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Introduction: Hyperalgesia frequently occurs after surgery and is associated with adverse effects on surgical outcomes. Thus, we aimed to examine whether the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function after surgery is involved in the development of postoperative hyperalgesia. Methods: Surgery- and pain-related variables were measured 24 and 48 h after the first and second total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) in postmenopausal patients undergoing 1-week-interval staged bilateral TKA. Two sets of saliva samples were consecutively collected from patients before (pre-T1) and 1 week after (post-T1) the first TKA (n = 69). HPA axis function was analyzed in a subgroup of 20 patients with a typical cortisol awakening response (CAR) in both the sets of saliva samples. Results: Surgery-related variables were comparable between the first and second TKAs. However, pain-related variables (pain ratings and the amount of opioid analgesics consumed) were greater after the second than the first TKA. Cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) secretion during the post-awakening period (CARauc and Daucawk, respectively) was higher at post-T1 than at pre-T1, but the molar CARauc/Daucawk ratio was comparable between the time points examined. No relationship was observed between the pre-T1 CARauc and pain ratings after the first TKA. However, post-T1 CARauc showed a positive correlation with pain ratings after the second TKA. Postoperative pain ratings were negatively correlated with Daucawk and positively correlated with the molar CARauc/Daucawk ratio at all examined time points. Discussion/Conclusion: The results suggest that adrenocortical steroidogenic activity favoring the production of cortisol over DHEA after surgery may contribute to the development of hyperalgesia during the early postoperative period.

Background: High-flow nasal oxygenation is an oxygen delivery method by which high concentrations of heated humidified oxygen are supplied via the nasal cavity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high-flow nasal oxygenation on gastric volume change in adult patients undergoing laryngeal microsurgery under tubeless general anesthesia with neuromuscular blockade. Methods: Patients aged 19–80 years with an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 or 2 who were scheduled to undergo laryngoscopic surgery under general anesthesia were recruited. Patients received high-flow nasal oxygenation therapy at 70 L/min during surgery under general anesthesia with neuromuscular blockade. The cross-sectional area of the gastric antrum was measured via ultrasound in the right lateral position before and after high-flow nasal oxygenation, and the gastric volume was calculated. The duration of apnea, i.e., the duration of administration of high-flow nasal oxygenation in the paralyzed state, was also recorded. Results: Of the 45 patients enrolled, 44 completed the study. There were no significant differences in the antral cross-sectional area in the right lateral position, gastric volume, and gastric volume per kg between before and after high-flow nasal oxygenation application. The median duration of apnea was 15 (interquartile range, 14–22) min. Conclusion: High-flow nasal oxygenation at 70 L/min during apnea with the mouth open did not influence the gastric volume in patients undergoing laryngeal microsurgery under tubeless general anesthesia with neuromuscular blockade.

Hyperalgesia frequently occurs after surgery and is associated with adverse effects on surgical outcomes. Thus, we aimed to examine whether the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function after surgery is involved in the development of postoperative hyperalgesia.Surgery- and pain-related variables were measured 24 and 48 hours after the first and second total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) in postmenopausal patients undergoing one-week-interval staged bilateral TKA. Two sets of saliva samples were consecutively collected from patients before (pre-T1) and one week after (post-T1) the first TKA (n = 69). HPA axis function was analyzed in a subgroup of 20 patients with a typical cortisol awakening response (CAR) in both sets of saliva samples.Surgery-related variables were comparable between the first and second TKAs. However, pain-related variables (pain ratings and the amount of opioid analgesics consumed) were greater after the second than the first TKA. Cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) secretion during the post-awakening period (CARauc and Daucawk, respectively) was higher at post-T1 than at pre-T1, but the molar CARauc/Daucawk ratio was comparable between the time points examined. No relationship was observed between the pre-T1 CARauc and pain ratings after the first TKA. However, post-T1 CARauc showed a positive correlation with pain ratings after the second TKA. Postoperative pain ratings were negatively correlated with Daucawk and positively correlated with the molar CARauc/Daucawk ratio at all examined time points.The results suggest that adrenocortical steroidogenic activity favoring the production of cortisol over DHEA after surgery may contribute to the development of hyperalgesia during the early postoperative period.

