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Introduction The standard glucose-based oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution (containing glucose, 111 mmol/l and sodium, 90mmol/l; total osmolarity, 311mmol/l), which has been recommended globally by WHO and UNICEF, has proved [...], Previously we reported that standard oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution is not as effective as a reduced-osmolarity glucose-based ORS for the treatment of children with acute noncholera diarrhoea: with standard ORS the diarrhoea lasts longer, stool output is greater, serum sodium is higher, and there is more need for supplemental intravenous infusion. We studied a reduced-osmolarity maltodextrin (Md)-based ORS to determine whether it had similar benefits, and also the effect of sugar malabsorption on the efficacy of standard and MD-based ORS. A total of 90 boys aged 3-24 months with acute noncholera diarrhoea and moderate dehydration were randomly assigned to either standard ORS (glucose 20g/l, osmolarity 311 mmol/l) or MD-ORS (MD 50g/l, osmolarity 227mmol/l). There were no differences in treatment results. Some 46% of subjects had a high total stool output ( >300g/kg), which was unrelated to the type of ORS given. High stool output was significantly associated with a longer duration of diarrhoea (33 vs. 15 hours; P < 0.001), a persistently elevated serum sodium (149 vs. 144mmol/l at 24h; P < 0.02), the need for intravenous infusion (11/41 vs. 0/48,- P < 0.002), and an increase in faecal reducing substances (10.8 vs. 3.4 g/l at 24 h; P < 0.001). We conclude that some children given standard ORS develop osmotic diarrhoea owing to the combined effect of transient sugar malabsorption and slight hypertonicity of the ORS. Earlier studies show that this adverse outcome can largely be avoided when extra water is given in reduced-osmolarity glucose-based ORS. Reduced osmolarity has no benefit, however, when glucose is replaced by maltodextrin, probably because the sugars released by hydrolysis of MD, when malabsorbed, raise the intraluminal osmolarity to equal or exceed that of standard ORS. Thus, reduced-osmolarity glucose-based ORS is superior to both standard ORS and reduced-osmolarity solutions based on maltodextrin and probably other complex carbohydrates. Studies are in progress to define the optimal formulation of reduced-osmolarity glucose-based ORS.

Focuses on the extraction of vibronic bands of the compound SO2 by excitation and measured in a supersonic jet. Classification of five bands obtained based on Franck-Condon patterns; Utilization of a bandwidth dye laser to obtain the bands; Application of the technique coincides with the multilevel vibronic coupling model.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different time and rates of boron (B) foliar application on olive (Olea europaea L.) tree's tissue boron concentration, total phenol, chlorophyll, total soluble sugars, and endogenous hormones. A field experiment was conducted during two successive seasons 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 using 20 years old olive trees cv. Frantoio. The trees are grown in sandy soil planted at 5 x 5 m apart under drip irrigation system at the Nuclear Research Center Experimental Farm, Inshas, El-Qaliubiya Governorate, Egypt. Boron was applied foliarly as boric acid at the following rates (0.0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mg L-1) at flower initiation and after 1 and 2 months from flower initiation. Results showed that boron was significantly effective in increasing leaf, bud, and fruit boron concentration. Total phenol concentration in leaves and buds were significantly highest in the control treatment, significantly decreased as the boron application rate increased. Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, and total soluble sugars significantly increased as the boron application rate increased and the highest increase was achieved at 200 mg L-1 boron concentration rate. Leaf and bud endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were highest in the control treatment; they decreased as the boron application rate increased. However, gibberellic acid (GA3) increased in response to boron treatments compared with the control. The maximum increase was observed at 200 mg L-1 boron rate. We concluded that boron is mobile in olive tree as reproductive organs accumulated more boron than vegetative organs. There is evidence that boron is involved in reduction of phenols, increase in fruit set, and in sugar transport. A balance in endogenous hormones (IAA, GA, ABA) concentrations in olive tree has induced the maximum fruit set and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf miners, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and L. bryoniae (Kaltenbch), (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are of the major pests that attack faba bean (Vicia faba) in Egypt. The incidence of diapause in larval-pupal parasitoids of these pests was studied by large-scale field samplings of their mature larvae and puparia, which were reared under natural outdoor conditions. The population size of L. trifolii was greater than those of L.bryoniae. Four larval-pupal parasitoids; Pseudopzomachus masii Nixon and Opius basalis Fischer (Braconidae), Halticoptera circulus (Walker) and Halticoptera sp. (Eulophidae) were recorded from the puparia of both leaf miner species between 2012 - 2015 seasons. P. masii was the most predominant parasitoid species in the seasons of study. The onset of pupal diapause was found among paper of the 1st sample, during the favorable weather conditions in the host insect until last collected samples 2 weeks before harvest. So, the diapause in Liriomyza spp. seems to be genetically programmed. Two types of diapause were observed during the season: firstly, a facultative winter diapause of 7-8 months, and secondly, a longer winter diapause of 11-21 months. The diapause intensity was highly variable depended upon the time in the season and the Liriomyza species. It appears that the diapaused wasps were able to maintain close developmental synchrony with the proportion of non-parasitized host puparia. This is the first report of diapause in Liriomyza spp. attacking faba bean plants and their larval-pupal parasitoids from the northern region of Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egg laying capacity, sex ratio and adult longevity of males and females of the parasitoid species Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were studied by exposing the wasps to different larval density of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Females of B. hebetor could regulate allocation of eggs among host larvae by decreasing the number of eggs laid on a host as host density increases. Also, the wasp females seemed to regulate sex ratio (male /total) based on the number of eggs on the hosts and number of host larvae they encountered. Survival of B. hebetor adults was significantly different among wasps provided with different types of food. Wasp females lived longer period than males when kept only with wax moth larvae. The wasps laid lower number of eggs than those provided with hosts and honey. Combined use of G. mellonella larvae and honey had significant increase on reproductive capacity and longevity of B. hebetor wasps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]