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THE INTERRELATEDNESS OF THE EDUCATION, NUTRITION, HEALTH, CLOTHING, SOCIAL CUSTOMS, AND HOUSING PROBLEMS OF THE MIGRANT CHILD ARE DISCUSSED WITH THE POINT BEING TO SHOW THEIR IMPORTANCE AND THE EFFECT OF THEIR LACK ON A CHILD'S DEVELOPMENT. FURTHER DISCUSSION TAKES UP THE EFFECT OF THESE FACTORS UPON THE CHILD'S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AND HIS ADJUSTMENT TO A DIFFERENT CULTURAL SETTING. THE INFLUENCE OF THE MIGRANT CHILD'S LACK OF KNOWLEDGE OF SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, READING, WRITING, SPEAKING, AND THE ARTS, UPON HIS ENVIRONMENT MUST ALSO BE CONSIDERED. THE PAPER CONCLUDES WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE'S RESPONSIBILITIES TO THESE MIGRANT WORKERS, UPON WHOM THEY DEPEND SO MUCH. CHILD CARE CENTERS, ENGLISH LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION, SUMMER SCHOOLS, PRE-SCHOOLS, AND BETTER HOUSING MUST BE PROVIDED. AN EFFORT SHOULD ALSO BE MADE TOWARD PARENT-TEACHER COOPERATION TO FOSTER BETTER RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MIGRANTS AND THE COMMUNITY. THIS PAPER WAS PRESENTED AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL STATEWIDE CONFERENCE ON FAMILIES WHO FOLLOW THE CROPS, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, FEBRUARY 1964. (CL)

ONE OF THE GOALS OF EDUCATION IS HELPING EVERY LEARNER ACHIEVE HIS INDIVIDUAL POTENTIAL. IN DIRECTING EFFORT TOWARD THIS GOAL, EDUCATIONAL LEADERS MUST IDENTIFY AND MEET DIVERSE NEEDS IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS--(1) THE MATURITY OF THE LEARNER, (2) HIS PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, (3) HIS FAMILY BACKGROUND, (4) HIS PHYSICAL CONDITION, AND (5) INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ABILITY, INTEREST, APTITUDE, AND ASPIRATION. ENROLLMENT GROWTH IN JUNIOR COLLEGES AND ADULT EDUCATION CLASSES, INCREASED EMPHASIS ON EDUCATION OF THE DISADVANTAGED, AND PRE-SCHOOL PROGRAMS ARE CITED AS TRENDS IN EDUCATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. CHILDREN FROM HOMES OF POVERTY, MIGRANT CHILDREN, AND CHILDREN WHOSE PARENTS SPEAK ANOTHER LANGUAGE PRESENT DIFFERENT KINDS OF EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES TO THE SCHOOLS. THE MAJOR RESPONSIBILITY IS SEEN AS THE PREVENTION OF FAILURE. THIS REQUIRES LEARNING ACTIVITIES WHICH ARE HIGHLY INDIVIDUALIZED, FREEDOM FROM RIGID GRADE STANDARDS, AND A CLOSER HOME SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP. THIS SPEECH WAS DELIVERED AT THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RURAL EDUCATION AT OKLAHOMA CITY ON OCTOBER 2, 1967. (SF)

Distinct clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have emerged as important causes of infection in individuals who have exposure to livestock (livestock-associated MRSA; LA-MRSA). Clonal complex 398 (CC398) is the most prevalent LA-MRSA clone, and has been reported from several geographical settings, including Europe, the Americas and Asia. To understand the factors contributing to the global dissemination of this clone, we analysed CC398 MRSA isolates from New Zealand (NZ), a geographically isolated country with an economy strongly dependent on livestock farming. We supplemented the NZ CC398 MRSA collection with global datasets of CC398 MRSA and CC398 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Here, we demonstrate multiple sporadic incursions of CC398 MRSA into NZ, as well as recent importation and spread of a swine-associated clade related to the European LA-MRSA lineage. Within a larger global phylogenomic framework, Bayesian modelling suggested that this NZ clade emerged in the late 2000s, with a probable origin in swine from Western Europe. Elucidating the factors responsible for the incursion and spread of LA-MRSA in geographically distant regions, such as NZ, provides important insights into global pathways of S. aureus transmission, and will inform strategies to control importation and spread.

Carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPO) continue to spread around the globe at an alarming rate. People travelling to, and especially hospitalized in, areas that have high prevalence rates of MDR organisms (MDRO), such as ESBL- and carbapenemase producing Gram-negative organisms, are at risk of acquiring these bacteria and subsequent colonization or infection. In low-prevalence countries, such as New Zealand (NZ), this risk factor has recently been identified for the first cases of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing K. pneumoniae reported in NZ. Current reports of CPO in NZ are rare, with a low number of patients found to have cocarriage of more than two CPO and coproducing strains infrequently encountered. Here, we report the isolation of seven distinct CPO, together with an ESBL-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis with an ACC-type AmpC b-lactamase, from a patient recently returned to NZ from a Romanian hospital.