Cerebral hemodynamics may be altered by hypercapnia during a lung-protective ventilation (LPV), CO2 pneumoperitoneum, and Trendelenburg position during general anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of normocapnia and mild hypercapnia on the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2), and intraoperative respiratory mechanics in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Sixty patients (aged between 19 and 65 years) scheduled for laparoscopic gynecological surgery in the Trendelenburg position. Patients under propofol/remifentanil total intravenous anesthesia were randomly assigned to either the normocapnia group (target PaCO2 = 35 mmHg, n = 30) or the hypercapnia group (target PaCO2 = 50 mmHg, n = 30). The ONSD, rSO2, and respiratory and hemodynamic parameters were measured at 5 min after anesthetic induction (Tind) in the supine position, and at 10 min and 40 min after pneumoperitoneum (Tpp10 and Tpp40, respectively) in the Trendelenburg position. There was no significant intergroup difference in change over time in the ONSD (p = 0.318). The ONSD increased significantly at Tpp40 when compared to Tind in both normocapnia and hypercapnia groups (p = 0.02 and 0.002, respectively). There was a significant intergroup difference in changes over time in the rSO2 (p &lt, 0.001). The rSO2 decreased significantly in the normocapnia group (p = 0.01), whereas it increased significantly in the hypercapnia group at Tpp40 compared with Tind (p = 0.002). Alveolar dead space was significantly higher in the normocapnia group than in the hypercapnia group at Tpp40 (p = 0.001). In conclusion, mild hypercapnia during the LPV might not aggravate the increase in the ONSD during CO2 pneumoperitoneum in the Trendelenburg position and could improve rSO2 compared to normocapnia in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy with TIVA.

The brachial plexus courses along the lateral to posterior aspect of the subclavian artery located within the supraclavicular region as a trunk or division. Therefore we hypothesized that 2 injections, one along the lateral and one along the posterior aspect of the brachial plexus, could be performed by changing the angle of the ultrasound probe, thereby achieving a 3-dimensional (3-D) even distribution of local anesthetics. Previously, we confirmed the efficacy of this type of approach with that of a single cluster approach. These findings represent a subsequent study.This study was conducted to confirm the superiority of block quality achieved by 2 injections from 2 planes (control group; group C) over 2 injections in one plane (experimental group; group E).A randomized, controlled trial.Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center.In group C (n = 35), the brachial plexus sheath was penetrated in 2 planes by anteriorly altering the angle of the ultrasound probe without changing its position. In group E (n = 35), the upper and lower portions of the brachial plexus sheath were penetrated in one plane. A total of 15 mL of lidocaine 1.5% containing epinephrine (1:200,000) was injected at each point in both groups. The ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block was evaluated every 5 minutes for 30 minutes. The main outcome variables were rates of blockage of all 4 nerves and ulnar nerve sparing.The rate of blockage of all 4 nerves (median, ulnar, radial, and musculocutaneous nerves) was not significantly different between the 2 groups (94% in group C vs. 86% in group E, respectively; P = 0.232). The number of spared ulnar nerves was similar (1 vs. 5, respectively; P = 0.088). Group procedure times, onset times, and Visual Analog Scale scores for the blocks were similar.For the 2 plane, 2 injection approach, only 2-D imaging was performed rather than 3-D imaging.Two injections performed in one plane offered similar benefits to 2 injections performed in 2 planes. The 2 techniques provided comparable block qualities and could be viewed as equally effective alternatives.

This study investigated whether intraoperative infusion of magnesium sulphate reduces the incidence of emergence agitation (EA) in paediatric patients who undergo ambulatory ophthalmic surgery using the Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. Ninety-two paediatric patients who were scheduled for elective ophthalmic surgery were randomly allocated to two groups: control or magnesium. In the magnesium group, patients received an initial intravenous loading dose of 30 mg/kg of 10% solution of magnesium sulphate over 10 min and then a continuous infusion of 10 mg/kg&times, h during the surgery. In the control group, an equal volume of 0.9% isotonic saline was administered in the same way as in the magnesium group. The PAED scale was assessed at 15-min intervals until the PAED score reached below 10 at the postanaesthetic care unit. EA was defined as a PAED score of 10 or higher. Of the 86 patients recruited, 44 and 42 were allocated to the control and magnesium groups, respectively. The incidence of EA was 77.3% in the control group and 57.1% in the magnesium group (odds ratio, 0.392, 95% confidence interval, 0.154 to 0.997, p = 0.046). The intraoperative infusion of magnesium sulphate significantly reduced the incidence of EA.

