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미래에 대한 불안감은 목표 지향적인 행동과 연관이 있을 뿐 아니라, 인생에서 발생하는 다양한 사건들에 대한 불확실성과 예측 불가능함에 대한 걱정을 내포하고 있다. 본 연구는 미래에 대한 불안감이 개인으로 하여금 사회적 관계에 대한 도구적인 가치 인식을 증가시킬 수 있음을 제안한다. 구체적으로, 개인이 자신의 미래에 대해 불안감을 많이 느낄 수록, 이들은 자신이 인적 관계에서 획득할 수 있는 도구적이고 수단적인 도움에 대한 가치가 더 높다고 인지할 수 있고, 결과적으로 새로운 사람들을 만날 수 있는 기회를 제공하는 경험에 대해 보다 긍정적인 태도를 보인다. 본 연구는 미래에 대한 불안감이 소비자들로 하여금 사회적 관계를 향후에 발생할 수 있는 일들에 대비하기위한 수단으로서 볼 수 있게 함으로서, 결과적으로 소비자들이 고립되기보다 서로 모이게 할 수 있음을 보여 주는 최초의 연구이다.

As firms strategically extend assortments to satisfy heterogeneous consumer preferences, consumers are more likely to encounter items that they personally find unappealing. In this research, we find that, although adding unattractive items to an assortment does not affect actual consumption, people erroneously believe that this addition will negatively affect their experience, reducing both their enjoyment and the amount they will consume. We propose that this erroneous prediction derives from two mechanisms. First, whereas consumption decisions focus on the items being consumed, predictions tend to take the entire assortment into account, including the unattractive items (i.e., predictions are more holistic). Second, consumers believe that considering the unattractive items will reduce how much they will enjoy the attractive items (i.e., consumers intuit hedonic assimilation). As a result, we find that consumers expect they will enjoy the extended assortment less, will consume fewer items from it, are willing to pay less for it, and are more likely to trade it. However, the negative effect of the additional unattractive items can be eliminated when predictions are made for individual items (countering holistic processing) or when consumers cannot consume the unattractive items (countering imagined hedonic assimilation).

A series of problem-solving experiments reveal that people are more likely to consider solutions that add features than solutions that remove them, even when removing features is more efficient. People tend to solve problems by adding features.

In the present study, we find that a restrictive message that limits the availability of the product amount (vs. purchasing time) is perceived as more competitive by consumers. Previous literature on gender difference suggests that men (vs. women) tend to respond more positively to competition in a competitive setting. Based on the previous findings on gender difference, we prove that gender has a moderating role in predicting more positive attitudes toward a competitively framed sales promotion. In addition, acquiring the products over competition may provide the consumer with a sense of triumph. Therefore, male consumers' desire to win might elicit a more positive attitude toward the product and higher purchase intention under a competitively framed sales promotion. As hypothesized, we also find that amount-limited sales promotions lead to a more positive attitude toward the products and a higher purchase intention for male customers who are more competitively inclined than women. However, no such effec...

Competition between two microorganisms in continuous culture for multiple substrates is examined. The competitive elimination principle of Gauss applies when two organisms compete for one growth-limiting substrate. If two substrates are present, and microbial growth depends on both (double substrate limitation), then both organisms may coexist in a stable steady state. The range of microbial parameters over which this steady state occurs is examined.

A mathematical model of moving bed coal gasification is used to determine the performance of two U.S. coals in a pressurized Lurgi gasifier. Air and oxygen blasts are considered. Optimum feed conditions are highly dependent on coal type and oxidant, with high activity Wyoming coal requiring less oxygen and less steam to gasify a given amount of fixed carbon than low activity Illinois coal. The different steam to oxygen ratios for the two coals result in markedly different H 2 /CO ratios in the product gas. Optimum operation requires that the combustion zone be maintained at a given distance above the ash grate. Calculations in the neighborhood of the optimum define process variables that can be used to infer deviations from optimum conditions.

Etude en laboratoire des modifications physicochimiques de la chaux apres traitement par le methanol et des effets sur les capacites d'absorption de SO 2 apres traitement

The transient response of dry ash and slagging moving-bed coal gasification reactors is analyzed for small step changes in feed conditions. The approach to the new steady state for perturbations about the optimum in the Lurgi gasifier has a time scale of about 10 hr. Transients in the slagging gasifier can result in a decrease in the coal bed height, which occurs on a time scale of several hours. There is a rapid initial response in both types of reactors in product gas temperature and heating value.

A steady state model of moving-bed coal gasification reactors has been developed. Model predictions are in agreement with published commercial plant data for Lurgi pressurized gasification reactors and a pilot plant slagging gasifier. The dependence of reactor performance on operating variables has been studied for Illinois and Wyoming coals. For a given coal, maximum efficiency is determined by the coal-to-oxygen feed ratio. The location of the maximum temperature, which defines the combustion zone, is an important operating variable. Efficient operation of the dry ash reactor cannot be carried out below a critical feed gas temperature because of insufficient gasification and excessive carbon loss in the ash.