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), such as Staphylococcus capitis, are major causes of bloodstream infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Recently, a distinct clone of S. capitis (designated S. capitis NRCS-A) has emerged as an important pathogen in NICUs internationally. Here, 122 S. capitis isolates from New Zealand (NZ) underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and these data were supplemented with publicly available S. capitis sequence reads. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses were performed, as were phenotypic assessments of antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and plasmid segregational stability on representative isolates. A distinct lineage of S. capitis was identified in NZ associated with neonates and the NICU environment. Isolates from this lineage produced increased levels of biofilm, displayed higher levels of tolerance to chlorhexidine, and were multidrug resistant. Although similar to globally circulating NICU-associated S. capitis strains at a core-genome level, NZ NICU S. capitis isolates carried a novel stably maintained multidrug-resistant plasmid that was not present in non-NICU isolates. Neonatal blood culture isolates were indistinguishable from environmental S. capitis isolates found on fomites, such as stethoscopes and neonatal incubators, but were generally distinct from those isolates carried by NICU staff. This work implicates the NICU environment as a potential reservoir for neonatal sepsis caused by S. capitis and highlights the capacity of genomics-based tracking and surveillance to inform future hospital infection control practices aimed at containing the spread of this important neonatal pathogen.

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are still relatively rarely isolated in New Zealand (NZ). Between 2009 and 2014, only 35 confirmed, non-duplicate isolates were reported to the national CPE surveillance system. However, the prevalence is increasing, with 41 isolates reported in 2015. In NZ to date, the majority of patients with CPE have had a history of hospitalization or travel within countries with a high prevalence of CPE. However, for the first time in 2015, transmission of CPE in NZ healthcare facilities was identified.

Background: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. New, presumably better-adapted strains of VRE appear unpredictably; it is uncertain how they spread despite improved infection control. We aimed to investigate the relatedness of a novel sequence type (ST) of vanB E. faecium - ST796 - very near its time of origin from hospitals in three Australian states and New Zealand. Methods: Following near-simultaneous outbreaks of ST796 in multiple institutions, we gathered then tested colonization and bloodstream infection isolates' antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes, and phylogenomic relationships using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Patient meta-data was explored to trace the spread of ST796. Results: A novel clone of vanB E. faecium (ST796) was first detected at one Australian hospital in late 2011, then in two New Zealand hospitals linked by inter-hospital transfers from separate Melbourne hospitals. ST796 also appeared in hospitals in South Australia and New South Wales and was responsible for at least one major colonization outbreak in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit without identifiable links between centers. No exceptional AMR was detected in the isolates. While WGS analysis showed very limited diversity at the core genome, consistent with recent emergence of the clone, clustering by institution was observed. Conclusions: Evolution of new E. faecium clones, followed by recognized or unrecognized movement of colonized individuals then rapid intra-institutional cross-transmission best explain the multi-center, multistate and international outbreak we observed.

SPECIAL FEATURES OF FIVE SUMMER SCHOOL PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN OF MIGRANT WORKERS WERE PRESENTED. THE CERES ELEMENTARY SCHOOL DISTRICT GAVE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL WOODWORKING CLASSES TO FIFTH- AND SIXTH-GRADE GIRLS. INSTRUCTION IN COOKING AND SEWING WAS ENTHUSIASTICALLY RECEIVED BY THIRD- AND FOURTH-GRADE GIRLS BUT DID NOT APPEAL TO OLDER GIRLS. A PREHIGH SCHOOL PERSONAL TYPING COURSE WAS GIVEN TO OLDER BOYS AND GIRLS. INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC CLASSES INCLUDED REGULAR BAND INSTRUCTION AND PIANO LESSONS. REMEDIAL AND GRADE LEVEL WORK WAS ALSO OFFERED. THE EARLIMART ELEMENTARY SCHOOL DISTRICT PROGRAM HAD A CLUB OR ACTIVITY PERIOD OF 45 MINUTES THAT WAS SCHEDULED DAILY FOR ALL CHILDREN. CLUBS WERE DEVOTED TO BOOKS, SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, CRAFTS, SPANISH, FRENCH, AND MUSIC. THE SUMMER SCHOOL CULMINATED WITH A PROGRAM FOR PARENTS AND AN EXHIBIT OF THE STUDENTS' WORK. THE IMPERIAL UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT HELD CLASSES IN CONVERSATIONAL ENGLISH FOR 25 CHILDREN BETWEEN 6 AND 11 YEARS OF AGE. THE PROGRAM WAS DESIGNED TO BROADEN ORAL VOCABULARY, BUT IT ALSO AIMED AT STRENGTHENING LISTENING SKILLS, ENCOURAGING THE SHARING OF EXPERIENCES AND IDEAS, AND GIVING OPPORTUNITIES FOR MUSICAL AND ARTISTIC EXPRESSION. THE THREE DISTRICTS OF COALINGA-HURON, WESTSIDE, AND OIL KING COOPERATIVELY SPONSORED A 5-WEEK PROGRAM. PUPILS IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SUMMER PROGRAM WERE ALLOWED TO SWIM IN THE HIGH SCHOOL POOL THAT WAS MADE AVAILABLE AND STAFFED BY THE RECREATION DEPARTMENT. RESOURCES FROM THE VARIOUS SCHOOLS WERE UTILIZED IN THE SCIENCE PROGRAM SO THAT THE CHILDREN HAD ACCESS TO ALL TYPES OF AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT FOR EXPERIMENTS, AND BOOKS. THE SANGER UNION SCHOOL DISTRICT OFFERED CLASSES IN READING COMPREHENSION AND SPEED-READING, INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC, NEW MATH, SWIMMING, THE EMERGING NATIONS OF AFRICA, VOCAL MUSIC, ARTS AND CRAFTS, SCIENCE, AND ENGLISH.

Paper was presented at the CWLA Southwest Regional Conference, Forth Worth, Texas, 1970. (NH)