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2. The International Olympic Committee framework on fairness, inclusion and nondiscrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations does not protect fairness for female athletes

Author

Lundberg, T. R., Tucker, R., McGawley, Kerry, Williams, A. G., Millet, G. P., Sandbakk, Ø., Howatson, G., Brown, G. A., Carlson, L. A., Chantler, S., Chen, M. A., Heffernan, S. M., Heron, N., Kirk, C., Murphy, M. H., Pollock, N., Pringle, J., Richardson, A., Santos-Concejero, J., Stebbings, G. K., Christiansen, A. V., Phillips, S. M., Devine, C., Jones, C., Pike, J., Hilton, E. N., Lundberg, T. R., Tucker, R., McGawley, Kerry, Williams, A. G., Millet, G. P., Sandbakk, Ø., Howatson, G., Brown, G. A., Carlson, L. A., Chantler, S., Chen, M. A., Heffernan, S. M., Heron, N., Kirk, C., Murphy, M. H., Pollock, N., Pringle, J., Richardson, A., Santos-Concejero, J., Stebbings, G. K., Christiansen, A. V., Phillips, S. M., Devine, C., Jones, C., Pike, J., and Hilton, E. N.

Abstract

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) recently published a framework on fairness, inclusion, and nondiscrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations. Although we appreciate the IOC's recognition of the role of sports science and medicine in policy development, we disagree with the assertion that the IOC framework is consistent with existing scientific and medical evidence and question its recommendations for implementation. Testosterone exposure during male development results in physical differences between male and female bodies; this process underpins male athletic advantage in muscle mass, strength and power, and endurance and aerobic capacity. The IOC's “no presumption of advantage” principle disregards this reality. Studies show that transgender women (male-born individuals who identify as women) with suppressed testosterone retain muscle mass, strength, and other physical advantages compared to females; male performance advantage cannot be eliminated with testosterone suppression. The IOC's concept of “meaningful competition” is flawed because fairness of category does not hinge on closely matched performances. The female category ensures fair competition for female athletes by excluding male advantages. Case-by-case testing for transgender women may lead to stigmatization and cannot be robustly managed in practice. We argue that eligibility criteria for female competition must consider male development rather than relying on current testosterone levels. Female athletes should be recognized as the key stakeholders in the consultation and decision-making processes. We urge the IOC to reevaluate the recommendations of their Framework to include a comprehensive understanding of the biological advantages of male development to ensure fairness and safety in female sports.

Published
2024
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3. Molecular genetic characteristics of elite rugby union athletes

Author

Heffernan, S. M.

Subjects
612
Abstract

The capacity to achieve elite athletic success is known to be highly heritable and physiologically complex. Recently, there has been a substantial rise in the number of peer reviewed sports genomics publications, however the majority of these have focused on the genetic components of either strength/sprint/power or endurance athletes, with little attention given to team sports. Since rugby union (RU) athletes perform under a well-defined set of rules and parameters, which are ubiquitous across all playing positions, they present an ideal cohort via which to study the importance of genetic variation in sport and as such is the purpose of the present thesis. The aims of the present thesis were, firstly, to recruit a large cohort of elite RU athletes and compare the genetic profile of these athletes to that of a control population. Secondly, because of the large physiological differences between elite RU playing position, the present thesis further aimed to compare the genetic diversity in RU inter-positional variation. 1164 participants, consisting of 454 elite RU athletes and 710 controls from the general population were recruited for the present thesis. Genotyping data was generated for SNPs within the APOE ε4 (rs429358 and rs7412), ACTN3 (rs1815739), ACE I/D or ACE tag SNP (rs4341), COL5A1 (rs12722 and rs3196378) and FTO (rs9939609) genes. Only the COL5A1 SNPs were different when comparing the entire elite RU cohort to controls. However, observations of APOE ε4 frequency did reveal that ~30% of elite RU athletes are at higher risk of poor outcome following mTBI (concussion). Regarding playing position, both ACTN3 and FTO showed position specific variation, with the greatest associations in the backs playing position. There were no associations between elite RU athletes and controls for ACE I/D. When incorporating all of the above SNPs into a polygenic profile, the entire elite RU cohort, the backs and forwards showed significant deviation from controls. Interestingly by using an ROC model the present thesis identified significant polygenic sensitivity in discriminating between elite RU backs and forwards which trended towards the backs. The data generated in the present thesis are the first to show genetic variation in a large cohort of elite RU athletes, with particular emphasis on positional specificity. These data are only the 'tip of the iceberg' in understanding the molecular aspect of elite RU physiological underpinnings and analysis of many more variants are required in addition to replication of the present results. Nonetheless, these data are the first step in this understanding and may have implications in positional selection, position specific training and injury management, in the future. Follow up studies should focus on further recruitment of elite RU athletes and combining genetic data with phenotypic data, specific to elite RU athletes and with particular attention to injury susceptibility.

