, Isabelle, Braga, Raul Rennó, Dietl, Gregory P., Enders, M., Gibson, David J., Gómez Aparicio, Lorena, Gras, Pierre, Jax, Kurt, Lokatis, Sophie, Lortie, C. J., Mupepele, Anne-Christine, Schindler, Stefan, Starrfelt, Jostein, Synodinos, Alexis, and Jeschke, Jonathan M.

Abstract

In the current era of Big Data, existing synthesis tools such as formal meta-analyses are critical means to handle the deluge of information. However, there is a need for complementary tools that help to (a) organize evidence, (b) organize theory, and (c) closely connect evidence to theory. We present the hierarchy-of-hypotheses (HoH) approach to address these issues. In an HoH, hypotheses are conceptually and visually structured in a hierarchically nested way where the lower branches can be directly connected to empirical results. Used for organizing evidence, this tool allows researchers to conceptually connect empirical results derived through diverse approaches and to reveal under which circumstances hypotheses are applicable. Used for organizing theory, it allows researchers to uncover mechanistic components of hypotheses and previously neglected conceptual connections. In the present article, we offer guidance on how to build an HoH, provide examples from population and evolutionary biology and propose terminological clarifications.

Published
2021

2. The hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach: A synthesis method for enhancing theory development in ecology and evolution

Author

Volkswagen Foundation, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Heger, T. [0000-0002-5522-5632], Enders, M. [0000-0002-0681-852X], Gómez Aparicio, Lorena [0000-0001-5122-3579], Jeschke, Jonathan M. [0000-0003-3328-4217], Heger, T., Aguilar, Carlos, Bartram, Isabelle, Braga, Raul Rennó, Dietl, Gregory P., Enders, M., Gibson, David J., Gómez Aparicio, Lorena, Gras, Pierre, Jax, Kurt, Lokatis, Sophie, Lortie, C. J., Mupepele, Anne-Christine, Schindler, Stefan, Starrfelt, Jostein, Synodinos, Alexis, Jeschke, Jonathan M., Volkswagen Foundation, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Heger, T. [0000-0002-5522-5632], Enders, M. [0000-0002-0681-852X], Gómez Aparicio, Lorena [0000-0001-5122-3579], Jeschke, Jonathan M. [0000-0003-3328-4217], Heger, T., Aguilar, Carlos, Bartram, Isabelle, Braga, Raul Rennó, Dietl, Gregory P., Enders, M., Gibson, David J., Gómez Aparicio, Lorena, Gras, Pierre, Jax, Kurt, Lokatis, Sophie, Lortie, C. J., Mupepele, Anne-Christine, Schindler, Stefan, Starrfelt, Jostein, Synodinos, Alexis, and Jeschke, Jonathan M.

Abstract

In the current era of Big Data, existing synthesis tools (e.g. formal meta-analysis) are useful for handling the deluge of data and information. However, there is a need for complementary tools that help to (i) structure data and information, (ii) closely connect evidence to theory and (iii) further develop theory. We present the hierarchy-of-hypotheses (HoH) approach to address these issues. In an HoH, hypotheses are conceptually and visually structured in a hierarchically nested way, where the lower branches can be directly connected to empirical results. Used as an evidence-driven, bottom-up approach, it can (i) show connections between empirical results, even when derived through diverse approaches; and (ii) indicate under which circumstances hypotheses are applicable. Used as a theory-driven, top-down method, it helps uncover mechanistic components of hypotheses. We offer guidance on how to build an HoH, provide examples from population and evolutionary biology and propose terminological clarifications.

