39 results on '"Heger, B"'
Search Results
2. Photon efficiency ( S+ D)/XB of hydrogen molecules at low electron temperatures
- Author
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Fantz, U., Heger, B., Wünderlich, D., Pugno, R., and ASDEX Upgrade Team
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Hydrogen molecules in the divertor of ASDEX Upgrade
- Author
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Fantz, U., Reiter, D., Heger, B., and Coster, D.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Vibrational population of the ground state of H 2 and D 2 in the divertor of ASDEX Upgrade
- Author
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Heger, B., Fantz, U., and Behringer, K.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Enhancement of magnetocaloric effect in CoMn0.9Fe0.1Ge alloy
- Author
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Yuzuak, E., Dincer, I., Elerman, Y., Dumkow, I., Heger, B., Emre, S. Yuce, and Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi
- Subjects
Martensitic phase transition ,Magnetocaloric effect ,CoMnGe alloy - Abstract
YUZUAK, ERCUMENT/0000-0001-6667-513X WOS: 000354195900010 The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of CoMn0.9Fe0.1GeCoMn0.9Fe0.1Ge alloy has been investigated by using of electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, calorimetric, heat capacity and magnetic measurements. The substitution of Fe atoms for Mn atoms in the CoMnGe system leads to a decrease in the martensitic transition temperature from 650 K to room temperature (RT) and presents the magnetostructural properties in vicinity of RT. In order to assess MCE, temperature dependent of magnetization measurements have performed under applying variable magnetic fields. The largest entropy change values are -34.9 J kg(-1) K-1 (magnetization) and -33.6 J kg(-1) K-1 (demagnetization) for Delta H=5T. The adiabatic temperature change value of CoMn0.9Fe0.1GeCoMn0.9Fe0.1Ge is calculated 8.5 K for 2 T from magnetic and heat capacity measurements. The density of states of electrons at Fermi level and the Debye temperature values of this alloy are found 1.19 states eV(-1) atom(-1) and 353 K from low temperature heat capacity measurements. This giant magnetocaloric effect makes this material a very promising candidate for future RT cooling applications. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate GmbH The authors would like to thank BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate GmbH for the financial support. Our appreciation also goes to Mrs. S. Yuce Emre for her assistance with sample preparations.
- Published
- 2015
6. Enhancement of magnetocaloric effect in CoMn0.9Fe0.1Ge alloy
- Author
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Yüzüak, E., primary, Dincer, I., additional, Elerman, Y., additional, Dumkow, I., additional, Heger, B., additional, and Yuce Emre, S., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Overview of ASDEX Upgrade resultsâ€'development of integrated operating scenarios for ITER
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Guenter, S., Angioni, C., Apostoliceanu, M., Atanasiu, C., Balden, M., Becker, G., Becker, W., Behler, K., Behringer, K., Bergmann, A., Bilato, R., Bizyukov, I., Bobkov, V., Bolzonella, T., Borba, D., Borrass, K., Brambilla, M., Braun, F., Buhler, A., Carlson, A., Chankin, A., Chen, J., Chen, Y., Cirant, S., Conway, G., Coster, D., Dannert, T., Dimova, K., Drube, R., Dux, R., Eich, T., Engelhardt, K., Fahrbach, H. U., Fantz, U., Fattorini, L., Foley, M., Franzen, P., Fuchs, J. C., Gafert, J., Gal, K., Gantenbein, G., GARCA MUOZ, M., Gehre, O., Geier, A., Giannone, L., Gruber, O., Haas, G., Hartmann, D., Heger, B., Heinemann, B., Herrmann, A., Hobirk, J., Hohencker, H., Horton, L., Huart, M., Igochine, V., Jacchia, A., Jakobi, M., Jenko, F., Kallenbach, A., Klvin, S., Kardaun, O., Kaufmann, M., Keller, A., Kendl, A., Kick, M., Kim, J. W., Kirov, K., Klose, S., Kochergov, R., Kocsis, G., Kollotzek, H., Konz, C., Kraus, W., Krieger, K., KURKI SUONIO, T., Kurzan, B., Lackner, K., Lang, P. T., Lauber, P., Laux, M., Leuterer, F., Likonen, J., Lohs, A., Lorenz, A., Lorenzini, R., Lyssoivan, A., Maggi, C., Maier, H., Mank, K., Manini, A., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Maraschek, M., Martin, Piero, Mast, K. F., Mayer, M., Mccarthy, P., Meyer, H., Meisel, D., Meister, H., Menmuir, S., Meo, F., Merkel, P., Merkel, R., Merkl, D., Mertens, V., Monaco, F., Mck, A., Mller, H. W., Mnich, M., Murmann, H., Y. S., Na, Narayanan, R., Neu, G., Neu, R., Neuhauser, J., Nishijima, D., Nishimura, Y., Noterdaeme, J. M., Nunes, I., PACCO DCHS, M., Pautasso, G., Peeters, A. G., Pereverzev, G., Pinches, S., Poli, E., POSTHUMUS WOLFRUM, E., Ptterich, T., Pugno, R., Quigley, E., Radivojevic, I., Raupp, G., Reich, M., Riedl, R., Ribeiro, T., Rohde, V., Roth, J., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Sandmann, W., Santos, J., Schall, G., Schilling, H. B., Schirmer, J., Schneider, W., Schramm, G., Schweinzer, J., Schweizer, S., Scott, B., Seidel, U., Serra, F., Sihler, C., Silva, A., Sips, A., Speth, E., Stbler, A., Steuer, K. H., Stober, J., Streibl, B., Strintzi, D., Strumberger, E., Suttrop, W., Tardini, G., Tichmann, C., Treutterer, W., Troppmann, M., Tsalas, M., Urano, H., and Varela, P.
- Published
- 2005
8. Hydrocarbon puff experiment in the ASDEX Upgrade divertor
- Author
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Pugno, R., Kallenbach, A., Heger, B., Carlson, A., and ASDEX Upgrade Team
- Published
- 2003
9. Modification of the ground state vibrational population of molecular hydrogen and deuterium by different wall materials in low temperature plasmas
- Author
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Heger, B. and Fantz, U.
- Published
- 2001
10. Overview of ASDEX Upgrade results—development of integrated operating scenarios for ITER
- Author
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Günter, S, primary, Angioni, C, additional, Apostoliceanu, M, additional, Atanasiu, C, additional, Balden, M, additional, Becker, G, additional, Becker, W, additional, Behler, K, additional, Behringer, K, additional, Bergmann, A, additional, Bilato, R, additional, Bizyukov, I, additional, Bobkov, V, additional, Bolzonella, T, additional, Borba, D, additional, Borrass, K, additional, Brambilla, M, additional, Braun, F, additional, Buhler, A, additional, Carlson, A, additional, Chankin, A, additional, Chen, J, additional, Chen, Y, additional, Cirant, S, additional, Conway, G, additional, Coster, D, additional, Dannert, T, additional, Dimova, K, additional, Drube, R, additional, Dux, R, additional, Eich, T, additional, Engelhardt, K, additional, Fahrbach, H.-U, additional, Fantz, U, additional, Fattorini, L, additional, Foley, M, additional, Franzen, P, additional, Fuchs, J.C, additional, Gafert, J, additional, Gal, K, additional, Gantenbein, G, additional, Muñoz, M. García, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Geier, A, additional, Giannone, L, additional, Gruber, O, additional, Haas, G, additional, Hartmann, D, additional, Heger, B, additional, Heinemann, B, additional, Herrmann, A, additional, Hobirk, J, additional, Hohenöcker, H, additional, Horton, L, additional, Huart, M, additional, Igochine, V, additional, Jacchia, A, additional, Jakobi, M, additional, Jenko, F, additional, Kallenbach, A, additional, Kálvin, S, additional, Kardaun, O, additional, Kaufmann, M, additional, Keller, A, additional, Kendl, A, additional, Kick, M, additional, Kim, J.-W, additional, Kirov, K, additional, Klose, S, additional, Kochergov, R, additional, Kocsis, G, additional, Kollotzek, H, additional, Konz, C, additional, Kraus, W, additional, Krieger, K, additional, Kurki-Suonio, T, additional, Kurzan, B, additional, Lackner, K, additional, Lang, P.T, additional, Lauber, P, additional, Laux, M, additional, Leuterer, F, additional, Likonen, J, additional, Lohs, A, additional, Lorenz, A, additional, Lorenzini, R, additional, Lyssoivan, A, additional, Maggi, C, additional, Maier, H, additional, Mank, K, additional, Manini, A, additional, Manso, M.-E, additional, Mantica, P, additional, Maraschek, M, additional, Martin, P, additional, Mast, K.F, additional, Mayer, M, additional, McCarthy, P, additional, Meyer, H, additional, Meisel, D, additional, Meister, H, additional, Menmuir, S, additional, Meo, F, additional, Merkel, P, additional, Merkel, R, additional, Merkl, D, additional, Mertens, V, additional, Monaco, F, additional, Mück, A, additional, Müller, H.W, additional, Münich, M, additional, Murmann, H, additional, Na, Y.-S, additional, Narayanan, R, additional, Neu, G, additional, Neu, R, additional, Neuhauser, J, additional, Nishijima, D, additional, Nishimura, Y, additional, Noterdaeme, J.-M, additional, Nunes, I, additional, Pacco-Düchs, M, additional, Pautasso, G, additional, Peeters, A.G, additional, Pereverzev, G, additional, Pinches, S, additional, Poli, E, additional, Posthumus-Wolfrum, E, additional, Pütterich, T, additional, Pugno, R, additional, Quigley, E, additional, Radivojevic, I, additional, Raupp, G, additional, Reich, M, additional, Riedl, R, additional, Ribeiro, T, additional, Rohde, V, additional, Roth, J, additional, Ryter, F, additional, Saarelma, S, additional, Sandmann, W, additional, Santos, J, additional, Schall, G, additional, Schilling, H.-B, additional, Schirmer, J, additional, Schneider, W, additional, Schramm, G, additional, Schweinzer, J, additional, Schweizer, S, additional, Scott, B, additional, Seidel, U, additional, Serra, F, additional, Sihler, C, additional, Silva, A, additional, Sips, A, additional, Speth, E, additional, Stäbler, A, additional, Steuer, K.-H, additional, Stober, J, additional, Streibl, B, additional, Strintzi, D, additional, Strumberger, E, additional, Suttrop, W, additional, Tardini, G, additional, Tichmann, C, additional, Treutterer, W, additional, Troppmann, M, additional, Tsalas, M, additional, Urano, H, additional, Varela, P, additional, Wagner, D, additional, Wesner, F, additional, Würsching, E, additional, Ye, M.Y, additional, Yoon, S.-W, additional, Yu, Q, additional, Zaniol, B, additional, Zasche, D, additional, Zehetbauer, T, additional, Zehrfeld, H.-P, additional, Zilker, M, additional, and Zohm, H, additional