Objective The Intular Scope™ (Medical Park, South Korea) (IS) is a video-lighted stylet that can be used for endotracheal intubation with excellent visualization by adding a camera to its end. We compared the efficacy of a direct laryngoscope (DL) with that of the IS based on hemodynamic changes, ease of intubation, and postoperative airway morbidities. Methods Seventy patients with expected normal airways were randomized for intubation using an IS (n = 35) or DL (n = 35). The primary outcome was the mean arterial pressure during intubation. The secondary outcomes were the time to intubation (TTI), percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score, and number of intubation attempts. The incidence and severity of bleeding, hoarseness, and sore throat after intubation were also recorded. Results Hemodynamic changes during intubation were not significantly different between the groups. The TTI was longer in the IS than DL group. The POGO score was higher in the IS than DL group. Hoarseness and sore throat were significantly less severe in the IS than DL group. Conclusions Using the IS did not significantly improve hemodynamics and resulted in a longer TTI. However, the IS was associated with less severe postoperative airway morbidities compared with the DL.

Functional studies of CCCH-type zinc finger proteins in abiotic stress responses have largely focused on tandem CCCH-type zinc finger (TZF) genes, whereas the study of functional roles of non-TZF genes in abiotic stress responses has largely been neglected. Here, we investigated the functional roles of AtC3H17, a non-TZF gene of Arabidopsis, in salt stress responses. AtC3H17 expression significantly increased under NaCl, mannitol, and ABA treatments. AtC3H17-overexpressing transgenic plants (OXs) were more tolerant under NaCl and MV treatment conditions than the wild type (WT). atc3h17 mutants were more sensitive under NaCl and MV treatment conditions compared with the WT. The transcription of the salt stress-responsive genes in ABA-dependent pathway, such as RAB18, COR15A, and RD22, was significantly higher in AtC3H17 OXs than in WT both under NaCl-free condition and after NaCl treatment. Our results demonstrate that AtC3H17 functions as a positive regulator in salt stress response, via the up-regulation of ABA-dependent salt stress-response pathway.

Introduction: This report showed that clinically significant adductor muscle contraction can be possible even when the anterior and posterior branches of the obturator nerve are completely blocked. Case Presentation: A 66-year-old male patient visited Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea during the year 2016. He underwent transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) of a bladder tumor under spinal anesthesia and obturator nerve block (ONB). ONB was performed at the right-side inguinal crease by an ultrasound-guided block of the anterior and posterior branches. At the beginning of surgery, he exhibited grade IV obturator reflex; therefore, general anesthesia was applied and the surgery completed. After the effect of neuromuscular blockade had been completely reversed, we confirmed twitching of the pectineus muscle by ultrasound using a nerve stimulator (stimulation current 0.3 mA). Main branches of the right obturator nerve were still completely blocked when we rechecked the previously blocked-site (stimulation current 2 mA). Conclusions: The described case cautions that investigators must be aware more than two branches may pass adjacent to interfascial layers at the inguinal crease level and that a missed obturator nerve branch might result in severe adductor muscle contraction. We report this observation and suggest the possibility of an anatomical variant that requires the need for nerve stimulation and ultrasound for obturator nerve block verification.

Background and Objective There are a growing number of porcine models being used for orthopaedic experiments for human beings. Therefore, pain management of those research pigs using ultrasound (US)‐guided nerve block can be usefully performed. The aim of this study is to determine optimal US approaches for accessing and localizing the sciatic nerve at the midthigh level, a relevant block site for hindlimb surgery in female Yorkshire pigs. Methods As a first step, we dissected the intubated, blood‐washed out pigs (n = 3) and confirmed the anatomical position of the sciatic nerve at midthigh level. After dissection, we found the sciatic nerve, connected with nerve stimulator, and checked the dorsiflexion or plantar flexion of the hindlimb. We matched the sciatic nerve location with the US image. After the pigs were euthanized, the neural structures of the sciatic nerve were confirmed by histological examination with H&E staining. In second step, a main US‐guided sciatic nerve block study was done in the intubated, live pigs (n = 8) based on the above study. Results In lateral position, the effective US‐guided nerve block site was about 6 cm from the patella crease level; immediately proximal to the bifurcation of the sciatic nerve into the tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve. The distal femur was selected as the landmark. There were no vessels or other nerves surrounding the sciatic nerve. The needle‐tip was positioned less than 1 cm lateral from the distal femur and about 2 cm deep to skin. ‘Donut sign’ in US images was confirmed in all 16 nerves. Conclusions Midthigh level sciatic nerve is located superficially, which enables nerve block to be easily performed using US. This is the first study to describe midthigh sciatic nerve block in the lateral position under US guidance in a porcine model from a clinical perspective., The aim of the present study is to define a method that facilitates access to the midthigh sciatic nerve via anatomical study in blood‐washed out pigs, and to describe the clinical applications of sciatic nerve block in live pigs by needle injection under US guidance from a clinical perspective.