Published
2016

9. Autonomic Nervous System Indices of Player Readiness During Elite-Level Rugby Union Game-Week Microcycles.

Author

Grainger, A, Heffernan, S, Waldron, M, Sawczuk, T, Grainger, A, Heffernan, S, Waldron, M, and Sawczuk, T

Abstract

Elite-level rugby union (RU) is a high-intensity contact sport that involves large training and match volumes across a season, which can lead to postmatch fatigue. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation and perceived fatigue have been suggested to relate to measures of training and match load in RU. However, there have been no studies to assess specific ANS variables in elite RU during in-season microcycles. Player readiness during game-week microcycles was measured via heart rate variability (HRV) indices, direct current potential and self-reported well-being among 13, elite, male RU players. To enable comparison, data collection days were categorized in relation to their proximity to match day, ranging from match day minus 3 (MD - 3), to match day plus 3 (MD + 3). Differences between match days were evaluated using general linear models and Cohen's d effect sizes. There were significant differences between MD and MD + 1 for ANS indices (RMSSD p = 0.04, d = -0.66, 95% CI 0.11-1.20; the standard deviation of NN intervals p = 0.04, d = -0.66, 95% CI 0.12-1.20; total power p = 0.05, d = -0.65, 95% CI 0.11-1.20) and wellness measures (readiness p = 0.18; d = -2.33, 95% CI, 1.54-3.13; energy p = 0.02; d = -2.24, 95% CI 1.44-3.03; soreness p = 0.00; d = -2.42, 95% CI 1.63-3.23). Match day plus 3 effects were significantly greater than MD + 1 in several ANS responses, with wellness recovering at a slower time-course than ANS responses. Measures of HRV are dysregulated postmatch, but based on their rapid recovery thereafter, using HRV to assess readiness of elite-level players in RU across a weekly microcycle could be limited and requires further investigation.

Published
2022

16. Irish society of gastroenterology: Proceedings of Spring Meeting, University College, Galway on Friday 9th and Saturday 10th June, 1989.

Author

Fitzgerald, E. J., Chua, A., Clabby, C., Keeling, P. W. N., Gilvarry, J. M., Keeling, F., Fitzgerald, O., Fielding, J. F., Mathai, Elizabeth, O’Riordan, T., Tobin, A., Beattie, S., Cafferkey, M., Keane, C. T., O’Morain, C., O’Dwyer, P. J., Hassan, A., Murphy, J. J., Higgins, N. J., Kelly, D., McEntee, G. P., McGeeney, K. F., Fitzpatrick, J. M., Halpin, D. P., O’Byme, P. M., McEntee, G., Hermessy, T. P., Stephens, R. B., Hurley, J. P., Keeling, P., Hurley, J. P., Keeling, P., O’Brien, S., Keoghan, M., Afdhal, N., Hegarty, J. E., Burke, P., Sharp, M., Traynor, O., Molloy, R. G., O’Riordan, M. G., Gillen, P., Kirwan, W. O., Mathai, E., Beattie, S., Cafferkey, M., Keane, T., O’Morain, C., Byrne, P. T., Stuart, R., Lawlor, P., O’Sullivan, G., Hennessy, T. P. J., Burke, P., Hourihane, J., Stephens, R., Mullan, F. J., Campbell, G. R., Rowlands, J., McKelvey, S. T. D., Mullan, F. I., Wilson, H. K., Majury, W., Mills, J., Cromie, A. J., McKelvey, S. T. D., Kerin, M. J., O’Farrell, D., Waldron, R. P., Johnson, J. G., Trimble, K. C., Nunes, D. P., Courtney, M. G., Pomeroy, L., Shattock, A. G., Mulcahy, F. M., Weir, D. G., Chua, A., Ah-Kion, S., Noonan, N., Murphy, J., Weir, D. G., McNulty, J., O’Brien, S., Keoghan, M., Casey, M., Fitzgerald, M. X., Hegarty, J. E., Waldon, B., Cullen, P. T., Hopwood, D., Sutton, D., Kennedy, N., Campbell, F. C., MacMahon, N., Hogan, B., Murray, J., Doyle, J. S., Courtney, M. G., Deasy, J. M., Carr, J., Bouchier-Hayes, C., Cleary, A. P., Walsh, T. N., Gawley, W. F., O’Byrne, P. M., Gleeson, M. I., Calthorpe, D. T., Lane, B. E., Walsh, T. N., Heffernan, S. J., Sanfey, H., Steer, J., Cottell, D., Steer, M., Traynor, O., McEntee, G. P., Stuart, R., Gorey, T. F., Nolan, N., Byme, P., Lawlor, P., Hennessy, T. P. J., Gorey, T. F., Stewart, R., Gillen, P., Nolan, E., Jones, E., McEntee, G., Hennessy, T. P. J., MacMahon, M., Brennan, P., Carmody, E., Nizar, D., Walsh, T. N., Osbome, H., Courtney, M. G., O’Dwyer, R. L., Stevens, F., McCarthy, F., Deasy, J. M., Clery, A. P., Bouchier-Hayes, D., Crerand, S., Feeley, T. M., Waldron, R., Corrigan, T., Hederman, W., O’Cormell, F., Heffernan, S. J., Hurley, J. P., and Keeling, P.