Published
2020

3. A conceptual map of invasion biology: Integrating hypotheses into a consensus network

Author

Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Stellenbosch University, German Research Foundation, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Czech Science Foundation, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Enders, M. [0000-0002-0681-852X], Havemann, Frank [0000-0002-0485-2580], Ruland, Florian [0000-0002-5785-1733], Catford, Jane A. [0000-0003-0582-5960], Gómez Aparicio, Lorena [0000-0001-5122-3579], Haider, Sylvia [0000-0002-2966-0534], Heger, T. [0000-0002-5522-5632], Kueffer, Christoph [0000-0001-6701-0703], Kühn, Ingolf [0000-0003-1691-8249], Meyerson, Laura A. [0000-0002-1283-3865], Musseau, Camille [0000-0002-5633-2384], Novoa, Ana [0000-0001-7092-3917], Schittko, Conrad [0000-0002-2200-8762], Vilà, Montserrat [0000-0003-3171-8261], Kleunen, Mark van [0000-0002-2861-3701], Lockwood, Julie [0000-0003-0177-449X], Mabey, Abigail L. [0000-0003-0156-1881], Palma, Estíbaliz [0000-0002-4500-254X], Pyšek, Petr [0000-0001-8500-442X], Saul, Wolf‐Christian [0000-0002-3584-6159], Yannelli , Florencia A. [0000-0003-1544-5312], Jeschke, Jonathan M. [0000-0003-3328-4217], Enders, M., Havemann, Frank, Ruland, Florian, Bernard-Verdier, Maud, Catford, Jane A., Gómez Aparicio, Lorena, Haider, Sylvia, Heger, T., Kueffer, Christoph, Kühn, Ingolf, Meyerson, Laura A., Musseau, Camille, Novoa, Ana, Ricciardi, Anthony, Sagouis , Alban, Schittko, Conrad, Strayer, D. L., Vilà, Montserrat, Essl, Franz, Hulme, Philip E., Kleunen, Mark van, Kumschick, Sabrina, Lockwood, Julie, McGeoch, Mélodie A., Palma, Estíbaliz, Pyšek, Petr, Saul, Wolf‐Christian, Yannelli, Florencia A., Jeschke, Jonathan M., Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Stellenbosch University, German Research Foundation, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Czech Science Foundation, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Enders, M. [0000-0002-0681-852X], Havemann, Frank [0000-0002-0485-2580], Ruland, Florian [0000-0002-5785-1733], Catford, Jane A. [0000-0003-0582-5960], Gómez Aparicio, Lorena [0000-0001-5122-3579], Haider, Sylvia [0000-0002-2966-0534], Heger, T. [0000-0002-5522-5632], Kueffer, Christoph [0000-0001-6701-0703], Kühn, Ingolf [0000-0003-1691-8249], Meyerson, Laura A. [0000-0002-1283-3865], Musseau, Camille [0000-0002-5633-2384], Novoa, Ana [0000-0001-7092-3917], Schittko, Conrad [0000-0002-2200-8762], Vilà, Montserrat [0000-0003-3171-8261], Kleunen, Mark van [0000-0002-2861-3701], Lockwood, Julie [0000-0003-0177-449X], Mabey, Abigail L. [0000-0003-0156-1881], Palma, Estíbaliz [0000-0002-4500-254X], Pyšek, Petr [0000-0001-8500-442X], Saul, Wolf‐Christian [0000-0002-3584-6159], Yannelli , Florencia A. [0000-0003-1544-5312], Jeschke, Jonathan M. [0000-0003-3328-4217], Enders, M., Havemann, Frank, Ruland, Florian, Bernard-Verdier, Maud, Catford, Jane A., Gómez Aparicio, Lorena, Haider, Sylvia, Heger, T., Kueffer, Christoph, Kühn, Ingolf, Meyerson, Laura A., Musseau, Camille, Novoa, Ana, Ricciardi, Anthony, Sagouis , Alban, Schittko, Conrad, Strayer, D. L., Vilà, Montserrat, Essl, Franz, Hulme, Philip E., Kleunen, Mark van, Kumschick, Sabrina, Lockwood, Julie, McGeoch, Mélodie A., Palma, Estíbaliz, Pyšek, Petr, Saul, Wolf‐Christian, Yannelli, Florencia A., and Jeschke, Jonathan M.