Background: The perioperative administration of dexmedetomidine may improve the quality of recovery (QoR) after major abdominal and spinal surgeries. We evaluated the effect of an intraoperative bolus of dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain, emergence agitation, and the QoR after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized to receive dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg 5 minutes after anesthesia induction (dexmedetomidine group, n = 45) or normal saline (control group, n = 45). The primary outcome was the QoR at the first postoperative day using a 40-item scoring system (QoR-40). Secondary outcomes included intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, postoperative agitation, pain, and nausea and vomiting. Results: The heart rate and the mean blood pressure were significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the control group (P

The local magnetization of the GdBCO coated conductors was investigated with external magnetic fields applied parallel to the c-axis by using low-temperature scanning Hall probe microscopy. The GdBCO coated conductors were patterned to be bridge shapes by photolithography method. The experimental results are in quantitatively good agreement with the modified Bean's critical state model. In addition, the normalized local hysteresis loss was justified to be accordant to the normalized remanent field distribution.

This study was conducted to evaluate whether the ultrasound-guided interfascial injection technique is really compatible with the ultrasound-guided nerve stimulating technique for obturator nerve block (ONB) at the inguinal crease after bifurcation of the obturator nerve.A total 62 ONBs were performed for transurethral resection of bladder tumors under spinal anesthesia, and divided into two groups, that is, to an ultrasound-guided ONB with nerve stimulation control group (the US-NS group) or an ultrasound-guided interfascial injection experimental group (the US-IFI group). In the US-IFI group, complete ONB was confirmed using a nerve stimulator at 5 min after completing the injection, and if residual twitching remained, another local anesthetic was injected; in such cases blocks were considered to have 'failed'. During TURB surgeries, two urology assistants determined obturator reflex grade (I-IV) at 15 min after injection completion in both groups.We assumed that the US-NS group achieved complete ONB in all cases. Six cases in the US-IFI group failed to achieve complete ONB (failure rate: 0% versus 19.4%, P = .012). There was one case of grade II obturator reflex in each group.The ultrasound-guided interfascial injection technique was not compatible with the ultrasound-guided nerve stimulating technique for ONB at the inguinal crease.

The current study aimed to measure the effects of Plasma-Lyte 148 solution on the blood coagulation profile according to the hemodilution level using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) tests. Venous blood was collected from 12 healthy volunteers and divided into four specimen bottles, which were diluted at different levels with Plasma-Lyte 148 (0, 20, 40, and 60%). Following this, ROTEM tests were performed on the study samples. We found that as the hemodilution level increased, the ROTEM values showed a hypocoagulable pattern. The change rate of the maximum clot firmness (MCF) of INTEM was greater in the 40 (P = 0.015) and 60% (P

Background: Post-anesthetic shivering can cause post- surgical pain or discomfort, and create oxygen supply/demand imbalance. Objectives: The current study aimed at evaluating the effects of Dexmedetomidine on the incidence and intensity of shivering and core temperature after general anesthesia. Methods: The current randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was conducted at a single center (Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea) from January to December 2016 with convenience sampling and simple random allocation. A total of 40 patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) wedge resection were randomly assigned to receive either 1 µg/kg of Dexmedetomidine (Dexmedetomidine group, n = 20) or normal saline (control group, n = 20) 10 minutes after skin incision. Hemodynamic variables and esophageal and tympanic temperatures were recorded five minutes after anesthetic induction, five minutes after achieving a lateral position, every five minutes after carbon dioxide insufflation to the thoracic cavity, and at the end of surgery. Incidences and intensities of post-anesthetic shivering, and postoperative pain scores were recorded. Results: Median postoperative pain score was significantly lower in the Dexmedetomidine group than the control group (4 (0 - 5) vs. 5 (3.25 - 6) (median (interquartile range)), P = 0.004). In the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU), the incidence of shivering was significantly lower in the Dexmedetomidine group than in the control group (0/20 (0%) vs. 6/20 (30%), P = 0.020); but the incidence of hypothermia was higher in the Dexmedetomidine group than in the control group (6/20 (30%) vs. 0/20 (0%), P = 0.020). Conclusions: A single intraoperative dose of Dexmedetomidine (1 µg/kg) may reduce postoperative shivering and pain scores, but it might also increase the incidence of postoperative hypothermia in patients undergoing Sevoflurane anesthesia for video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resection.