Published
1991
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19. Optimisation of amorphous zinc tin oxide thin film transistors by remote-plasma reactive sputtering.

Author

Niang, K. M., Cho, J., Heffernan, S., Milne, W. I., and Flewitt, A. J.

Subjects
ZINC tin oxide, AMORPHOUS substances, THIN film transistors, REACTIVE sputtering, SPUTTERING (Physics)
Abstract

The influence of the stoichiometry of amorphous zinc tin oxide (a-ZTO) thin films used as the semiconducting channel in thin film transistors (TFTs) is investigated. A-ZTO has been deposited using remote-plasma reactive sputtering from zinc:tin metal alloy targets with 10%, 33%, and 50% Sn at. %. Optimisations of thin films are performed by varying the oxygen flow, which is used as the reactive gas. The structural, optical, and electrical properties are investigated for the optimised films, which, after a post-deposition annealing at 500 °C in air, are also incorporated as the channel layer in TFTs. The optical band gap of a-ZTO films slightly increases from 3.5 to 3.8 eV with increasing tin content, with an average transmission ~90% in the visible range. The surface roughness and crystallographic properties of the films are very similar before and after annealing. An a-ZTO TFT produced from the 10% Sn target shows a threshold voltage of 8 V, a switching ratio of 108, a sub-threshold slope of 0.55 V dec-1, and a field effect mobility of 15 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is a sharp increase from 0.8 cm2 V-1 s-1 obtained in a reference ZnO TFT. For TFTs produced from the 33% Sn target, the mobility is further increased to 21 cm2 V-1 s-1, but the sub-threshold slope is slightly deteriorated to 0.65 V dec-1. For TFTs produced from the 50% Sn target, the devices can no longer be switched off (i.e., there is no channel depletion). The effect of tin content on the TFT electrical performance is explained in the light of preferential sputtering encountered in reactive sputtering, which resulted in films sputtered from 10% and 33% Sn to be stoichiometrically close to the common Zn2SnO4 and ZnSnO3 phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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20. Sixteenth sir peter freyer memorial lecture and surgical symposium September 13th & 14th, 1991 Session I

