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Despite a substantial body of research, we lack fundamental understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) including pulmonary and cardiovascular outcomes, in part due to limitations of murine models. Most models use transgenic mice (K18) that express the human (h) angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), ACE2 knock-in (KI) mice, or mouse-adapted strains of SARS-CoV-2. Further, many SARS-CoV-2 variants produce fatal neurologic disease in K18 mice and most murine studies focus only on acute disease in the first 14 days post inoculation (dpi). To better enable understanding of both acute (14 dpi) infection phases, we describe the development and characterization of a novel non-lethal KI mouse that expresses both the ACE2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) genes (hACE2/hTMPRSS2). The human genes were engineered to replace the orthologous mouse gene loci but remain under control of their respective murine promoters, resulting in expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 instead of their murine counterparts. After intranasal inoculation with an omicron strain of SARS-CoV-2, hACE2/hTMPRSS2 KI mice transiently lost weight but recovered by 7 dpi. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs 1-2 dpi and in lung tissues 2-6 dpi, peaking 4 dpi. These outcomes were similar to those in K18 mice that were inoculated in parallel. To determine the extent to which hACE2/hTMPRSS2 KI mice are suitable to model pulmonary and cardiovascular outcomes, physiological assessments measuring locomotion, behavior and reflexes, biomonitoring to measure cardiac activity and respiration, and micro computed tomography to assess lung function were conducted frequently to 6 months post inoculation. Male but not female SARS-CoV-2 inoculated hACE2/hTMPRSS2 KI mice showed a transient reduction in locomotion compared to control saline treated mice. No significant changes in respiration, oxygen saturation, heart rate variability, or conductivity were detected in SARS-CoV-2 inoculated mice of either sex. When re-inoculated 6 months after the first inoculation, hACE2/hTMPRSS2 KI became re-infected with disease signs similar to after the first inoculation. Together these data show that a newly generated hACE2/hTMPRSS2 KI mouse can be used to study mild COVID-19.

Osteophytes are a typical radiographic finding during osteoarthritis (OA). Osteophytes are thought to form in response to joint instability; however, the time course of osteophyte formation and joint stabilization following joint injury is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the time course of osteophyte formation and joint function following non-invasive knee injury in mice. We hypothesized that initial joint instability following knee injury would initiate osteophyte formation, which would in turn restabilize the joint and reduce range of motion (ROM). Mice were subjected to non-invasive anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Anterior-posterior (AP) joint laxity, ROM, and chondro/osteophyte formation were measured immediately after injury, and 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-injury. Chondrophyte areas at each time point were measured with histology, while mineralized osteophyte volume was determined using micro-computed tomography. Immediately after ACL rupture, AP joint laxity was increased twofold, while ROM was increased 11.7%. Chondrophytes appeared by 2 weeks post-injury, corresponding with a decrease in AP joint laxity and ROM. By 8 weeks post-injury, considerable osteophyte formation was observed around the joint, AP joint laxity returned to control levels, and joint ROM decreased to 61% of control values. These data support a role for chondro/osteophytes in joint restabilization after injury, and provide crucial insight into the time course and pathology of joint degeneration during OA development in the mouse. Statement of Clinical Significance: Results from this study increase understanding of conditions leading to osteophyte formation.© 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:466-473, 2017.

Underlying mechanisms contributing to the imbalance in bone turnover during osteoporosis remain only partially explained. Reduced sensory nerve function may contribute to this imbalance, as sensory neuropeptides affect the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vivo, especially during bone adaptation. In this study, we investigated bone adaptation in mice following two weeks of tibial compression (peak magnitude 3 N or 7 N). To induce decreased sensory nerve function, mice were treated with capsaicin as neonates. We hypothesized that decreased sensory nerve function would diminish the adaptation of bone to mechanical loading, assessed with μCT and dynamic histomorphometry. We found that tibial compression induced significant changes in cortical microarchitecture that depended on compression magnitude and location along the length of the tibia; in contrast, there was no effect of loading on trabecular bone of the tibial metaphysis. Tibial compression significantly increased periosteal, and decreased endosteal, bone formation. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, capsaicin-treated mice generally displayed a similar, if not larger, adaptive response to mechanical loading, including greater increases in bone mineral content and mineral apposition rate. To integrate mechanical loading of bone with sensory nerve activation, we examined whether concentration of the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) in bone were affected following 1 or 5 days of 5 N tibial compression or hindlimb unloading. We found that 1 day of tibial compression significantly increased CGRP concentrations in bone, and hindlimb unloading also exhibited a trend toward increased CGRP in bone. These results may suggest a role of sensory nerves in the bone adaptation response to the mechanical environment, though this remains unclear.

Despite a substantial body of research, we lack fundamental understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) including pulmonary and cardiovascular outcomes, in part due to limitations of murine models. Most models use transgenic mice (K18) that express the human (h) angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), ACE2 knock-in (KI) mice, or mouse-adapted strains of SARS-CoV-2. Further, many SARS-CoV-2 variants produce fatal neurologic disease in K18 mice and most murine studies focus only on acute disease in the first 14 days post inoculation (dpi). To better enable understanding of both acute (<14 dpi) and post-acute (>14 dpi) infection phases, we describe the development and characterization of a novel non-lethal KI mouse that expresses both the ACE2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) genes (hACE2/hTMPRSS2). The human genes were engineered to replace the orthologous mouse gene loci but remain under control of their respective murine promoters, resulting in expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 instead of their murine counterparts. After intranasal inoculation with an omicron strain of SARS-CoV-2, hACE2/hTMPRSS2 KI mice transiently lost weight but recovered by 7 dpi. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs 1-2 dpi and in lung tissues 2-6 dpi, peaking 4 dpi. These outcomes were similar to those in K18 mice that were inoculated in parallel. To determine the extent to which hACE2/hTMPRSS2 KI mice are suitable to model pulmonary and cardiovascular outcomes, physiological assessments measuring locomotion, behavior and reflexes, biomonitoring to measure cardiac activity and respiration, and micro computed tomography to assess lung function were conducted frequently to 6 months post inoculation. Male but not female SARSCoV-2 inoculated hACE2/hTMPRSS2 KI mice showed a transient reduction in locomotion compared to control saline treated mice. No significant changes in respiration, oxygen saturation, heart rate variability, or conductivity were detected in SARS-CoV-2 inoculated mice of either sex. When re-inoculated 6 months after the first inoculation, hACE2/hTMPRSS2 KI became re-infected with disease signs similar to after the first inoculation. Together these data show that a newly generated hACE2/hTMPRSS2 KI mouse can be used to study mild COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]