도루묵(Arctoscopus japoncus)은 농어목 도루묵과에 속하는 어류로 우리나라 동해를 비롯하여 일본 서부연안 및 북해도, 캄차카, 사할린, 알라스카 등 북태평양에 주로 분포하고 있다 (NFRDI, 2004). 우리나라에서는 지역에 따라 도루묵, 도로맥 이, 돌목어라고 불리고 있으며 한자로는 목어(木魚/目魚), 은 어(銀魚)라고 한다. 도루묵은 수심 140-400 m 의 모래가 섞인 펄 바닥에 주로 서식하며, 어릴 때 깊은 곳으로 이동하여 서식 하다 산란 연령이 되면 동해연안으로 몰려와 산란한다. 산란기 는 11-12월이고, 수심 2-10 m, 수온 2-13°C 되는 해조류가 번성 한 연안에서 산란한다(Yang et al., 2012). 도루묵은 전량 연근 해에서 생산되고 있으며 최근 10년간(2005-2014) 우리나라 도 루묵 어획량은 2,401-6,306 M/T (연평균 4,003 M/T)으로 2000 년대 이후 증가하여 2014년에는 4,686 M/T이 어획되고 있다 (KOSIS, 2015). 특히 동해에서는 일시에 많은 양이 어획되지 만 한정된 소비경향으로 많은 도루묵이 남는 실정이다. 도루묵 에 관한 연구를 살펴보면 도루묵 어묵의 제조(Byoung et al., 2014)와 자원회복 및 자원량 추정(Yang et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2006; Myoung et al., 2002)등 주로 자원에 대한 연구들이 대부 분 차지하고 있으며 도루묵을 가공소재로 이용한 식품 연구는 아직까지 부족한 실정이다. 현재 일본에서는 도루묵에 대한 많 은 연구가 진행되고 있으며(Watanabe et al., 2005; Sakuramoto et al., 2001) 도루묵을 이용한 다양한 종류와 품질의 액젓(숏쓰 루)을 만들어 고부가가치 지역특산품으로 판매되고 있다. 또한 이를 사용하여 나베, 카야키, 계란찜, 카레 그리고 파스타 등의 요리에도 다양하게 사용되고 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 도루묵 소비경향을 살펴보면 주로 선어상태로 국내에 유통되어 구이나 찌개 등으로 이용되고 있으며 그 사용량이 한정됨에 따라 도루 묵을 활용한 가공소재로서의 활용이 절실히 필요한 실정이다. 한편, 액젓은 어패류에 식염을 첨가하여 1-3년간 자연 발효 시킨 것을 여과한 것으로 다른 수산가공품의 생산에 비하여 발 Thermophilic bacillus로 제조한 속성 도루묵(Arctoscopus japoncus) 액젓의 이화학적 특성

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-dose dexmedetomidine on hemodynamics and anesthetic requirements during propofol and remifentanil anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Thirty adult patients were randomly allocated to receive dexmedetomidine infusion of 0.3 μg/kg/h (dexmedetomidine group, n = 15) or comparable volumes of saline infusion (control group, n = 15). Target controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil was used for anesthetic induction and maintenance, and adjusted in order to maintain a bispectral index of 40–55 and hemodynamic stability. We measured hemodynamics and recorded total and mean infused dosages of propofol and remifentanil. For anesthesia induction and maintenance, mean infused doses of propofol (121 ± 27 vs. 144 ± 29 μg/kg/min, P = 0.04) and remifentanil (118 ± 27 vs. 150 ± 36 ng/kg/min, P = 0.01) were lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the control group, respectively. The dexmedetomidine group required 16 % less propofol and 23 % less remifentanil. During anesthetic induction and maintenance, the dexmedetomidine group required fewer total doses of propofol (9.6 ± 2.3 vs. 12.4 ± 3.3 mg/kg, P = 0.01) and remifentanil (9.6 ± 3.4 vs. 12.7 ± 2.6 μg/kg, P = 0.01). The change in mean arterial pressure over time differed between the groups (P < 0.05). Significantly lower mean arterial pressure was observed in the dexmedetomidine group than in the control group at immediately and 5 min after pneumoperitoneum. The time to extubation after completion of drug administration did not differ between the groups (P = 0.25). This study demonstrated that a low-dose dexmedetomidine infusion of 0.3 μg/kg/h reduced propofol and remifentanil requirements as well as hemodynamic change by pneumoperitoneum without delayed recovery during propofol-remifentanil anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