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Overview of ASDEX Upgrade results
- Author
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Zohm, H, primary, Angioni, C, additional, Arslanbekov, R, additional, Atanasiu, C, additional, Becker, G, additional, Becker, W, additional, Behler, K, additional, Behringer, K, additional, Bergmann, A, additional, Bilato, R, additional, Bobkov, V, additional, Bolshukhin, D, additional, Bolzonella, T, additional, Borrass, K, additional, Brambilla, M, additional, Braun, F, additional, Buhler, A, additional, Carlson, A, additional, Conway, G.D, additional, Coster, D.P, additional, Drube, R, additional, Dux, R, additional, Egorov, S, additional, Eich, T, additional, Engelhardt, K, additional, Fahrbach, H.-U, additional, Fantz, U, additional, Faugel, H, additional, Finken, K.H, additional, Foley, M, additional, Franzen, P, additional, Fuchs, J.C, additional, Gafert, J, additional, Fournier, K.B, additional, Gantenbein, G, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Geier, A, additional, Gernhardt, J, additional, Goodman, T, additional, Gruber, O, additional, Gude, A, additional, Günter, S, additional, Haas, G, additional, Hartmann, D, additional, Heger, B, additional, Heinemann, B, additional, Herrmann, A, additional, Hobirk, J, additional, Hofmeister, F, additional, Hohenöcker, H, additional, Horton, L.D, additional, Igochine, V, additional, Jacchia, A, additional, Jakobi, M, additional, Jenko, F, additional, Kallenbach, A, additional, Kardaun, O, additional, Kaufmann, M, additional, Keller, A, additional, Kendl, A, additional, Kim, J.-W, additional, Kirov, K, additional, Kochergov, R, additional, Kollotzek, H, additional, Kraus, W, additional, Krieger, K, additional, Kurki-Suonio, T, additional, Kurzan, B, additional, Lang, P.T, additional, Lasnier, C, additional, Lauber, P, additional, Laux, M, additional, Leonard, A.W, additional, Leuterer, F, additional, Lohs, A, additional, Lorenz, A, additional, Lorenzini, R, additional, Maggi, C, additional, Maier, H, additional, Mank, K, additional, Manso, M.-E, additional, Mantica, P, additional, Maraschek, M, additional, Martines, E, additional, Mast, K.-F, additional, McCarthy, P, additional, Meisel, D, additional, Meister, H, additional, Meo, F, additional, Merkel, P, additional, Merkel, R, additional, Merkl, D, additional, Mertens, V, additional, Monaco, F, additional, Mück, A, additional, Müller, H.W, additional, Münich, M, additional, Murmann, H, additional, Na, Y.-S, additional, Neu, G, additional, Neu, R, additional, Neuhauser, J, additional, Nguyen, F, additional, Nishijima, D, additional, Nishimura, Y, additional, Noterdaeme, J.-M, additional, Nunes, I, additional, Pautasso, G, additional, Peeters, A.G, additional, Pereverzev, G, additional, Pinches, S.D, additional, Poli, E, additional, Proschek, M, additional, Pugno, R, additional, Quigley, E, additional, Raupp, G, additional, Reich, M, additional, Ribeiro, T, additional, Riedl, R, additional, Rohde, V, additional, Roth, J, additional, Ryter, F, additional, Saarelma, S, additional, Sandmann, W, additional, Savtchkov, A, additional, Sauter, O, additional, Schade, S, additional, Schilling, H.-B, additional, Schneider, W, additional, Schramm, G, additional, Schwarz, E, additional, Schweinzer, J, additional, Schweizer, S, additional, Scott, B.D, additional, Seidel, U, additional, Serra, F, additional, Sesnic, S, additional, Sihler, C, additional, Silva, A, additional, Sips, A.C.C, additional, Speth, E, additional, Stäbler, A, additional, Steuer, K.-H, additional, Stober, J, additional, Streibl, B, additional, Strumberger, E, additional, Suttrop, W, additional, Tabasso, A, additional, Tanga, A, additional, Tardini, G, additional, Tichmann, C, additional, Treutterer, W, additional, Troppmann, M, additional, Urano, H, additional, Varela, P, additional, Vollmer, O, additional, Wagner, D, additional, Wenzel, U, additional, Wesner, F, additional, Westerhof, E, additional, Wolf, R, additional, Wolfrum, E, additional, Würsching, E, additional, Yoon, S.-W, additional, Yu, Q, additional, Zasche, D, additional, Zehetbauer, T, additional, and Zehrfeld, H.-P, additional
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Steady state advanced scenarios at ASDEX Upgrade
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Sips, A C C, primary, Arslanbekov, R, additional, Atanasiu, C, additional, Becker, W, additional, Becker, G, additional, Behler, K, additional, Behringer, K, additional, Bergmann, A, additional, Bilato, R, additional, Bolshukhin, D, additional, Borrass, K, additional, Braams, B, additional, Brambilla, M, additional, Braun, F, additional, Buhler, A, additional, Conway, G, additional, Coster, D, additional, Drube, R, additional, Dux, R, additional, Egorov, S, additional, Eich, T, additional, Engelhardt, K, additional, Fahrbach, H-U, additional, Fantz, U, additional, Faugel, H, additional, Foley, M, additional, Fournier, K B, additional, Franzen, P, additional, Fuchs, J C, additional, Gafert, J, additional, Gantenbein, G, additional, Gehre, O, additional, Geier, A, additional, Gernhardt, J, additional, Gruber, O, additional, Gude, A, additional, G nter, S, additional, Haas, G, additional, Hartmann, D, additional, Heger, B, additional, Heinemann, B, additional, Herrmann, A, additional, Hobirk, J, additional, Hofmeister, F, additional, Hohen cker, H, additional, Horton, L, additional, Igochine, V, additional, Jacobi, D, additional, Jakobi, M, additional, Jenko, F, additional, Kallenbach, A, additional, Kardaun, O, additional, Kaufmann, M, additional, Keller, A, additional, Kendl, A, additional, Kim, J-W, additional, Kirov, K, additional, Kochergov, R, additional, Kollotzek, H, additional, Kraus, W, additional, Krieger, K, additional, Kurzan, B, additional, Lang, P T, additional, Lauber, P, additional, Laux, M, additional, Leuterer, F, additional, Lohs, A, additional, Lorenz, A, additional, Maggi, C, additional, Maier, H, additional, Mank, K, additional, Manso, M-E, additional, Maraschek, M, additional, Mast, K F, additional, McCarthy, P, additional, Meisel, D, additional, Meister, H, additional, Meo, F, additional, Merkel, R, additional, Merkl, D, additional, Mertens, V, additional, Monaco, F, additional, M ck, A, additional, M ller, H W, additional, M nich, M, additional, Murmann, H, additional, Na, Y-S, additional, Neu, G, additional, Neu, R, additional, Neuhauser, J, additional, Noterdaeme, J-M, additional, Nunes, I, additional, Pautasso, G, additional, Peeters, A G, additional, Pereverzev, G, additional, Pinches, S, additional, Poli, E, additional, Proschek, M, additional, Pugno, R, additional, Quigley, E, additional, Raupp, G, additional, Ribeiro, T, additional, Riedl, R, additional, Riondato, S, additional, Rohde, V, additional, Roth, J, additional, Ryter, F, additional, Saarelma, S, additional, Sandmann, W, additional, Schade, S, additional, Schilling, H-B, additional, Schneider, W, additional, Schramm, G, additional, Schweizer, S, additional, Scott, B, additional, Seidel, U, additional, Serra, F, additional, Sesnic, S, additional, Sihler, C, additional, Silva, A, additional, Speth, E, additional, St bler, A, additional, Steuer, K-H, additional, Stober, J, additional, Streibl, B, additional, Strumberger, E, additional, Suttrop, W, additional, Tabasso, A, additional, Tanga, A, additional, Tardini, G, additional, Tichmann, C, additional, Treutterer, W, additional, Troppmann, M, additional, Varela, P, additional, Vollmer, O, additional, Wagner, D, additional, Wenzel, U, additional, Wesner, F, additional, Wolf, R, additional, Wolfrum, E, additional, W rsching, E, additional, Yu, Q, additional, Zasche, D, additional, Zehetbauer, T, additional, Zehrfeld, H-P, additional, and Zohm, H, additional
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Using the radiation of hydrogen molecules for electron temperature diagnostics of divertor plasmas
- Author
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Fantz, U, primary, Heger, B, additional, and Wünderlich, D, additional
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Vibrational population of the ground state of H2 and D2 in the divertor of ASDEX Upgrade
- Author
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Heger, B., primary, Fantz, U., additional, and Behringer, K., additional