Author

Coulter, J., Molloy, R. G., Moran, K. T., Waldron, R., Kirwan, W. O., O’Suilleabhain, C., Horgan, A., Mealy, K., Burke, P., Hyland, J., Horgan, A. F., Sheehan, M., Browne, R. M., Austin, O., Clery, A. P., Deasy, J. M., Sulaiman-Shoaib S., Soeda, J., O’Briain, D. S., Puri, P., Coveney, E. C., McAllister, V., McDermott, E. W. M., O’Higgins, N. J., Maher, M., Caldwell, M. T. P., Murchan, P., Beesley, W., Feeley, T. M., Tanner, W. A., Keane, F. B. V., Abbasakoor, F., Attwood, S. E. A., McGrath, L P., Stephens, R. B., O’Broin, E., Davies, M. G., McGinley, J., Mannion, C., Gupta, S., Shine, M. F., Lennon, F., Ninan, G., Fitzgerald, R. J., Guiney, E. J., O’Donnell, B., O’Donnell, A. F., Luke, D., Wood, A. E., Murphy, P. G., Walsh, T. N., Hill, A. D. K., Li, H., Hennessy, T. P. J., Noonan, N., Breslin, B., Keeling, P. W. N., Curran, A. J., Gough, D. B., Davidson, I. R., Keeling, P., O’Leary, D. P., Smythe, A., Bird, N. C., Johnson, A. G., Nicholson, P., Traynor, O., Dawson, K., Aitken, J., Cooke, B. A., Parbhoo, S. P., N.Williams, N., Daly, J. M., Herlyn, M., Bouchier-Hayes, D., Stuart, R. C., Allen, M. J., Thompson, W. D., Peel, A. L. G., Hehir, D. T., Cronin, K., McCann, A., Dervan, P. A., Heffernan, S. J., Hederman, W. P., Galea, M. H., Dilks, B., Gilmour, A., Ellis, L. O., Elston, C. W., Blarney, R. W., O’Rourke, S., Mookens, A., Carter, R., Parkin, D., Couse, N. F., Delaney, C. P., Horgan, P. G., Fitzpatrick, J. M., Gorey, T. F., O’Byrne, J. M., McCabe, J. P., Stephens, M., McManus, F., L.Mangan, J., Barr, D. A., Mulvenna, G. J., Maginn, P., Kernohan, W. G., Mollan, R. A. B., O’Flanagan, S. J., Stack, J. P., Dervan, P., Hurson, B., Tierney, S., Fitzgerald, P., O’Sullivan, T., Grace, P., Wyatt, J. P., Evans, R. J., Cusack, S. P., McGowan, S., McGovem, E., Schwaitzberg, S. D., Connolly, R. J., Sullivan, R. P., Mortimer, G., Geraghty, J. G., O’Dwyer, P. J., McGlone, B. S., O’Brien, D. P., Younis, H. A., Given, H. F., Phelan, C., Byrne, J., Barry, K., Gough, D., Hanrahan, L., Given, F., Sweeney, J. P., Korebrits, A. M., Reynolds, J. V, Gorey, T. F, O’Hanlon, D. M., Stokes, M. A., Redmond, H. P., McCarthy, J., Daly, J. M., Losty, P., Murphy, M., Butler, P. E. M., Grace, P. G., Novell, J. R., Hobbs, S. K., Smith, O., Hazlehurst, G., Brozovic, B., Rolles, K., Burroughs, A., Mallett, S., Mehta, A., Buckley, D., Waldron, D., O’Brien, D., Curran, C., Given, F., Grey, L., Leahy, A., Darzi, A., Leader, D., Broe, P., Geoghegan, J. G., Cheng, C. A., Lawson, D. C., Pappas, T. N., O’Sullivan, D., Lieber, M. M., Colby, T. V, Barrett, D. M., Rogers, E., Greally, J., Bredin, H. C., Corcoran, M. O., Kenny, M., Horgan, P., Headon, D., Grace, A., Grace, P. A., Bouchier-Hayes, D., Cross, S., Hehir, D., O’Briain, S., Hartigan, P., Colgan, M. P., Moore, D., Shanik, G., Zaidi, S. Z., Hehir, D. J., Cross, K. S., Colgan, M. P., Moore, D. J., Shanik, D. G., Lacy, P., Cross, S., Hehir, D., Moore, D., Shanik, G., Coleman, J. E., McEnroe, C. S., Gelfand, J. A., O’Donnell, T. F., Callow, A. D., Buckley, D. J., O’Riordain, D. S., O’Donnell, J. A., Meagher, P., Boos, K., Gillen, P., Corrigan, T., Vashisht, R., Sian, M., Sharp, E. J, O’Malley, M. K., Kerin, M. J., Wilkinson, D., Parkin, A., Kester, R. C., Maher, M. M., Waldron, R. P., Waldron, D. J., Brady, M. P., Allen, M., Lyncy, T. H, Waymont, B., Emtage, L., Blackledge, G. R., Hughes, M. A., Wallace, D. M. A., O’Sullivan, D., Mynderse, L., Barrett, D. M., Rogers, E., Grimes, H., Chambers, F., Lowe, D., Bredin, H. C., Corcoran, M. O., Waldron, D. J., Prasad, B., O’Sullivan, D. C., Gillen, M. Barry P., McNicholas, M., Traynor, O., Bredin, H., O’Dowd, T. H., Corcoran, M., O’Donoghue, J. M., Corcoran, M., McGuire, M., McNamara, A., Creagh, T., Grainger, R., McDermott, T. B. D., Butler, M. R., Gleeson, M., Creagh, T., Grainger, R., McDermott, T. E. D., Hurley, J. P., Hone, R., Neligan, M., Hurley, J., White, M., McDonagh, P., Phelan, D., McGovern, E., Quinn, F., Breatnach, F., O’Meara, A., McGrath, J. P., McCann, S. R., Gaffney, E. F., Hennessy, A, Leader, M., Taleb, F. S., McKiernan, M. V., Leyden, P. J., McCann, J. J., Coleman, J., Quereshi, A., Ajayi, N., McEntee, G., Osborne, H., Bouchier-Hayes, D. J., Johnston, S., O’Malley, K., Smyth, E., Bouchier-Hayes, D. L, Darzi, A., Quereshi, A., McEntee, G., O’Connell, P. R., Gorey, T., McAnena, O. J., Reed, M. W., Duncan, J. L., Reilly, C. S., McGibney, C., Lawlor, P., Lawless, B., McGuinness, E., and Leahy, S.

Published
1992
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24. CD83 is a new potential biomarker and therapeutic target for Hodgkin lymphoma

Author

Li, Z, Ju, X, Lee, K, Clarke, C, Hsu, JL, Abadir, E, Bryant, CE, Pears, S, Sunderland, N, Heffernan, S, Hennessy, A, Lo, T-H, Pietersz, GA, Kupresanin, F, Fromm, PD, Silveira, PA, Tsonis, C, Cooper, WA, Cunningham, I, Brown, C, Clark, GJ, Hart, DNJ, Li, Z, Ju, X, Lee, K, Clarke, C, Hsu, JL, Abadir, E, Bryant, CE, Pears, S, Sunderland, N, Heffernan, S, Hennessy, A, Lo, T-H, Pietersz, GA, Kupresanin, F, Fromm, PD, Silveira, PA, Tsonis, C, Cooper, WA, Cunningham, I, Brown, C, Clark, GJ, and Hart, DNJ