RUVIS(Reflective Ultraviolet Imaging System) is an effective equipment that detects the location of latent fingerprint at crime scene using short wavelength ultraviolet of 254 nm. In this study, the degree of DNA damage in biological samples was compared depending on the distance and time of processing using four commonly used RUVIS. 50% of DNA was damaged by treating 10 seconds at 10 cm distance in 3 types of RUVIS such as Police RUVIS, SIRCHIE mini light and SIRCHIE RUVIS. In addition, the degree of DNA damage was increased as the distance was closer and the treatment time was longer. It showed that short wavelength UV could cause DNA damage when used close to the samples at crime scene. Therefore, it was suggested to use RUVIS at a distance of at least 1 m. The degree of DNA damage was not significant by Polilight which used long wavelength ultraviolet of 350 nm. As a result, the choice and usage of which UV light and RUVIS were critical for detection of fingerprint and successful DNA typing. 요 약: 범죄 현장에서 눈으로 보이지 않는 지문의 위치를 파악하기 위해 254 nm의 단파자외선과 루비 스(RUVIS;Reflective Ultraviolet Imaging System, 반사자외선이미징시스템) 장비를 사용하는 것이 매우 효과적이다. 최근 유전자 감식 기술의 발전으로 지문과 같은 극미량의 생체시료에서도 성공적으로 DNA 프로필을 확보할 수 있게 되었지만, 지문 탐색에 사용되는 단파자외선에 의해 DNA가 파괴될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 일반적으로 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 4 종류의 자외선 광원을 대상으로 자외선 조사 시 간과 조사 거리에 따른 DNA 손상 정도를 비교하였다. 단파 자외선을 사용하는 경찰 루비스, SIRCHIE 미니라이트 및 SIRCHIE 루비스의 경우에는 10 cm 거리에서 10초간 조사할 경우 약 50% 정도의 DNA 가 손상되었고, 시료와의 거리가 가까울수록, 처리 시간이 길수록 DNA 손상 정도가 증가하였다. 이 장 비들을 사건 현장에서 사용할 경우에는 유전자 감식 시료의 DNA에 많은 손상을 가져올 수 있기 때문 에 1 m 이상의 거리에서 조사하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단되었다. 반면 350 nm의 장파자외선을 사 ★ Corresponding author Phone : +82-(0)33-902-5721 Fax : +82-(0)33-902-5941 E-mail : neobios@korea.kr 148 A-Ram Kim, Woo-Joong Kim, Hee-Yeon Park and Si-Keun Lim Analytical Science & Technology 용하는 폴리라이트 장비는 단파 자외선 장비에 비해 DNA 손상 정도가 크지 않았다. 지문 탐색과 유전 자감식을 모두 고려한다면, 자외선 광원의 종류에 따라 조사 거리와 조사 시간을 결정하는 것이 필요하다.

Isolation of phenolic compounds from water boiled with Hizikia fusiformis and purificartrion of the extracts from solvent fractions was achieved using column chromatography. The simple phenolic compound, 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (4-HPEA) with an elemental composition C8H10O2 was identified on the basis of spectroscopic data. The whitening effects of 4-HPEA, inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase, and inhibitory activity against melanin production in B16 melanoma cells were evaluated using an in vitro assay system. The whitening effect of 4-HPEA was also measured using a colorimeter and visual assessment of UVB induced hyperpigmentation of brown guinea pig skin. Topical application of 4-HPEA promoted depigmentation of UVB-induced hyperpigmented spots. 4-HPEA has a potential for use as a safe and effective ingredient for whitening in cosmetic and medical applications.