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Serious systemic illness among injecting drug users in Europe: new case in Oslo
- Author
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Blystad, H, primary, Bruheimand, M, additional, Caugrant, D A, additional, Heger, B, additional, Hermansen, N, additional, Hoel, T, additional, Høiby, E A, additional, Iversen, B G, additional, Maagaard, A, additional, and Meidell, N K, additional
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Spectroscopic diagnostics of the vibrational population in the ground state of and molecules
- Author
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Fantz, U, primary and Heger, B, additional
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Expression of Costimulatory Molecule CD28 on T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection: Functional and Clinical Correlations
- Author
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Brinchmann, J. E., primary, Dobloug, J. H., additional, Heger, B. H., additional, Haaheim, L. L., additional, Sannes, M., additional, and Egeland, T., additional
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Inhibition of halothane-induced lipid peroxidation by misoprostol without hepatoprotection
- Author
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Siegers, C.-P., primary, Heger, B., additional, Baretton, G., additional, and Younes, M., additional
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Overview of ASDEX Upgrade results
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Kallenbach, A., Aguiam, D., Aho-Mantila, L., Angioni, C., Arden, N., Parra, R. Arredondo, Asunta, O., Baar, M., Balden, M., Behler, K., Bergmann, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Beurskens, M., Biancalani, A., Bilato, R., Birkenmeier, G., Bobkov, V., Bock, A., Bogomolov, A., Bolzonella, T., Boswirth, B., Bottereau, C., Bottino, A., Brand, H., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Bruhn, C., Buchanan, J., Buhler, A., Burckhart, A., Cambon-Silva, D., Camenen, Y., Carvalho, P., Carrasco, G., Cazzaniga, C., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Cavedon, M., Challis, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, I., Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Colas, L., Conway, G., Costea, S., Coster, D. P., Croci, G., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D Arcangelo, O., Day, C., Delogu, R., Marne, P., Denk, S., Denner, P., Dibon, M., D Inca, R., Di Siena, A., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Drube, R., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Eich, T., Elgeti, S., Engelhardt, K., Erdos, B., Erofeev, I., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fantz, U., Faugel, H., Felici, F., Fietz, S., Figueredo, A., Fischer, R., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Freethy, S., Froschle, M., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, J. C., Funfgelder, H., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallo, A., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia-Munoz, M., Geiger, B., Cianfarani, C., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Gleason-Gonzalez, C., Gloggler, S., Gobbin, M., Gorler, T., Goodman, T., Gorini, G., Gradic, D., Grater, A., Granucci, G., Greuner, H., Griener, M., Groth, M., Gude, A., Gunter, S., Guimarais, L., Haas, G., Hakola, A. H., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Hatch, D., Hauer, V., Hayward, T., Heinemann, B., Heinzel, S., Hellsten, T., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Herrmann, A., Heyn, E., Hitzler, F., Hobirk, J., Holzl, M., Hoschen, T., Holm, J. H., Hopf, C., Hoppe, F., Horvath, L., Houben, A., Huber, A., Igochine, V., Ilkei, T., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacob, W., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquot, J., Janky, F., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Joffrin, E., Kasemann, C., Kalvin, S., Kantor, M., Kappatou, A., Kardaun, O., Karhunen, J., Kasilov, S., Kernbichler, W., Kim, D., Kimmig, S., Kirk, A., Klingshirn, H. -J, Koch, F., Kocsis, G., Kohn, A., Kraus, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kramer-Flecken, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurzan, B., Lackner, K., Laggner, F., Lang, P. T., Lauber, P., Lazanyi, N., Lazaros, A., Lebschy, A., Li, L., Li, M., Liang, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y., Lohs, A., Luhmann, N. C., Lunt, T., Lyssoivan, A., Madsen, J., Maier, H., Maj, O., Mailloux, J., Maljaars, E., Manas, P., Mancini, A., Manhard, A., Manso, M. -E, Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manz, P., Maraschek, M., Martens, C., Martin Oberkofler, Marrelli, L., Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mayer, A., Mayer, M., Mazon, D., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcdermott, R., Meisl, G., Meister, H., Medvedeva, A., Merkel, P., Merkel, R., Merle, A., Mertens, V., Meshcheriakov, D., Meyer, H., Meyer, O., Miettunen, J., Milanesio, D., Mink, F., Mlynek, A., Monaco, F., Moon, C., Nazikian, R., Nemes-Czopf, A., Neu, G., Neu, R., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nocente, M., Noterdaeme, J. -M, Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrcil, T., Olsen, J., Orain, F., Palermo, F., Papp, G., Perez, I. Paradela, Pautasso, G., Enzel, F., Petersson, P., Pinzon, J., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Plaum, B., Plockl, B., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poli, E., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Prisiazhniuk, D., Putterich, T., Ramisch, M., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, J., Raupp, G., Refy, D., Reich, M., Reimold, F., Ribeiro, T., Riedl, R., Rittich, D., Rocchi, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Ross, A., Rott, M., Rubel, M., Ryan, D., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, G., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Scarabosio, A., Schall, G., Schmid, K., Schmitz, O., Schneider, P. A., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schwarz-Selinger, T., Schweinzer, J., Scott, B., Sehmer, T., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shao, L., Sharapov, S., Siccinio, M., Sieglin, B., Sigalov, A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simon, P., Simpson, J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spolaore, M., Stejner, M., Stober, J., Stobbe, F., Stroth, U., Strumberger, E., Suarez, G., Sugiyama, K., Sun, H. -J, Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Terranova, D., Tierens, W., Told, D., Tudisco, O., Trevisan, G., Treutterer, W., Trier, E., Tripsky, M., Valisa, M., Valovic, M., Vanovac, B., Varela, P., Varoutis, S., Verdoolaege, G., Vezinet, D., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Vierle, T., Viezzer, E., Toussaint, U., Wagner, D., Wang, N., Wang, X., Weidl, M., Weiland, M., White, A. E., Willensdorfer, M., Wiringer, B., Wischmeier, M., Wolf, R., Wolfrum, E., Xiang, L., Yang, Q., Yang, Z., Yu, Q., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zarzoso, D., Zhang, W., Zeeland, M., Zehetbauer, T., Zilker, M., Zoletnik, S., Zohm, H., Team, Asdex Upgrade, Team, Eurofusion Mst, Institute of Forest Botany, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institute of Applied Physics (IFA - CSIC), GRIDSEN, IPFN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), CEA Cadarache, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut für Geophysik [Clausthal-Zellerfeld], Technische Universität Clausthal (TU Clausthal), Association EURATOM-ÖAW, University of Innsbruck, Institut für Plasmaforschung [Stuttgart] (IPF), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR (IPP PRAGUE), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] (UMASS), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Torino and INFN (DF_TORINO), Dipartimento di Fisica infi & Università di Torino, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes (InESS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux (LSPM), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for World Forestry, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Sygen International Plc, Genus Plc, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik [Kiel] (IEAP), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Experimental Medical Science, AUTRES, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Euratom/CCFE Fusion Association, Atomic Energy Research Institute [Budapest], Centre for Energy Research [Budapest] (MTAE), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG), ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, affiliation inconnue, Department of Radiology, St. James's Hospital, Dept of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Database group, Computer Science and engeenering Department [San Diego] (DB CSE UCSD), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, F. Hoffmann-La RocheAG, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] ( DIFFER ), Institute of Applied Physics ( IFA - CSIC ), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa ( IST ), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique - Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et Caractérisation ( IMEP-LAHC ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] ( IBCP ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung ( AWI ), Laboratoire de Science et Génie des Matériaux et de Métallurgie ( LSG2M ), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 ( UHP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine ( INPL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Department of Information Technology ( INTEC ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), Institut fur Geophysical, IPF, Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR ( IPP PRAGUE ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] ( UMASS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Torino and INFN ( DF_TORINO ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes ( InESS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux ( LSPM ), Université Paris 13 ( UP13 ) -Université Sorbonne Paris Cité ( USPC ) -Institut Galilée-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes ( IBMP ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), IEAP, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel ( CAU ), Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), J. W. Goethe-University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés ( SIMaP ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire - Clermont-Ferrand ( LPC ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), university college cork, University College Cork ( UCC ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule [Zürich] ( ETH Zürich ), Database group, Computer Science and engeenering Department [San Diego] ( DB CSE UCSD ), University of California [San Diego] ( UC San Diego ), Aguiam, D, Aho-Mantila, L, Angioni, C, Arden, N, Parra, R, Asunta, O, Debaar, M, Balden, M, Behler, K, Bergmann, A, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Beurskens, M, Biancalani, A, Bilato, R, Birkenmeier, G, Bobkov, V, Bock, A, Bogomolov, A, Bolzonella, T, Boeswirth, B, Bottereau, C, Bottino, A, Van den Brand, H, Brezinsek, S, Brida, D, Brochard, F, Bruhn, C, Buchanan, J, Buhler, A, Burckhart, A, Cambon-Silva, D, Camenen, Y, Carvalho, P, Carrasco, G, Cazzaniga, C, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Casali, L, Castaldo, C, Cavedon, M, Challis, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Clairet, F, Classen, I, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Colas, L, Conway, G, Costea, S, Coster, D, Croci, G, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, D'Arcangelo, O, Day, C, Delogu, R, de Marne, P, Denk, S, Denner, P, Dibon, M, D'Inca, R, Disiena, A, Douai, D, Drenik, A, Drube, R, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Dux, R, Eich, T, Elgeti, S, Engelhardt, K, Erdos, B, Erofeev, I, Esposito, B, Fable, E, Faitsch, M, Fantz, U, Faugel, H, Felici, F, Fietz, S, Figueredo, A, Fischer, R, Ford, O, Frassinetti, L, Freethy, S, Froeschle, M, Fuchert, G, Fuchs, J, Fuenfgelder, H, Galazka, K, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallo, A, Gao, Y, Garavaglia, S, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Cianfarani, C, Giannone, L, Giovannozzi, E, Gleason-Gonzalez, C, Gloeggler, S, Gobbin, M, Goerler, T, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, Gradic, D, Graeter, A, Granucci, G, Greuner, H, Griener, M, Groth, M, Gude, A, Guenter, S, Guimarais, L, Haas, G, Hakola, A, Ham, C, Happel, T, Harrison, J, Hatch, D, Hauer, V, Hayward, T, Heinemann, B, Heinzel, S, Hellsten, T, Henderson, S, Hennequin, P, Herrmann, A, Heyn, E, Hitzler, F, Hobirk, J, Hoelzl, M, Hoeschen, T, Holm, J, Hopf, C, Hoppe, F, Horvath, L, Houben, A, Huber, A, Igochine, V, Ilkei, T, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacob, W, Jacobsen, A, Jacquot, J, Janky, F, Jardin, A, Jaulmes, F, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Joffrin, E, Kaesemann, C, Kallenbach, A, Kalvin, S, Kantor, M, Kappatou, A, Kardaun, O, Karhunen, J, Kasilov, S, Kernbichler, W, Kim, D, Kimmig, S, Kirk, A, Klingshirn, H, Koch, F, Kocsis, G, Koehn, A, Kraus, M, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kraemr-Flecken, A, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurzan, B, Lackner, K, Laggner, F, Lang, P, Lauber, P, Lazanyi, N, Lazaros, A, Lebschy, A, Li, L, Li, M, Liang, Y, Lipschultz, B, Liu, Y, Lohs, A, Luhmann, N, Lunt, T, Lyssoivan, A, Madsen, J, Maier, H, Maj, O, Mailloux, J, Maljaars, E, Manas, P, Mancini, A, Manhard, A, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Martens, C, Martin, P, Marrelli, L, Martitsch, A, Mastrostefano, S, Mayer, A, Mayer, M, Mazon, D, Mccarthy, P, Mcdermott, R, Meisl, G, Meister, H, Medvedeva, A, Merkel, P, Merkel, R, Merle, A, Mertens, V, Meshcheriakov, D, Meyer, H, Meyer, O, Miettunen, J, Milanesio, D, Mink, F, Mlynek, A, Monaco, F, Moon, C, Nazikian, R, Nemes-Czopf, A, Neu, G, Neu, R, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, S, Nikolaeva, V, Nocente, M, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Oberparleiter, M, Ochoukov, R, Odstrcil, T, Olsen, J, Orain, F, Palermo, F, Papp, G, Paradela Perez, I, Pautasso, G, Enzel, F, Petersson, P, Pinzon, J, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Plaum, B, Ploeckl, B, Plyusnin, V, Pokol, G, Poli, E, Porte, L, Potzel, S, Prisiazhniuk, D, Puetterich, T, Ramisch, M, Rapson, C, Rasmussen, J, Raupp, G, Refy, D, Reich, M, Reimold, F, Ribeiro, T, Riedl, R, Rittich, D, Rocchi, G, Rodriguez-Ramos, M, Rohde, V, Ross, A, Rott, M, Rubel, M, Ryan, D, Ryter, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Sanchis-Sanchez, L, Santos, G, Santos, J, Sauter, O, Scarabosio, A, Schall, G, Schmid, K, Schmitz, O, Schneider, P, Schneller, M, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Schwarz-Selinger, T, Schweinzer, J, Scott, B, Sehmer, T, Sertoli, M, Shabbir, A, Shalpegin, A, Shao, L, Sharapov, S, Siccinio, M, Sieglin, B, Sigalov, A, Silva, A, Silva, C, Simon, P, Simpson, J, Snicker, A, Sommariva, C, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stejner, M, Stober, J, Stobbe, F, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Suarez, G, Sugiyama, K, Sun, H, Suttrop, W, Szepesi, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tardini, G, Tardocchi, M, Terranova, D, Tierens, W, Told, D, Tudisco, O, Trevisan, G, Treutterer, W, Trier, E, Tripsky, M, Valisa, M, Valovic, M, Vanovac, B, Varela, P, Varoutis, S, Verdoolaege, G, Vezinet, D, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Vierle, T, Viezzer, E, von Toussaint, U, Wagner, D, Wang, N, Wang, X, Weidl, M, Weil, White, A, Willensdorfer, M, Wiringer, B, Wischmeier, M, Wolf, R, Wolfrum, E, Xiang, L, Yang, Q, Yang, Z, Yu, Q, Zagorski, R, Zammuto, I, Zarzoso, D, Zhang, W, van Zeeland, M, Zehetbauer, T, Zilker, M, Zoletnik, S, Zohm, H, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), York Plasma Institute (YPI), University of York [York, UK], EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, EURATOM-ENEA-CNR Association, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear [Lisboa] (IPFN), Institute of Atomic Physics, Université de Roumanie, FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), FOM Institute DIFFER - Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, The Netherlands, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), University College Cork (UCC), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (KFKI-RMKI), National Technical University of Athens [Athens] (NTUA), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering [Univ California San Diego] (MAE - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), General Atomics [San Diego], Ricerca Formazione Innovazione (Consorzio RFX), Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw], Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas ( LPP ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Observatoire de Paris-École polytechnique ( X ) -Sorbonne Universités-PSL Research University ( PSL ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), York Plasma Institute ( YPI ), Culham Science Centre, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. RNM138: Física Nuclear Aplicada, IST, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Max Planck Society, Department of Applied Physics, TEC, JET EFDA, Culham Sci Ctr, Technische Universität München, Consorzio RFX, IRFM, Assoc EURATOM FZJ, Euratom, Julich Research Center, Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res, University of Lorraine, ENEA, Istituto Fisica del Plasma 'Piero Caldirola' (IFP-CNR), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Innsbruck Medical University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IFPiLM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Swedish Research Council (VR), General Atomics & Affiliated Companies, University of Sevilla, University of Texas at Austin, Max Planck Comp & Data Facil, Ecole Polytechnique, Hochschule der Medien, Technical University of Denmark, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, University of California at Santa Barbara, School services, SCI, LPP-ERM/KMS EURATOM Association, Vienna University of Technology, Assoc EURATOM Hellen Republ, NCSR Demokritos, IPP, York University, CCFE Fusion Assoc, BSC, Univ Coll Cork UCC, Princeton University, Ghent University, Chinese Acad Sci, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natl