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2. SARS-CoV-2 incidence in secondary schools;: the role of national and school-initiated COVID-19 measures

Author

Jonker, L, Linde, K J, de Boer, A R, Ding, E, Zhang, D, de Hoog, M L A, Herfst, S, Heederik, D J J, Fraaij, P L A, Bluyssen, P M, Wouters, I M, Bruijning-Verhagen, P C J L, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, and Faculteit Diergeneeskunde

Subjects
Schools, SARS-CoV-2, Incidence, Communicable Disease Control, Humans, Dust, Carbon Dioxide, COVID-19/epidemiology
Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Our aim was to gain insight into the effect of COVID-19 measures on SARS-CoV-2 incidence in secondary schools and the association with classroom CO 2 concentration and airborne contamination. METHODS: Between October 2020-June 2021, 18 schools weekly reported SARS-CoV-2 incidence and completed surveys on school-initiated COVID-19 measures (e.g. improving hygiene or minimizing contacts). CO 2 was measured in occupied classrooms twice, and SARS-CoV-2 air contamination longitudinally using electrostatic dust collectors (EDC) and analyzed using RT-qPCR. National COVID-19 policy measures varied during pre-lockdown, lockdown and post-lockdown periods. During the entire study, schools were recommended to improve ventilation. SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate ratios (IRR) were estimated by Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models. RESULTS: During 18 weeks follow-up (range: 10-22) SARS-CoV-2 school-incidence decreased during national lockdown (adjusted IRR: 0.41, 95%CI: 0.21-0.80) and post-lockdown (IRR: 0.60, 0.39-0.93) compared to pre-lockdown. School-initiated COVID-19 measures had no additional effect. Pre-lockdown, IRRs per 10% increase in time CO 2 exceeded 400, 550 and 800 ppm above outdoor level respectively, were 1.08 (1.00-1.16), 1.10 (1.02-1.19), and 1.08 (0.95-1.22). Post-lockdown, CO 2-concentrations were considerably lower and not associated with SARS-CoV-2 incidence. No SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in any of the EDC samples. CONCLUSION: During a period with low SARS-CoV-2 population immunity and increased attention to ventilation, with CO 2 levels most of the time below acceptable thresholds, only the national policy during and post-lockdown of reduced class-occupancy, stringent quarantine, and contact testing reduced SARS-CoV-2 incidence in Dutch secondary schools. Widespread SARS-CoV-2 air contamination could not be demonstrated in schools under the prevailing conditions during the study.

Published
2023

7. SARS-CoV-2 incidence in secondary schools: the role of national and school-initiated COVID-19 measures

Author

IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, IRAS – One Health Microbial, Jonker, L, Linde, K J, de Boer, A R, Ding, E, Zhang, D, de Hoog, M L A, Herfst, S, Heederik, D J J, Fraaij, P L A, Bluyssen, P M, Wouters, I M, Bruijning-Verhagen, P C J L, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, IRAS – One Health Microbial, Jonker, L, Linde, K J, de Boer, A R, Ding, E, Zhang, D, de Hoog, M L A, Herfst, S, Heederik, D J J, Fraaij, P L A, Bluyssen, P M, Wouters, I M, and Bruijning-Verhagen, P C J L

Published
2023

8. SARS-CoV-2 incidence in secondary schools; the role of national and school-initiated COVID-19 measures

Author

Infection & Immunity, Epi Infectieziekten Team 1, Child Health, JC onderzoeksprogramma Methodologie, JC onderzoeksprogramma Infectieziekten, Jonker, L, Linde, K J, de Boer, A R, Ding, E, Zhang, D, de Hoog, M L A, Herfst, S, Heederik, D J J, Fraaij, P L A, Bluyssen, P M, Wouters, I M, Bruijning-Verhagen, P C J L, Infection & Immunity, Epi Infectieziekten Team 1, Child Health, JC onderzoeksprogramma Methodologie, JC onderzoeksprogramma Infectieziekten, Jonker, L, Linde, K J, de Boer, A R, Ding, E, Zhang, D, de Hoog, M L A, Herfst, S, Heederik, D J J, Fraaij, P L A, Bluyssen, P M, Wouters, I M, and Bruijning-Verhagen, P C J L

Published
2023

10. Additional file 1 of SARS-CoV-2 incidence in secondary schools; the role of national and school-initiated COVID-19 measures

Author

Jonker, L., Linde, K. J., de Boer, A. R., Ding, E., Zhang, D., de Hoog, M. L. A., Herfst, S., Heederik, D. J. J., Fraaij, P. L. A., Bluyssen, P. M., Wouters, I. M., and Bruijning-Verhagen, P. C. J. L.

Abstract

Additional file 1: Box S1. Survey baseline characteristics school. Box S2. Survey school-initiated COVID-19 measures. Table S1. National COVID-19 policy during the study period (October 2020 – June 2021) for each lockdown period. Table S2. School-initiated COVID-19 measures and corresponding scores. Box S3. Laboratory analysis of settling dust samples. Table S3. Results of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in settling dust samples in secondary schools.

Published
2023
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15. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Air and on Surfaces in Rooms of Infected Nursing Home Residents

Author

Linde, K. J., Wouters, I. M., Kluytmans, J. A. J. W., Kluytmans-van den Bergh, M. F. Q., Pas, S. D., GeurtsvanKessel, C. H., Koopmans, M. P. G., Meier, M., Meijer, P., Raben, C. R., Spithoven, J., Tersteeg-Zijderveld, M. H. G., Heederik, D. J. J., Dohmen, W., Linde, K. J., Wouters, I. M., Kluytmans, J. A. J. W., Kluytmans-van den Bergh, M. F. Q., Pas, S. D., GeurtsvanKessel, C. H., Koopmans, M. P. G., Meier, M., Meijer, P., Raben, C. R., Spithoven, J., Tersteeg-Zijderveld, M. H. G., Heederik, D. J. J., and Dohmen, W.

Abstract

There is an ongoing debate on airborne transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a risk factor for infection. In this study, the level of SARS-CoV-2 in air and on surfaces of SARS-CoV-2 infected nursing home residents was assessed to gain insight in potential transmission routes. During outbreaks, air samples were collected using three different active and one passive air sampling technique in rooms of infected patients. Oropharyngeal swabs (OPS) of the residents and dry surface swabs were collected. Additionally, longitudinal passive air samples were collected during a period of 4 months in common areas of the wards. Presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was determined using RT-qPCR, targeting the RdRp- and E-genes. OPS, samples of two active air samplers and surface swabs with Ct-value 4 mu m 60% (6/10); 1-4 mu m 50% (5/10)

Published
2022

48. Late Breaking Abstract - Air and surface contamination with SARS-CoV-2 in rooms of infected nursing home residents: the Netherlands

Author

Linde, K J, primary, Meijer, P, additional, Kluytmans, J A J W, additional, Kluytmans-Van Den Bergh, M F Q, additional, Pas, S D, additional, Geurtsvankessel, C, additional, Koopmans, M P G, additional, Meier, M, additional, Raben, C R, additional, Spithoven, J, additional, Tersteeg-Zijderveld, M H G, additional, Heederik, D J J, additional, Wouters, I M, additional, and Dohmen, W, additional

Published
2021
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