Abstract

Chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are effective treatments for most Hodgkin lymphoma patients, however there remains a need for better tumor-specific target therapy in Hodgkin lymphoma patients with refractory or relapsed disease. Herein, we demonstrate that membrane CD83 is a diagnostic and therapeutic target, highly expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines and Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in 29/35 (82.9%) Hodgkin lymphoma patient lymph node biopsies. CD83 from Hodgkin lymphoma tumor cells was able to trogocytose to surrounding T cells and, interestingly, the trogocytosing CD83+T cells expressed significantly more programmed death-1 compared to CD83-T cells. Hodgkin lymphoma tumor cells secreted soluble CD83 that inhibited T-cell proliferation, and anti-CD83 antibody partially reversed the inhibitory effect. High levels of soluble CD83 were detected in Hodgkin lymphoma patient sera, which returned to normal in patients who had good clinical responses to chemotherapy confirmed by positron emission tomography scans. We generated a human anti-human CD83 antibody, 3C12C, and its toxin monomethyl auristatin E conjugate, that killed CD83 positive Hodgkin lymphoma cells but not CD83 negative cells. The 3C12C antibody was tested in dose escalation studies in non-human primates. No toxicity was observed, but there was evidence of CD83 positive target cell depletion. These data establish CD83 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in Hodgkin lymphoma.

Published
2018

25. No association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms and endurance running times in 698 Caucasian athletes

Author

Papadimitriou, ID, Lockey, SJ, Voisin, S, Herbert, AJ, Garton, F, Houweling, PJ, Cieszczyk, P, Maciejewska-Skrendo, A, Sawczuk, M, Massidda, M, Calo, CM, Astratenkova, IV, Kouvatsi, A, Druzhevskaya, AM, Jacques, M, Ahmetov, II, Stebbings, GK, Heffernan, S, Day, SH, Erskine, R, Pedlar, C, Kipps, C, North, KN, Williams, AG, Eynon, N, Papadimitriou, ID, Lockey, SJ, Voisin, S, Herbert, AJ, Garton, F, Houweling, PJ, Cieszczyk, P, Maciejewska-Skrendo, A, Sawczuk, M, Massidda, M, Calo, CM, Astratenkova, IV, Kouvatsi, A, Druzhevskaya, AM, Jacques, M, Ahmetov, II, Stebbings, GK, Heffernan, S, Day, SH, Erskine, R, Pedlar, C, Kipps, C, North, KN, Williams, AG, and Eynon, N

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating associations between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D genotypes and endurance athletic status have been limited by small sample sizes from mixed sport disciplines and lack quantitative measures of performance. AIM: To examine the association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D genotypes and best personal running times in a large homogeneous cohort of endurance runners. METHODS: We collected a total of 1064 personal best 1500, 3000, 5000 m and marathon running times of 698 male and female Caucasian endurance athletes from six countries (Australia, Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia and UK). Athletes were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID variants. RESULTS: There was no association between ACTN3 R577X or ACE I/D genotype and running performance at any distance in men or women. Mean (SD) marathon times (in s) were for men: ACTN3 RR 9149 (593), RX 9221 (582), XX 9129 (582) p = 0.94; ACE DD 9182 (665), ID 9214 (549), II 9155 (492) p = 0.85; for women: ACTN3 RR 10796 (818), RX 10667 (695), XX 10675 (553) p = 0.36; ACE DD 10604 (561), ID 10766 (740), II 10771 (708) p = 0.21. Furthermore, there were no associations between these variants and running time for any distance in a sub-analysis of athletes with personal records within 20% of world records. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, consistent with most case-control studies, this multi-cohort quantitative analysis demonstrates it is unlikely that ACTN3 XX genotype provides an advantage in competitive endurance running performance. For ACE II genotype, some prior studies show an association but others do not. Our data indicate it is also unlikely that ACE II genotype provides an advantage in endurance running.

Published
2018

29. Fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene influences skeletal muscle phenotypes in non-resistance trained males and elite rugby playing position

Author

Heffernan, S. M., primary, Stebbings, G. K., additional, Kilduff, L. P., additional, Erskine, R. M., additional, Day, S. H., additional, Morse, C. I., additional, McPhee, J. S., additional, Cook, C. J., additional, Vance, B., additional, Ribbans, W. J., additional, Raleigh, S. M., additional, Roberts, C., additional, Bennett, M. A., additional, Wang, G., additional, Collins, M., additional, Pitsiladis, Y. P., additional, and Williams, A. G., additional

Published
2017
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30. Association ofACTN3 R577Xbut notACEI/D gene variants with elite rugby union player status and playing position

Author

Heffernan, S. M., primary, Kilduff, L. P., additional, Erskine, R. M., additional, Day, S. H., additional, McPhee, J. S., additional, McMahon, G. E., additional, Stebbings, G. K., additional, Neale, J. P. H., additional, Lockey, S. J., additional, Ribbans, W. J., additional, Cook, C. J., additional, Vance, B., additional, Raleigh, S. M., additional, Roberts, C., additional, Bennett, M. A., additional, Wang, G., additional, Collins, M., additional, Pitsiladis, Y. P., additional, and Williams, A. G., additional