Astron Observ, Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Univ Aix Marseille 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Aix-Marseille, Universite de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, UMR 6098, CNRS, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, White, Anne E., Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Arslanbekov, R, Atanasiu, C, Becker, G, Becker, W, Behringer, K, Bolshukhin, D, Borrass, K, Brambilla, M, Braun, F, Carlson, A, Egorov, S, Fahrbach, H, Finken, K, Foley, M, Franzen, P, Gafert, J, Fournier, K, Gantenbein, G, Gehre, O, Geier, A, Gernhardt, J, Gruber, O, Gunter, S, Hartmann, D, Heger, B, Hofmeister, F, Hohenocker, H, Horton, L, Jacchia, A, Jakobi, M, Kaufmann, M, Keller, A, Kendl, A, Kim, J, Kirov, K, Kochergov, R, Kollotzek, H, Kraus, W, Lasnier, C, Laux, M, Leonard, A, Leuterer, F, Lorenz, A, Lorenzini, R, Maggi, C, Mank, K, Martines, E, Mast, K, Meisel, D, Meo, F, Merkl, D, Muck, A, Muller, H, Munich, M, Murmann, H, Na, Y, Neuhauser, J, Nguyen, F, Nishijima, D, Nishimura, Y, Nunes, I, Peeters, A, Pereverzev, G, Pinches, S, Proschek, M, Pugno, R, Quigley, E, Roth, J, Sandmann, W, Savtchkov, A, Schade, S, Schilling, H, Schneider, W, Schramm, G, Schwarz, E, Schweizer, S, Seidel, U, Serra, F, Sesnic, S, Sihler, C, Sips, A, Speth, E, Stabler, A, Steuer, K, Streibl, B, Tabasso, A, Tanga, A, Tichmann, C, Troppmann, M, Urano, H, Vollmer, O, Wenzel, U, Wesner, F, Westerhof, E, Wursching, E, Yoon, S, Zasche, D, Zehrfeld, H, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, EUROfusion MST1 Team, Adamek, J, Aho Mantila, L, Akaslompolo, S, Amdor, C, Bardin, S, Orte, L, Belonohy, E, Boom, J, Brochard, T, Bruedgam, M, Casson, F, Curran, D, da Silva, F, Eixenberger, H, Endstrasser, N, Gal, K, Munoz, M, da Graca, S, Hangan, D, Haertl, T, Hauff, T, Hoehnle, H, Ionita, C, Janzer, A, Kasparek, W, Kocan, M, Konz, C, Koslowski, R, Kubic, M, Kurki Suonio, T, Leipold, F, Lindig, S, Lisgo, S, Makkonen, T, Mehlmann, F, Menchero, L, Merz, F, Mueller, S, Mueller, H, Muenich, M, Neuwirth, D, Nold, B, Podoba, Y, Pompon, F, Polozhiy, K, Pueschel, M, Rathgeber, S, Rooij, G, Sauter, P, Sempf, M, Sommer, F, Staebler, A, Teschke, M, Tsalas, M, Van Zeeland, M, Veres, G, Viola, B, Vorpahl, C, Wachowski, M, Wauters, T, Weller, A, Wenninger, R, Wieland, B, Wuersching, E, Zhang, Y, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Max Planck IPP-EURATOM Assoziation, Universidade de Lisboa, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Technical University of Munich, IRFM-CEA, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Université de Lorraine, and École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne
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Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Tokamak ,Materials science ,Energies [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,114 Physical sciences ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Electron cyclotron resonance ,H-MODE DISCHARGES ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,ASDEX Upgrade, overview ,ASDEX Upgrade ,law ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,ITER ,0103 physical sciences ,Fusió nuclear ,[SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering ,010306 general physics ,tokamak ,DEMO ,tokamak physic ,Fusion reactions ,nuclear fusion ,Divertor ,Magnetic confinement fusion ,[ SPI.GPROC ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering ,[ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,Fusion power ,Condensed Matter Physics ,___ ,Plasma parameter ,Plasma diagnostics ,Atomic physics ,tokamak physics - Abstract
The ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) programme is directed towards physics input to critical elements of the ITER design and the preparation of ITER operation, as well as addressing physics issues for a future DEMO design. Since 2015, AUG is equipped with a new pair of 3-strap ICRF antennas, which were designed for a reduction of tungsten release during ICRF operation. As predicted, a factor two reduction on the ICRF-induced W plasma content could be achieved by the reduction of the sheath voltage at the antenna limiters via the compensation of the image currents of the central and side straps in the antenna frame. There are two main operational scenario lines in AUG. Experiments with low collisionality, which comprise current drive, ELM mitigation/suppression and fast ion physics, are mainly done with freshly boronized walls to reduce the tungsten influx at these high edge temperature conditions. Full ELM suppression and non-inductive operation up to a plasma current of I p = 0.8 MA could be obtained at low plasma density. Plasma exhaust is studied under conditions of high neutral divertor pressure and separatrix electron density, where a fresh boronization is not required. Substantial progress could be achieved for the understanding of the confinement degradation by strong D puffing and the improvement with nitrogen or carbon seeding. Inward/outward shifts of the electron density profile relative to the temperature profile effect the edge stability via the pressure profile changes and lead to improved/decreased pedestal performance. Seeding and D gas puffing are found to effect the core fueling via changes in a region of high density on the high field side (HFSHD). The integration of all above mentioned operational scenarios will be feasible and naturally obtained in a large device where the edge is more opaque for neutrals and higher plasma temperatures provide a lower collisionality. The combination of exhaust control with pellet fueling has been successfully demonstrated. High divertor enrichment values of nitrogen E N ⩾ 10 have been obtained during pellet injection, which is a prerequisite for the simultaneous achievement of good core plasma purity and high divertor radiation levels. Impurity accumulation observed in the all-metal AUG device caused by the strong neoclassical inward transport of tungsten in the pedestal is expected to be relieved by the higher neoclassical temperature screening in larger devices.
20. A case of acute disseminate encephalomyelitis after SARS-CoV-2 related acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Fitouchi S, Heger B, Kremer L, Kremer S, and Ohlmann P
- Subjects
- Humans, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Encephalomyelitis, Respiratory Distress Syndrome diagnostic imaging, Respiratory Distress Syndrome etiology
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Why you should create a prone positioning team at a time of crisis in intensive care.
- Author
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Rouby AF, Kuntz S, Heger B, and Mertes PM
- Subjects
- Humans, Prone Position, Respiration, Artificial, Critical Care, Patient Positioning
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Decompressive hemicraniectomy for acute ischemic stroke in a patient implanted with a left ventricular assist device: a case report.
- Author
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Oulehri W, Cristinar M, Ajob G, Marguerite S, Heger B, Cebula H, Kindo M, and Mertes PM
- Subjects
- Adult, Anticoagulants therapeutic use, Humans, Ischemic Stroke diagnostic imaging, Ischemic Stroke etiology, Male, Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest diagnosis, Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest physiopathology, Shock, Cardiogenic diagnosis, Shock, Cardiogenic physiopathology, Treatment Outcome, Decompressive Craniectomy, Heart-Assist Devices, Ischemic Stroke surgery, Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest therapy, Prosthesis Implantation adverse effects, Prosthesis Implantation instrumentation, Shock, Cardiogenic therapy, Ventricular Function, Left
- Abstract
Background: Thromboembolic ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most feared complications of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement and represents a challenge to surgical management because of concomitant anticoagulant therapy., Case Presentation: A 39-year-old man presented with cardiogenic shock following an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. After a period of stabilization, the patient was referred for LVAD placement. Upon recovery from anesthesia, he presented with acute neurological deficits suggestive of IS. A brain computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis, and an emergency decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) was performed. Anticoagulation was managed empirically. The patient's neurological status progressively improved and he was referred for heart transplantation at five months from DHC. One month later, cranioplasty was performed., Conclusions: This report suggests an anticoagulation management approach in combination with decompressive craniectomy after IS in a patient with LVAD placement was successful. An optimized anticoagulation management and collaborative team-based practice may contribute to successful outcomes in complex cases.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Effect of open-lung vs conventional perioperative ventilation strategies on postoperative pulmonary complications after on-pump cardiac surgery: the PROVECS randomized clinical trial.