Abstract

Background and aims Since its emergence in the mid‐20th century, invasion biology has matured into a productive research field addressing questions of fundamental and applied importance. Not only has the number of empirical studies increased through time, but also has the number of competing, overlapping and, in some cases, contradictory hypotheses about biological invasions. To make these contradictions and redundancies explicit, and to gain insight into the field’s current theoretical structure, we developed and applied a Delphi approach to create a consensus network of 39 existing invasion hypotheses. Results The resulting network was analysed with a link‐clustering algorithm that revealed five concept clusters (resource availability, biotic interaction, propagule, trait and Darwin’s clusters) representing complementary areas in the theory of invasion biology. The network also displays hypotheses that link two or more clusters, called connecting hypotheses, which are important in determining network structure. The network indicates hypotheses that are logically linked either positively (77 connections of support) or negatively (that is, they contradict each other; 6 connections). Significance The network visually synthesizes how invasion biology’s predominant hypotheses are conceptually related to each other, and thus, reveals an emergent structure – a conceptual map – that can serve as a navigation tool for scholars, practitioners and students, both inside and outside of the field of invasion biology, and guide the development of a more coherent foundation of theory. Additionally, the outlined approach can be more widely applied to create a conceptual map for the larger fields of ecology and biogeography.

Published
2020

4. The hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach: A synthesis method for enhancing theory development in ecology and evolution

Author

Heger, T., Aguilar, Carlos, Bartram, Isabelle, Braga, Raul Rennó, Dietl, Gregory P., Enders, M., Gibson, David J., Gómez Aparicio, Lorena, Gras, Pierre, Jax, Kurt, Lokatis, Sophie, Lortie, C. J., Mupepele, Anne-Christine, Schindler, Stefan, Starrfelt, Jostein, Synodinos, Alexis, Jeschke, Jonathan M., Volkswagen Foundation, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (US), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Heger, T., Enders, M., Gómez Aparicio, Lorena, Jeschke, Jonathan M., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Heger, T. [0000-0002-5522-5632], Enders, M. [0000-0002-0681-852X], Gómez Aparicio, Lorena [0000-0001-5122-3579], and Jeschke, Jonathan M. [0000-0003-3328-4217]

Subjects
Hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach, hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach, linking evidence to theory, knowledge synthesis, structuring ideas, theory development, Computer science, AcademicSubjects/SCI00010, Big data, Population, bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Development theory, Linking evidence to theory, bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, bepress|Life Sciences, AcademicSubjects/SOC02100, education, Hierarchy, education.field_of_study, Theory development, business.industry, Knowledge synthesis, 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie, Data science, ddc, Overview Articles, Evolutionary ecology, Structuring ideas, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, business
Abstract

13 páginas.- 4 figuras.- referencias.- Supplemental material is available at BIOSCI online. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa130, In the current era of Big Data, existing synthesis tools such as formal meta-analyses are critical means to handle the deluge of information. However, there is a need for complementary tools that help to (a) organize evidence, (b) organize theory, and (c) closely connect evidence to theory. We present the hierarchy-of-hypotheses (HoH) approach to address these issues. In an HoH, hypotheses are conceptually and visually structured in a hierarchically nested way where the lower branches can be directly connected to empirical results. Used for organizing evidence, this tool allows researchers to conceptually connect empirical results derived through diverse approaches and to reveal under which circumstances hypotheses are applicable. Used for organizing theory, it allows researchers to uncover mechanistic components of hypotheses and previously neglected conceptual connections. In the present article, we offer guidance on how to build an HoH, provide examples from population and evolutionary biology and propose terminological clarifications., The workshops were funded by Volkswagen Foundation (Az 92,807 and 94,246). TH, CAA, ME, PG, ADS, and JMJ received funding from German Federal Ministry of Education and Research within the Collaborative Project “Bridging in Biodiversity Science” (grant no. 01LC1501A). ME additionally received funding from the Foundation of German Business, JMJ from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grants no. JE 288/9–1 and JE 288/9–2), and IB from German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. FKZ 01GP1710). CJL was supported by a grant from The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and in-kind synthesis support from the US National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis. LGA was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities through project no. CGL2014–56,739-R, and RRB received funding from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (process no. 152,289/2018–6)