Published
2016
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31. Irish Society of Gastroenterology: Proceedings of the winter meeting of the irish society of gastroenterology, held in the royal college of surgeons

Author

McGee, D., Hurley, M. F., Shinkwin, M., Kirwan., W. O., Brady, H. R., O’Donoghue, D. P., Maxwell, R. J., Parks., T. G., Habba, S. F., Doyle, J. S., McCoy, G. F., Parks, T. G., Keane, F., Stephens, R., O’Connor, M., Byrne, P. J., Hennessy, T. P., Gallagher, C., Lennon, J., Crowe, J., O’Connell, D., Browne, Harold J., Legge, D., Kelleher, D., Bloomfield, J., Whelan, A., Weir, D., O’Donoghue, D. P., FitzGerald, O., Conalty, M. L., Courtney, D. F., Clanachan, A. S., Scott, G. W., Shattock, Alan G., McKeever, Una, Feighery, C., Weir, D., Cryan, E. M., Stevens, F. M., Fottrell, P. F., McNicholl, B., McCarthy, F., Arthurs, Yvonne, Doyle, G. D., Fielding, J. F., O’Grady, J. G., Stevens, F. M., Fottrell, P. F., McNicholl, B., O’Gorman, T. A., McCarthy, F., Sheahan, D. G., West, A. B., Stephens, R. B., Hennessy, T. P., McEntee, G., Gorey, T. F., Heffernan, S. J., Duignan, J. P., Duignan, J., Wesler, M., O’Higgins, N., O’Malley, E., MacLean, L. D., Watson, R. G. K., Devery, R., Collins, P. B., and Johnson, A. H.

Published
1982
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32. Irish Endocrine Society: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Meeting of the Irish Endocrine Society, held in Cork, on Friday 13th November and Saturday 14th November, 1981.

Author

McDonnell, T., Cullen, M. J., Griffin, B., Earley, O., McWeeney, J., O’Donnell, J., Finnegan, P., Sugrue, D., Heffernan, S. J., O’Malley, E., Drury, M. I., Scott, L., Tomkin, G. H., Walsh, H., Quigley, C., Sullivan, P. A., Gonggrijp, Helga, Crowley, M. J., Ferriss, J. B., O’Sullivan, D. J., O’Kelly, Ruth, Magee, Fergal, McKenna, T. Joseph, Garrett, P. J., Langan, Claire, Mulloy, Eithne, O’Donnell, J., Henry, M., McMullen, J. K., Grant, A. P., Tindall, C. E., Daly, J. G., Hayes, J. R., Ardili, Joy, Banks, I. G., Herberg, L., Sloan, J. M., Buchanan, D., Maxwell, P., Carland, C., Lee, T. C., Mulera-Kwehangaana, F., Ardili, J., Tomkin, G. H., Mehigan, Denis G., Bouchier-Hayes, David J., Cameron, John L., Cannon, D., Barron, J., Harney, J., Coughlan, M., Powell, D., ’Herlihy, O, Danks, D. M., O’Hare, J. A., Twomey, M., Ferriss, J., O’Sullivan, D. J., O’HARE, J. A., Twomey, M., Ferriss, J. B., O’Sullivan, D. J., Callaghan, T. S., Buchanan, K. D., O’Hare, M. M. T., Jeffers, P., Sloan, J. M., Mcllrath, E. M., Kennedy, T. L., McConnell, A, A., Curtis, J. A., Kennedy, L., Beacom, R., Carson, D., Campbell, S. L, Johnston, P. B., Smyth, P. P. A., Neylan, D., Duffy, G. J., McKenna, T. J., McKiernan, J., and Curtin, M.

Published
1982
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33. Irish endocrine society: Proceedings of meeting held on 14th and 15th October, 1983

Author

Drury, R. R., Cregan, D., Keenan, P., Murphy, M., Drury, M. I., Reeves, W. G., Kennedy, L., Manolas, K., Wilson, K., Montgomery, D. A. D., Joplin, G. J., Kennedy, T. L., Welbourn, R. B., Byrne, M., Skrabanek, P., Tempany, E., Powell, D., Beacom, R., Middleton, D., Sawhney, B., Noonan, Noirin, Tomkin, Gerald H., Hutchinson, Michael, Kingston, S. M., Collins, W. C. J., Bell, P. M., Hayes, J. R., Hadden, D. R., O’hanrahan, T. J., Dervan, P., Heffernan, S. J., McMullan, N. M., Smyth, P. P. A., Curtis, J. A., Baily, J. D., Bain, J., Sequeira, S., McKenna, T. J., Sullivan, Patrick A., DeQuattro, Vincent, Foti, Andrew, Atkinson, A. B., Carson, D. J., Kennedy, H., Woods, A. L., Sheridan, B., O’Hare, J. A., Ferriss, J. B., Brady, D., Twomey, B. M., O’Sullivan, D. J., Lyons, T. J., Postlethwaite, W., Svheridan, B., Woodhead, J. S., Sinnamon, D. G., Traub, A. I., Thompson, W., Neylan, D., O’Donovan, D. K., McMullan, N., Blair, A. L. T., Wilson, E. A., Merrett, J. D., Weaver, J. A., Osterberg, P. H., Magee, B., and Hadden