- Author
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Lagier D, Fischer F, Fornier W, Huynh TM, Cholley B, Guinard B, Heger B, Quintana G, Villacorta J, Gaillat F, Gomert R, Degirmenci S, Colson P, Lalande M, Benkouiten S, Minh TH, Pozzi M, Collart F, Latremouille C, Vidal Melo MF, Velly LJ, Jaber S, Fellahi JL, Baumstarck K, and Guidon C
- Subjects
- Aged, Cardiac Surgical Procedures methods, Cardiac Surgical Procedures statistics & numerical data, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation methods, Female, France epidemiology, Humans, Lung physiopathology, Male, Middle Aged, Positive-Pressure Respiration methods, Positive-Pressure Respiration standards, Positive-Pressure Respiration statistics & numerical data, Postoperative Complications epidemiology, Respiration, Artificial methods, Respiration, Artificial statistics & numerical data, Tidal Volume physiology, Cardiac Surgical Procedures standards, Postoperative Complications etiology, Respiration, Artificial standards, Treatment Outcome
- Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate whether a perioperative open-lung ventilation strategy prevents postoperative pulmonary complications after elective on-pump cardiac surgery., Methods: In a pragmatic, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial, we assigned patients planned for on-pump cardiac surgery to either a conventional ventilation strategy with no ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and lower perioperative positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels (2 cm H
2 O) or an open-lung ventilation strategy that included maintaining ventilation during CPB along with perioperative recruitment maneuvers and higher PEEP levels (8 cm H2 O). All study patients were ventilated with low-tidal volumes before and after CPB (6 to 8 ml/kg of predicted body weight). The primary end point was a composite of pulmonary complications occurring within the first 7 postoperative days., Results: Among 493 randomized patients, 488 completed the study (mean age, 65.7 years; 360 (73.7%) men; 230 (47.1%) underwent isolated valve surgery). Postoperative pulmonary complications occurred in 133 of 243 patients (54.7%) assigned to open-lung ventilation and in 145 of 245 patients (59.2%) assigned to conventional ventilation (p = 0.32). Open-lung ventilation did not significantly reduce the use of high-flow nasal oxygenotherapy (8.6% vs 9.4%; p = 0.77), non-invasive ventilation (13.2% vs 15.5%; p = 0.46) or new invasive mechanical ventilation (0.8% vs 2.4%, p = 0.28). Mean alive ICU-free days at postoperative day 7 was 4.4 ± 1.3 days in the open-lung group vs 4.3 ± 1.3 days in the conventional group (mean difference, 0.1 ± 0.1 day, p = 0.51). Extra-pulmonary complications and adverse events did not significantly differ between groups., Conclusions: A perioperative open-lung ventilation including ventilation during CPB does not reduce the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications as compared with usual care. This finding does not support the use of such a strategy in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery., Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02866578. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02866578.- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Embolisation of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations using high-frequency jet ventilation: benefits of minimising respiratory motion.
- Author
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Boatta E, Cazzato RL, De Marini P, Canuet M, Garnon J, Heger B, Bernmann TM, Ramamurthy N, Jahn C, Lopez M, and Gangi A
- Subjects
- Adult, Arteriovenous Malformations physiopathology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Respiration, Retrospective Studies, Arteriovenous Malformations therapy, Embolization, Therapeutic methods, High-Frequency Jet Ventilation, Lung blood supply, Lung physiopathology
- Abstract
Background: To evaluate patient radiation dose and procedural duration recorded during pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) embolisation performed using high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) as compared with conventional intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) METHODS: Patients undergoing PAVM embolisation with HFJV assistance after April 2017 were retrospectively identified as group A, and those treated with IPPV before April 2017 as group B. Primary outcomes were patient radiation dose and procedural duration between groups A and B. Secondary outcomes were difference in diaphragmatic excursion between groups A and B, in group A with/without HFJ assistance, technical/clinical success, and complications., Results: Twelve PAVMs were embolised in 5 patients from group A, and 15 PAVMs in 10 patients from group B. Mean patient radiation was significantly lower in group A than in group B (54,307 ± 33,823 mGy cm
2 [mean ± standard deviation] versus 100,704 ± 43,930 mGy cm2 ; p = 0.022). Procedural duration was 33.4 ± 16.1 min in group A versus 57.4 ± 14.9 min in group B (p = 0.062). Diaphragmatic excursion was significantly lower in group A (1.3 ± 0.4 mm) than in group B (19.7 ± 5.2 mm; p < 0.001) and lower with near statistical significance in group A with HFJV than without HFJV (1.3 ± 0.4 mm versus 10.9 ± 3.1 mm; p = 0.062). Technical and clinical success was 100% in both groups, without relevant complications., Conclusion: HFJV-assisted PAVM embolisation is a safe, feasible technique resulting in reduced patient radiation doses and procedural time.- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in a Norwegian tourist returning from Thailand.
- Author
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Stubhaug TT, Reiakvam OM, Stensvold CR, Hermansen NO, Holberg-Petersen M, Antal EA, Gaustad K, Førde IS, and Heger B
- Abstract
Introduction: Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare disease caused by the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri . Infection occurs by insufflation of water containing amoebae into the nasal cavity, and is usually associated with bathing in freshwater. Nasal irrigation is a more rarely reported route of infection., Case Presentation: A fatal case of PAM in a previously healthy Norwegian woman, acquired during a holiday trip to Thailand, is described. Clinical findings were consistent with rapidly progressing meningoencephalitis. The cause of infection was discovered by chance, owing to the unexpected detection of N. fowleri DNA by a PCR assay targeting fungi. A conclusive diagnosis was established based on sequencing of N. fowleri DNA from brain biopsies, supported by histopathological findings. Nasal irrigation using contaminated tap water is suspected as the source of infection., Conclusion: The clinical presentation of PAM is very similar to severe bacterial meningitis. This case is a reminder that when standard investigations fail to identify a cause of infection in severe meningoencephalitis, it is of crucial importance to continue a broad search for a conclusive diagnosis. PAM should be considered as a diagnosis in patients with symptoms of severe meningoencephalitis returning from endemic areas.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Circulating levels of HMGB1 are correlated strongly with MD2 in HIV-infection: possible implication for TLR4-signalling and chronic immune activation.
- Author
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Trøseid M, Lind A, Nowak P, Barqasho B, Heger B, Lygren I, Pedersen KK, Kanda T, Funaoka H, Damås JK, and Kvale D
- Subjects
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 metabolism, Adult, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology, Female, HIV Infections diagnosis, HIV Seropositivity, HMGB1 Protein blood, Humans, Immunity, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases diagnosis, Lipopolysaccharides blood, Lymphocyte Antigen 96 blood, Male, Middle Aged, Signal Transduction immunology, Toll-Like Receptor 4 metabolism, HIV immunology, HIV Infections immunology, HMGB1 Protein immunology, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases immunology, Lymphocyte Antigen 96 immunology
- Abstract
Progressive HIV infection is characterized by profound enterocyte damage, microbial translocation and chronic immune activation. We aimed to test whether High Mobility Group Box protein 1(HMGB1), a marker of cell death, alone, or in combination with LPS, might contribute to HIV-associated immune activation and progression. Altogether, 29 untreated HIV-infected individuals, 25 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and 30 controls were included. HIV-infected patients had lower plasma LPS levels than IBD patients, but higher levels of soluble CD14 and Myeloid Differentiation (MD) 2, which interacts with TLR4 to initiate LPS-signalling. Furthermore, plasma levels of HMGB1 and MD2 were correlated directly within the HIV-infected cohort (r = 0.89, P < 0.001) and the IBD-cohort (r = 0.85, P < 0.001), implying HMGB1 signalling through the MD2/TLR4-pathway. HMGB1 and LPS, although not inter-correlated, were both moderately (r = 0.4) correlated with CD38 density on CD8+ T cells in HIV progressors. The highest levels of CD38 density and MD2 were found in progressors with plasma levels of both LPS and HMGB1 above the fiftieth percentile. Our results could imply that, in some patients, immune activation is triggered by microbial translocation, in some by cell death and in some by HMGB1 in complex with bacterial products through activation of the MD2/TLR4-pathway.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Hepatitis C treatment of opioid dependants receiving maintenance treatment: results of a Norwegian pilot study.