Introduction/Background Sudomotor dysfunction is known to be common in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Q-Sweat (Quantitative Sweat Measurement System; WR Medical Electronics Co., Stillwater, Minnesota) is modeled on quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test, which is estimated by the latency to the start of sweat secretion and the amount of sweat. The aim of this study is to find correlation between sudomotor dysfunction and functional status in patients with ALS. Material and method Medical records of 17 patients with ALS were reviewed. Functional status of subjects was scored using ALS functional rating scale (ALS-FRS). Volume of sweat at 4 different points of body (i.e. both forearms and thighs) was detected at Q-Sweat. We obtained mean value of volume measured in both upper and lower limbs, respectively, and subtracted the age-adjusted normal lower limit from those values. The difference value was called ‘SCORE’ of upper limbs and lower limbs each. In case that the SCORE measured in a patient was in normal range, it was recorded as 0 point, what means normal response of diaphoresis. Results Age, gender and duration from onset to the time of the test were not statistically associated with degree of sudomotor dysfunction. Negative linear correlation between ALS-FRS and SCOREs of upper (r = −0.485, P = 0.049) and lower limbs (r = −0.509, P = 0.037) were elicited. There was no significant difference between bulbar-dominant and limb-dominant type groups in ‘SCORE’ in both upper and lower limbs. Conclusion The study showed that the sudomotor dysfunction represented by Q-Sweat is statistically correlated with functional status of patients with ALS. Patients have decreased function of regulating sweat responses as the disease progresses and are susceptible to skin damage or aspiration by saliva. Sudomotor dysfunction can deteriorate functional status of patients and the degree of this issue can be easily quantified by Q-Sweat.

We investigated changes in the nutrient compositions of seokbakji supplemented with seafood during storage at 5 o C for 14 days. We added the seafood at a concentration of 10% (w/w) to salted radish and prepared seokbakji samples. Our results showed that the levels of moisture, crude lipids, crude ash, carbohydrates, and crude fibers did not differ markedly among the samples. However, the level of crude protein in seokbakji with added seafood was greater than that in control seokbakji. The highest level of Ca and P was determined in seokbakji supplemented with gizzard shad; the highest level of vitamin B2 was determined in seokbakji supplemented with sandfish, and the highest vitamin C content was determined in seokbakji supplemented with small octopus. Glutamic acid showed the highest content in seokbakji with seafood; further, hydroxyproline was the most abundant free amino acid. The results of sensory evaluation showed higher scores in the overall acceptability of seokbakji with seafood than in control seokbakji.

Prolonged tourniquet inflation during total knee arthroplasty (TKR) could lead to ischemic muscle injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of spinal and sevoflurane anesthesia on arterial lactate levels, acid–base status, and on hemodynamic variables in elderly women undergoing TKR. Forty women more than 65 years of age scheduled for elective TKR were enrolled in this study. Patients were allocated to receiving either sevoflurane anesthesia (sevoflurane group, n = 20) or spinal anesthesia (spinal group, n = 20) according to the patient’s decision. Arterial lactate levels were significantly higher in the sevoflurane group than in the spinal group at 5 and 65 min after tourniquet deflation (P

This study was conducted to investigate changes in the physicochemical properties (proximate compounds, reducing sugar, organic acid, ATP and related compounds, and free amino acid) of beachu kimchi (BK) with octopus, abalone, squid and webfoot octopus added during its storage at for 35 days. The crude protein content of the seafood Kimchi, 1.98~3.41%, was higher than that of the BK. The organic acid level did not significantly differ in the four kinds of seafood during their fermentation, and their malate and succinate contents decreased while their lactate content increased. The levels of the ATP and related compound substances of the hypoxanthine contents were high but decreased during their fermentation. However, of IMP was detected in the Kimchi with octopus added; in the Kimchi with abalone added; and in the Kimchi with squid added after they were fermented for 21 days, but the same were not detected in the BK. The taurine and -amino-n-butyric acid contents of the free amino acids in the seafood Kimchi were approximately two to 10 times and 1.5 to three times higher than in the BK, respectively.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics (proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids and sensory properties) of whole body and dorsal muscle in olive flounder, which is switch size from juvenile to growing fed extruded pellets (EP) and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) for 9 months. Sample was collected at 5 and 9 months to compare with those of EP and MP. Whole body crude protein of fish fed EP at 9 months was significantly higher than that of fish fed MP (P0.05). Based on the experimental results, we concluded that olive flounder cultured with EP is not inferior to those fed MP for quality characteristics of whole body and muscle.