Published
1984
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34. Book reviews

Author

Fennelly, J. J., Greally, John, Powell, David, Heffernan, S., Swallow, Michael, Drury, M. I., Walsh, J. H., McKenna, John, and Prendiville, J. B.

Published
1974
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35. Irish Society Of Gastroenterology 21st Anniversary Year Meeting, November 1983: Held on 25th and 26th November, 1983 in St. Vincent’s Hospital, Dublin

Author

McEntee, G. P., Ruddy, R., Heffernan, S. J., Kirwan, W. O., Doyle, C. T., Stevens, Fiona M., O’Riordan, M., Collins, John S. A., Porter, Kenneth G., Kelleher, D., Cryan, E., Flanagan, M., Weir, D. G., Kelly, J., O’Farrelly, C., O’Mahony, C., Thompson, A., Rees, J. P., Feighery, C., McKeever, Una, Lawlor, E., Brian West, A., Sheahan, Daniel G., Maguire, Cliona, Tighe, Bryan, O’Higgins, N. J., Harvey, C. F., Hood, J. M., Anderson, J. R., Wilson, B. G., Parks, T. G., Lyons, T., Brougham, R., West, B., O’Briain, D. S., Falkiner, F., Keeling, P. W. N., Keane, C., Fitzgerald, P., Moss, N., Whelton, M. J., Unit, G. I., Watt, P. C. H., Patterson, C. C., Kennedy, T. L., Anderson, M. C., Delaney, P. V., Gilmartin, D., Rhatigan, M., Duggan, J., Osborne, D. H., Walsh, T. N., Alderson, D., Farndon, J. R., Johnston, I. D. A., Given, F., Flanagan, P. V., O’Higgins, N., McGeeney, K. F., Naughton, P. M., Duignan, J. P., Morrissey, B., O’Malley, E., Collins, B. J., McFarland, R. J., Sloan, J., Love, A. H. G., Spense, R. A. J., Johnston, G. W., Odling-Smee, G. W., Walters, J. W., and McCarthy, C. F.

Published
1985
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36. Irish Society of Gastroenterology: Proceedings of the november 1982 meeting of the Irish Society of Gastroenterology

Author

Nee, John, Purdy, Sheila, Osborne, Henry, Traynor, O. J., Costa, N. L., Wood, C. B., Hennessy, T. P. J., Shattock, A. G., Arthurs, Yvonne, Doyle, G. D., Fielding, J. F., Jackson, John, Kelleher, Dermot, Weir, D. G., Feighery, Conleth, Lalor, B., Crowe, John, Counihan, T. B., Kelly, M. G., O’Callaghan, T. W., Lennon, J., Crowe, J., Monson, J. R. T., Glynn, M., O’Sullivan, G., Collins, P. G., Lane, B. E., Spence, R. A. J., Templeton, J. L., Hanna, W. A., Parks, T. G., Moore, D., Humphries, R., Keaveny, T. V., Duignan, J. P., Mullen, P., Heffernan, S. J., Gorey, Thomas F., Hickey-Dwyer, Marie, O’Higgins, Niall, West, A. Brian, Sheahan, Daniel G., Maguire, Cliona, O’Grady, J. G., Stevens, F. M., Keane, R., Cryan, E. M., Egan-Mitchell, B., McNicholl, B., Fottrell, P. F., McCarthy, C. F., Hanly, J., Stassen, W., Callaghan, N., Whelton, M. J., Smith, J., Capperauld, I., Doyie, J. S., McEntee, G., Lavelle, J. S. R., Colhoun, E., Hourihane, J. B., O’Connell, D., Johnston, G. W., Ryan, P. C., Gorey, T. F., Sharkey, A. G., Stephens, E. B., Hanaghan, J., Hurley, G. D., Marsh, B., Ashe, J., O’Malley, E., Tanner, W. A., and O’Connell, R.