- Author
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Krook AL, Stokka D, Heger B, and Nygaard E
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Adult, Antiviral Agents adverse effects, Buprenorphine adverse effects, Comorbidity, Drug Therapy, Combination, Feasibility Studies, Female, Hepatitis C, Chronic epidemiology, Humans, Injections, Subcutaneous, Interferon alpha-2, Interferon-alpha adverse effects, Male, Methadone adverse effects, Middle Aged, Narcotics adverse effects, Norway, Opioid-Related Disorders epidemiology, Patient Compliance statistics & numerical data, Pilot Projects, Polyethylene Glycols adverse effects, Recombinant Proteins, Ribavirin adverse effects, Social Support, Substance Abuse, Intravenous epidemiology, Antiviral Agents administration & dosage, Buprenorphine administration & dosage, Hepatitis C, Chronic rehabilitation, Interferon-alpha administration & dosage, Methadone administration & dosage, Narcotics administration & dosage, Opioid-Related Disorders rehabilitation, Polyethylene Glycols administration & dosage, Ribavirin administration & dosage, Substance Abuse, Intravenous rehabilitation
- Abstract
Background: Many physicians are still skeptic to treat opioid dependants, with or without maintenance treatment, for hepatitis C (HCV) because of concerns about psychiatric comorbidity, stability and adherence. In Norway, there are about 3,500 patients participating in the restrictive medication-assisted rehabilitation (LAR) programs in which all patients are given methadone or buprenorphine maintenance therapy. This study was undertaken to determine whether HCV combination therapy with pegylated interferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin is feasible, efficient and safe in this patient group., Method: Seventeen patients with HCV genotype 3a were treated for 24 weeks. To optimize compliance, the treatment was given from a department of infectious diseases in cooperation with an LAR center. All injections were given in the LAR center and the patients were given psychosocial support., Results: The compliance was 100%. All responded to the therapy and 16 (94%) were sustained responders., Discussion/conclusion: This study indicates that compliance and treatment outcome of opioid dependants on methadone or buprenorphine maintenance after 24 weeks of HCV treatment corresponds to that for non-dependants if extra support is given. The treatment should be undertaken in collaboration with specialists in addiction medicine, hepatology and infectious diseases.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. [South American blastomycosis--a differential diagnosis to tuberculous meningitis].
- Author
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Maehlen J, Strøm EH, Gerlyng P, Heger BH, Orderud WJ, Syversen G, and Solgaard T
- Subjects
- Diagnosis, Differential, Fatal Outcome, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Meningitis, Fungal pathology, Middle Aged, Paracoccidioidomycosis pathology, Tuberculosis, Meningeal pathology, Meningitis, Fungal diagnosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosis, Tuberculosis, Meningeal diagnosis
- Abstract
Background: South American blastomycosis is primarily a lung infection often complicated by multiorgan or intracranial disease., Material and Methods: We describe the clinical and pathological findings of fatal cerebral blastomycosis occurring in a woman that immigrated to Norway from Brazil 23 years earlier., Results: The clinical symptoms together with the radiological findings of multiple cerebral lesions and thickening of the basal meninges were interpreted as cerebral tuberculosis. Examination of cerebral spinal fluid was inconclusive. A diagnosis of cerebral fungal infection was subsequently established by brain biopsy., Interpretation: This case history stresses the importance of confirming a clinical diagnosis by brain biopsy and extended investigation of the cerebrospinal fluid when intracranial lesions may have an infectious origin.
- Published
- 2001
29. [Serious bacterial and fungal infections in intravenous drug addicts].
- Author
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Jensenius M, Heger B, Dalgard O, Stiris M, and Ringertz SH
- Subjects
- Abscess microbiology, Adult, Aneurysm, Infected diagnostic imaging, Aneurysm, Infected microbiology, Bacterial Infections diagnosis, Brain Abscess diagnostic imaging, Brain Abscess microbiology, Candidiasis diagnosis, Candidiasis etiology, Discitis diagnostic imaging, Discitis microbiology, Endocarditis, Bacterial diagnosis, Endocarditis, Bacterial microbiology, Epidural Space, Female, Heroin Dependence complications, Humans, Male, Mycoses diagnosis, Myositis microbiology, Myositis pathology, Radiography, Staphylococcal Infections etiology, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications, Bacterial Infections etiology, Heroin Dependence microbiology, Mycoses etiology, Substance Abuse, Intravenous microbiology
- Abstract
Invasive infections caused by bacteria and fungi are common complications of intravenous drug abuse. Various vital organs and structures may be affected, e.g. the cardiac valves, the larger arteries, the bones, the joints and the central nervous system. However, due to the high frequency of low-virulent microbes of skin and oral origin, the clinical picture may be atypical with subacute course and few focal signs and symptoms. The complexity of this problem is illustrated by eight cases of serious bacterial and fungal infections recently diagnosed at our hospitals. All patients were HIV negative intravenous heroin addicts. The clinical spectrum was wide and included skin abscesses, pyomyositis, spondylodiscitis, septic arthritis, costal osteomyelitis, infective endocarditis, recurrent bacteraemia, and multiple brain abscesses.
- Published
- 1999
30. The estimated impact of the CCR-5 delta32 gene deletion on HIV disease progression varies with study design. Oslo HIV Cohort Study Group.
- Author
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Eskild A, Jonassen TO, Heger B, Samuelsen SO, and Grinde B
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome epidemiology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome physiopathology, Adult, Cohort Studies, Disease Progression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, HIV Infections epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Male, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Research Design, Retrospective Studies, Gene Deletion, HIV Infections physiopathology, Receptors, CCR5 genetics
- Abstract
Objectives: To study the impact of the genotype CCR-5 wild-type +/A32 on the progression rate to AIDS and death, and to discuss sources of bias according to study design., Methods: A prospective study of 310 HIV-positive subjects with follow-up time from study entry (prevalent cohort), and a prospective study of 105 HIV-positive subjects with well-defined time of HIV seroconversion, with follow-up time from the retrospectively assessed date of HIV seroconversion (retrospective incident cohort)., Results: Slower progression to AIDS among subjects with CCR-5 +/delta32 than those with CCR-5 +/+ genotype was estimated in the prevalent cohort (P=0.07, log-rank test). Slower progression to death from any cause was also estimated for subjects with CCR-5 +/delta32 (P < 0.05, log-rank test). No differences in survival after AIDS diagnosis were seen (P=0.89, log-rank test). No differences in the progression rate to AIDS (P=0.82, log-rank test) or death (P=0.78, log-rank test) were estimated in the retrospective incident cohort., Conclusions: The varying estimates of the impact of CCR-5 genotype on progression to AIDS in this and other studies, may be real and reflect differences in the dependence of HIV on the CCR-5 receptor, or may be due to systematic errors caused by study design. Several methodological difficulties occur when the factor studied, such as CCR-5 genotype, is associated both with the risk of being HIV-infected and the progression of disease.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. [Splenic atrophy and fatal pneumococcal infection in inflammatory bowel disease].
- Author
-
Maehlen J, Heger B, and Rostrup M
- Subjects
- Adult, Atrophy, Autopsy, Colitis, Ulcerative microbiology, Colitis, Ulcerative pathology, Fatal Outcome, Female, Humans, Pneumococcal Infections pathology, Splenic Diseases microbiology, Splenic Diseases pathology, Colitis, Ulcerative complications, Pneumococcal Infections complications, Spleen pathology, Splenic Diseases complications
- Abstract
Fatal pneumococcal disease occurred in a young woman with ulcerative colitis that had been quiescent for ten years. Howell-Jolly bodies were present in the peripheral blood smear. Severe atrophy of the spleen (weight 7 g) was discovered at autopsy. The evidence that hyposplenism is associated with inflammatory bowel disease is reviewed and it is suggested that these patients should undergo ultrasound examination and examination of blood smear for detection of functional hyposplenism. We conclude that pneumococcal vaccination should be considered for all patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
- Published
- 1997
32. [An outbreak of hepatitis A among intravenous drug addicts in Oslo 1995-96].
- Author
-
Jensenius M, Espinoza R, Hoel T, Oktedalen O, Heger B, Skar AG, Grinde B, Skaug K, and Berild D
- Subjects
- Adult, Cross Infection transmission, Female, Hepatitis A transmission, Humans, Male, Norway epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Cross Infection epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Hepatitis A epidemiology, Substance Abuse, Intravenous
- Abstract
Intravenous drug abuse is a well-known risk factor for acquiring hepatitis A infection. Among drug abusers most cases are sporadic, but epidemic outbreaks may occur occasionally. In this article we describe an epidemic outbreak including 144 serologically proved cases of hepatitis A among intravenous heroin and amphetamine abusers in Oslo. The outbreak lasted for 11 months. 59 (41%) of the patients were admitted to hospital. One of them died and seven developed severe but reversible acute hepatitis. We also registered 26 cases of hepatitis A among close contacts, 14 of whom were associated with a nosocomial outbreak that affected nurses, fellow patients and relatives. We do not know how the hepatitis A virus was introduced into the abuser population, but the further spread was probably dominated by a combination of faecal-oral transmission and parenteral transmission secondary to sharing needles. Although we were unable to detect hepatitis A virus in confiscated drug samples by means of polymerase chain reaction we cannot exclude that some abusers were infected by injection of contaminated amphetamine.
- Published
- 1997
33. The impact of exposure group on the progression rate to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A comparison between intravenous drug users, homosexual men and heterosexually infected subjects.