Published
2021

5. A conceptual map of invasion biology: Integrating hypotheses into a consensus network

Author

Abigail L. Mabey, Philip E. Hulme, Florencia A. Yannelli, Petr Pyšek, Sylvia Haider, Wolf-Christian Saul, Melodie A. McGeoch, Ingolf Kühn, Florian Ruland, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Lorena Gómez-Aparicio, Camille Musseau, Montserrat Vilà, Franz Essl, Estibaliz Palma, David L. Strayer, Ana Novoa, Sabrina Kumschick, Alban Sagouis, Maud Bernard-Verdier, Tina Heger, Jane A. Catford, Laura A. Meyerson, Conrad Schittko, Julie L. Lockwood, Anthony Ricciardi, Christoph Kueffer, Martin Enders, Mark van Kleunen, Frank Havemann, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / German Research Foundation (DFG), Czech Science Foundation, Czech Academy of Sciences, Natural Environmental Research Council, Belmaker, Jonathan, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Stellenbosch University, German Research Foundation, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Enders, M., Havemann, Frank, Ruland, Florian, Catford, Jane A., Gómez Aparicio, Lorena, Haider, Sylvia, Heger, T., Kueffer, Christoph, Kühn, Ingolf, Meyerson, Laura A., Musseau, Camille, Novoa, Ana, Schittko, Conrad, Vilà, Montserrat, Kleunen, Mark van, Lockwood, Julie, Mabey, Abigail L., Palma, Estíbaliz, Pyšek, Petr, Saul, Wolf‐Christian, Yannelli , Florencia A., Jeschke, Jonathan M., Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). Reino Unido, Enders, M. [0000-0002-0681-852X], Havemann, Frank [0000-0002-0485-2580], Ruland, Florian [0000-0002-5785-1733], Catford, Jane A. [0000-0003-0582-5960], Gómez Aparicio, Lorena [0000-0001-5122-3579], Haider, Sylvia [0000-0002-2966-0534], Heger, T. [0000-0002-5522-5632], Kueffer, Christoph [0000-0001-6701-0703], Kühn, Ingolf [0000-0003-1691-8249], Meyerson, Laura A. [0000-0002-1283-3865], Musseau, Camille [0000-0002-5633-2384], Novoa, Ana [0000-0001-7092-3917], Schittko, Conrad [0000-0002-2200-8762], Vilà, Montserrat [0000-0003-3171-8261], Kleunen, Mark van [0000-0002-2861-3701], Lockwood, Julie [0000-0003-0177-449X], Mabey, Abigail L. [0000-0003-0156-1881], Palma, Estíbaliz [0000-0002-4500-254X], Pyšek, Petr [0000-0001-8500-442X], Saul, Wolf‐Christian [0000-0002-3584-6159], Yannelli , Florencia A. [0000-0003-1544-5312], and Jeschke, Jonathan M. [0000-0003-3328-4217]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, navigation tools, Ecology (disciplines), biological invasions, Delphi method, 570 Biologie, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Resource (project management), Empirical research, ddc:570, Invasion science, Iinvasion theory, Biological invasions, network analysis, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Structure (mathematical logic), Consensus map, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, concepts, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, consensus map, Navigation tools, Concept Paper, 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie, invasion theory, Data science, invasion science, Field (geography), Trait, Network analysis, Concepts
Abstract

Background and aims Since its emergence in the mid‐20th century, invasion biology has matured into a productive research field addressing questions of fundamental and applied importance. Not only has the number of empirical studies increased through time, but also has the number of competing, overlapping and, in some cases, contradictory hypotheses about biological invasions. To make these contradictions and redundancies explicit, and to gain insight into the field’s current theoretical structure, we developed and applied a Delphi approach to create a consensus network of 39 existing invasion hypotheses. Results The resulting network was analysed with a link‐clustering algorithm that revealed five concept clusters (resource availability, biotic interaction, propagule, trait and Darwin’s clusters) representing complementary areas in the theory of invasion biology. The network also displays hypotheses that link two or more clusters, called connecting hypotheses , which are important in determining network structure. The network indicates hypotheses that are logically linked either positively (77 connections of support) or negatively (that is, they contradict each other; 6 connections). Significance The network visually synthesizes how invasion biology’s predominant hypotheses are conceptually related to each other, and thus, reveals an emergent structure – a conceptual map – that can serve as a navigation tool for scholars, practitioners and students, both inside and outside of the field of invasion biology, and guide the development of a more coherent foundation of theory. Additionally, the outlined approach can be more widely applied to create a conceptual map for the larger fields of ecology and biogeography., Global Ecology and Biogeography, 29 (6), ISSN:1466-822X, ISSN:1466-8238

Published
2020

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