Published
1984
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37. Irish Society of Gastroenterology: Proceedings of the spring 1982 meeting of the Irish Society of Gastroenterology

Author

O’Grady, J. G., Cryan, E. M., Stevens, F. M., McNicholl, B., Fottrell, P., O’Gorman, T. A., McCarthy, C. F., Duignan, J. P., Power, M., Heffernan, S. J., O’Malley, E., Robinson, A. R., Speekenbrink, A. B. J., O’Moore, R. R., Keane, C. T., Weir, D. G., Gaffney, P. R., Gleeson, D., Hall, J., Brady, M. P., Ward, K., O’Connor, F. A., Bradley, B., O’Farrelly, C., Kelly, J., Thompson, A., McDonald, G., McKeever, U., Feighery, C., Kelleher, D., Whelan, C. A., Steel, Linda, McBriar, Deborah L, Erwin, Claire, McMaster, Dorothy, Love, A. H. G., Cunningham, F. O., Lavelle, S. M., O’Beirn, S., Given, H. F., Keane, P., Craven, Ciaran, Gallagher, Charles, Spencer, Susan, Crowe, John, McKeever, Una, Kelly, D., Kelly, D. A., O’Donnell, N., Mello’s, J., O’Moore, R. R., Egan, E. L., O’Riordan, M., Bourke, G., Neale, G., O’Donohue, D., Mooney, P. A., McLoughlin, D. M., Walters, J. M., O’Donoghue, D. P., Moriarty, M., Smith, M., Gillatt, A., and Moss, B.

Published
1984
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38. <italic>TTN</italic> genotype is associated with fascicle length and marathon running performance.

Author

Stebbings, G. K., Williams, A. G., Herbert, A. J., Lockey, S. J., Heffernan, S. M., Erskine, R. M., Morse, C. I., and Day, S. H.

Subjects
ALLELES, ATHLETIC ability, GENETIC polymorphisms, MUSCLES, POLYMERASE chain reaction, ULTRASONIC imaging, WHITE people, LONG-distance running, GENOTYPES
Abstract

Titin provides a molecular blueprint for muscle sarcomere assembly, and sarcomere length can vary according to titin isoform expression. If variations in sarcomere length influence muscle fascicle length, this may provide an advantage for running performance. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the titin (TTN) rs10497520 polymorphism was associated with muscle fascicle length in recreationally active men (RA; n=137) and marathon personal best time in male marathon runners (MR; n=141). Fascicle length of the vastus lateralis was assessed in vivo using B‐mode ultrasonography at 50% of muscle length in RA. All participants provided either a whole blood, saliva or buccal cell sample, from which DNA was isolated and genotyped using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Vastus lateralis fascicle length was 10.4% longer in CC homozygotes, those carrying two copies of the C‐allele, than CT heterozygotes (P=.003) in RA. In the absence of any TT homozygotes, reflective of the low T‐allele frequency within Caucasian populations, it is unclear whether fascicle length for this group would have been smaller still. No differences in genotype frequency between the RA and MR groups were observed (P=.500), although within the MR group, the T‐allele carriers demonstrated marathon personal best times 2 minutes 25 seconds faster than CC homozygotes (P=.020). These results suggest that the T‐allele at rs10497520 in the TTN gene is associated with shorter skeletal muscle fascicle length and conveys an advantage for marathon running performance in habitually trained men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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42. Association of ACTN3 R577X but not ACE I/D gene variants with elite rugby union player status and playing position.

Author

Heffernan, S. M., Kilduff, L. P., Erskine, R. M., Day, S. H., McPhee, J. S., McMahon, G. E., Stebbings, G. K., Neale, J. P. H., Lockey, S. J., Ribbans, W. J., Cook, C. J., Vance, B., Raleigh, S. M., Roberts, C., Bennett, M. A., Wang, G., Collins, M., Pitsiladis, Y. P., and Williams, A. G.

Subjects
*RUGBY Union football players, *HUMAN genetic variation, *POLYMERASE chain reaction, *FATIGUE (Physiology), *GENETIC testing
Abstract

We aimed to quantify the ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) genetic variants in elite rugby athletes (rugby union and league) and compare genotype frequencies to controls and between playing positions. The rugby athlete cohort consisted of 507 Caucasian men, including 431 rugby union athletes that for some analyses were divided into backs and forwards and into specific positional groups: front five, back row, half backs, centers, and back three. Controls were 710 Caucasian men and women. Real-time PCR of genomic DNA was used to determine genotypes using TaqMan probes and groups were compared using χ² and odds ratio (OR) statistics. Correction of P values for multiple comparisons was according to Benjamini-Hochberg. There was no difference in ACE I/D genotype between groups. ACTN3 XX genotype tended to be underrepresented in rugby union backs (15.7%) compared with forwards (24.8%, P = 0.06). Interestingly, the 69 back three players (wings and full backs) in rugby union included only six XX genotype individuals (8.7%), with the R allele more common in the back three (68.8%) than controls (58.0%; χ² = 6.672, P = 0.04; OR = 1.60) and forwards (47.5%; χ² = 11.768, P = 0.01; OR = 2.00). Association of ACTN3 R577X with playing position in elite rugby union athletes suggests inherited fatigue resistance is more prevalent in forwards, while inherited sprint ability is more prevalent in backs, especially wings and full backs. These results also demonstrate the advantage of focusing genetic studies on a large cohort within a single sport, especially when intrasport positional differences exist, instead of combining several sports with varied demands and athlete characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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