- Author
-
Eskild A, Magnus P, Brekke T, Bruun JN, Heger B, Frøland SS, Moi H, Samdal HH, Løvik M, and Bakketeig LS
- Subjects
- Adult, Cohort Studies, Disease Progression, Female, Homosexuality, Male, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Sexuality, Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome etiology
- Abstract
The objective was to study the impact of exposure group on the progression rate to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 289 subjects in Oslo, Norway, infected with the human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) and without major clinical signs of HIV infection (102 intravenous drug users, 151 homosexual men and 36 heterosexually infected subjects) were recruited to the Oslo HIV Cohort Study from 1989 and followed until 1 January 1995. 15 (14.7%) of the intravenous drug users, 56 (37.1%) of the homosexual men and 5 (12.5%) of the heterosexually infected subjects developed AIDS during a mean time of 47 months (p < 0.001, log rank test). When controlling for possible confounding variables (age, number of CD4+ lymphocytes, antiviral therapy at study entry, gender and year of HIV diagnosis), the relative risk of AIDS progression was 2.2 [1.1-4.5, 95% confidence interval (CI)] for homosexual men and 0.5 (0.2-1.3, 95% CI) for heterosexually infected subjects as compared to intravenous drug users. In a subgroup with known time of seroconversion (n = 60), 47% (18/38) of the homosexual men, 20% (3/15) of the intravenous users and none (0/7) of the heterosexually infected subjects developed AIDS (p = 0.04, log rank test). The results suggest that homosexual men have more rapid progression to AIDS than intravenous drug users and heterosexually infected subjects.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Co-infection with HIV-1/HTLV-II and the risk of progression to AIDS and death. The Oslo HIV Cohort Study Group.
- Author
-
Eskild A, Samdal HH, and Heger B
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome mortality, Adult, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cohort Studies, Disease Progression, Female, HIV Infections mortality, HIV Infections transmission, HTLV-II Infections mortality, Humans, Male, Risk, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome physiopathology, HIV Infections complications, HIV-1, HTLV-II Infections complications
- Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types I and II were the first discovered human retroviruses. While HTLV-I has been clearly associated with disease, the health implications of HTLV-II infection are still unsettled. A prospective epidemiological study of 409 HIV-infected subjects of different transmission categories was performed to study the presence of HTLV-II antibodies, and whether HTLV-II antibodies are associated with the progression to AIDS and to death of any cause. Of 409 subjects, 30 (7.3%) were HTLV-II positive at study entry; 2 subjects seroconverted during follow-up. In the HTLV-II-positive group 2 were heterosexually HIV infected, 28 (of whom 2 were seroconverters) were IDUs and 2 were homosexual men. When controlling for transmission category, gender, age and CD4+ lymphocyte count at study entry, the relative risk of AIDS progression for the HTLV-II-positive group was 2.1 (0.8-5.1, 95% confidence interval (CI)) as compared to the HTLV-II-negative group. The adjusted relative risk of dying was 2.1 (1.0-4.3, 95% CI). When studying IDUs separately, the adjusted relative risk of AIDS progression was 2.3 (0.8-6.9, 95% CI) and the relative risk of dying was 2.0 (0.9-4.6, 95% CI). The results of this study suggest that HTLV-II is a cofactor in HIV disease progression. The number of HTLV-II-infected subjects, was, however, small, and insufficient control of confounding factors must be taken into consideration.
- Published
- 1996
35. [Risk of AIDS in the Oslo HIV-cohort study. A comparison between homosexual men, intravenous addicts and heterosexual persons].
- Author
-
Eskild A, Heger B, Bruun JN, Frøland SS, Iversen B, Løvik M, Samdal HH, Magnus P, and Bakketeig LS
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Follow-Up Studies, HIV Infections transmission, Humans, Male, Norway epidemiology, Risk Factors, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome transmission, HIV Seropositivity, Homosexuality, Male, Sexual Behavior, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications
- Abstract
In order to study differences in risk of the development of AIDS in different groups of HIV infected subjects, 151 homosexual men, 110 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) and 36 heterosexually infected persons without major signs of HIV infection at entry to the study were enrolled in a cohort study. The mean follow-up time was 35 months. At the end of follow-up 40 subjects (13%) were diagnosed as having AIDS. This represented 20% (31/151) of the homosexual men, 7% (8/110) of the IVDUs and 3% (1/36) of the heterosexual subjects. The probability of being AIDS-free 36 months after entering the study was 0.88 (0.84-0.92, 95% CI) for the total study population, 0.83 (0.77-0.90) for the homosexual men, 0.92 (0.86-0.99) for IVDUs and 0.93 (0.91-1.0) for heterosexual subjects (p < 0.05, log rank test). In a Cox regression analysis, adjusting for CD4+ cell count at study entry, the relative risk of AIDS progression was 2.4 (1.1-5.2) for homosexual men and 0.3 (0.04-2.4) for heterosexual subjects, compared with IVDUs. The results demonstrate a higher risk of AIDS for homosexual men during the follow-up period.
- Published
- 1994
36. [Diagnosis and treatment of infections of the digestive system in HIV-infected patients].
- Author
-
Oktedalen O, Selbekk B, Helle I, Heger B, Serck-Hanssen A, and Melby K
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Candidiasis, Oral diagnosis, Candidiasis, Oral drug therapy, Feces microbiology, Gastroenteritis diagnosis, Gastroenteritis drug therapy, Humans, Stomatitis, Herpetic diagnosis, Stomatitis, Herpetic drug therapy, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections microbiology, Gastroenteritis microbiology, HIV Infections complications
- Abstract
Patients with HIV infection often suffer from opportunistic and bacterial infections of the digestive tract. The most common agents are Candida albicans, Herpes simplex and Cytomegalovirus, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, Cryptosporidium parvum, and enteropathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter. The diagnosis is established by means of microbiological examination of blood and faeces, often supplemented by gastrointestinal endoscopy, with mucosal biopsies for culture and histology. Most patients respond well to specific treatment, but the infections tend to relapse after withdrawal of drugs.
- Published
- 1994
37. [Outbreak of typhoid fever in a family].
- Author
-
Fjaerli HO, Heger B, Gundersen SG, Hoel T, and Espinoza R
- Subjects
- Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents administration & dosage, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Outbreaks, Family Health, Female, Humans, Hygiene, Infant, Male, Norway epidemiology, Pakistan ethnology, Typhoid Fever drug therapy, Typhoid Fever epidemiology, Typhoid Fever transmission
- Abstract
We describe a small epidemic of typhoid fever in a family who came originally from Pakistan. In 1992 six members (mother and five children) of a family of ten were admitted to our department with typhoid fever within a nine-day period. The index case was an 18 months old girl who had been hospitalized and treated elsewhere for typhoid fever. Two weeks after completing antibiotic treatment she was admitted to our hospital with a relapse. The source of her first infection is unknown. The rapid spread of typhoid fever in the family was most likely due to insufficient hygienic precautions and inadequate antibiotic treatment of the index case. Several coexisting factors such as poor housing conditions and cultural barriers may also have influenced the outcome. There is obviously a need for strict guidelines and proper coordination of treatment and follow-up of this and other similar contagious diseases.
- Published
- 1993
38. Enhanced in vivo-lipid peroxidation associated with halothane hepatotoxicity in rats.
- Author
-
Younes M, Heger B, Wilhelm KP, and Siegers CP
- Subjects
- Animals, Catechin pharmacology, Deferoxamine pharmacology, Ditiocarb pharmacology, Glutathione biosynthesis, Glutathione metabolism, Liver metabolism, Male, Phenobarbital pharmacology, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Halothane toxicity, Lipid Peroxides metabolism, Liver drug effects
- Abstract
To study the role of lipid peroxidation in halothane-induced hepatic damage, ethane exhalation by rats exposed to 1% halothane for 1 hour was determined under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (6% O2) conditions. The effects of microsomal enzyme induction by phenobarbital and/or glutathione depletion on this parameter of in vivo lipid peroxidation were studied. To assess the degree of liver damage, serum activities of liver specific enzymes (glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase, GPT, and sorbitol dehydrogenase, SDH) were measured 3 hrs after the end of exposure. Besides, liver content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive material was estimated as a further parameter of lipid peroxidation. Enhanced rates of lipid peroxidation over basal levels were only seen under conditions leading to hepatic damage, i.e. phenobarbital induction and hypoxia. The highest rate of lipid peroxidation was observed after depletion of hepatic glutathione in addition to microsomal enzyme induction and hypoxia. Deferrioxamine, diethyldithiocarbamate and (+)-catechin inhibited in vivo lipid peroxidation, but only (+)-catechin suppressed halothane-hepatoxicity. These results indicate that halothane-induced hepatic damage is associated with an enhanced rate of lipid peroxidation, but this might not be the only mechanism of halothane toxicity.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. [Controlled hypotension in thoracoplasty].
- Author
-
HEGER B
- Subjects
- Humans, Analgesia, Anesthesia, Anesthesia and Analgesia, Anesthesiology, Hypotension, Hypotension, Controlled, Pain Management, Thoracoplasty
- Published
- 1960
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