The Nemopilema nomurai hydrolysate was produced by the reaction of papain, and an angiotensin-Ι converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptide was purified by using the molecular cut-offs membrane filter, the gel filtration chromatography with Sephadex LH-20 and the reverse phase chromatographic method using C 18 and C 12 columns. Purification yield of the active peptide was estimated to be 0.2 ± 0.1%, starting from the lyophilized jellyfish. The infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) spectrometer analyses elucidated that the structure of the purified peptide is tyrosine-isoleucine (Tyr-Ile). The inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) and Ki values were calculated to be 2.0 ± 0.3 μg/ml and 3.3 ± 0.3 μM, respectively, which acts as a competitive inhibitor to ACE. Keywords : Angiotensin-Ι converting enzyme, Jellyfish, Nemopilema nomurai , Papain hydrolysate, Tyrosine-Isoleucine African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(15), pp. 1888-1893

This study was carried out to investigate changes in nutrient composition and fermentation properties in abalone mul-kimchi using dried pollack stock (AMKP) and licorice stock (AMKL) during storage at 4oC for 35 days. The levels of moisture (88.37-90.94%) and crude ash (2%) did not differ much between AMKP and AMKL during the 35 days of storage. But crude protein and crude lipid levels decreased gradually until 21 days of storage. AMKP and AMKL fermentation during 21 days led to a decrease in pH, increased acidity, and the highest Leuconostoc sp. count. AMKP and AMKL showed acidity of 0.50% at pH 4.30, when the kimchi samples were ripened properly. Glutamic acid showed the highest content in AMKP and AMKL, and hydroxypoline was the most abundant of all free amino acids. We have provided basic data for commodification research on abalone mul-kimchi.

Arabidopsis AtERF71/HRE2, a transcription activator, is located in the nucleus and is involved in the signal transduction of low oxygen and osmotic stresses. In this study, microarray analysis using AtERF71/HRE2-overexpressing transgenic plants was performed to identify genes downstream of AtERF71/HRE2. A total of 161 different genes as well as AtERF71/HRE2 showed more than a twofold higher expression in AtERF71/HRE2-overexpressing transgenic plants compared with wild-type plants. Among the 161 genes, 24 genes were transcriptional regulators, such as transcription factors and DNA-binding proteins, based on gene ontology annotations, suggesting that AtERF71/HRE2 is an upstream transcription factor that regulates the activities of various downstream genes via these transcription regulators. RT-PCR analysis of 15 genes selected out of the 161 genes showed higher expression in AtERF71/HRE2-overexpressing transgenic plants, validating the microarray data. On the basis of Genevestigator database analysis, 51 genes among the 161 genes were highly expressed under low oxygen and/or osmotic stresses. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of three genes among the selected 15 genes increased under low oxygen stress and another three genes increased under high salt stress, suggesting that these genes might be downstream genes of AtERF71/HRE2 in low oxygen or high salt stress signal transduction. Microarray analysis results indicated that AtERF71/HRE2 might also be involved in the responses to other abiotic stresses and also in the regulation of plant developmental processes.

For developing calcium supplement from the harmful marine organism starfish, the physiochemical property of the powdered starfish skeletal plate and the hydrolysis condition of the starfish digestive enzyme were studied. The optimal hydrolysis condition of the starfish digestive enzymes was at for 12 h. The bulk densities of the powdered starfish skeletal plates of Asterias amurensis and Asterina pectinifera were and , respectively. As for the median size, the values were 10.738 and , respectively. According to the added concentration of sodium polyacrylate, the dispersibility rate of the powdered starfish skeletal plate was shown to be 6h at 0.0%, 3 days at 0.1%, 20 days at 0.2%, and until 30 days at 0.4%. The elementary composition of the powdered starfish skeletal plates from A. amurensis and A. pectinifera mainly consisted of calcium, and it formed 98.95 and 98.52% of the powdered starfish skeletal plates, respectively. The results of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that they were present in the form of . Based on these results, it is suggested that starfish skeletal plate can be utilized as a functional material for a calcium supplement.

Baechu kimchi without cuttlefish (control), baechu kimchi with cuttlefish (CK), cuttlefish baechu kimchi with yogurt (CK+Y), and cuttlefish baechu kimchi with vitamin C (CK+VC) were prepared, and the fermentation characteristics of the prepared kimchi samples were investigated during 28 days of fermentation at . The levels of moisture, crude lipid, and crude ash did not differ much among the samples, but the crude protein levels of CK, CK+Y, and CK+VC were greater than that of the control. The pH values of CK+Y and CK+VC slowly decreased compared with those of the control and CK during fermentation. The acidity increased sharply until 21 days then gradually increased thereafter. The total microbial counts achieved maximum levels at 21 days, and the kimchi to which yogurt and vitamin C were added showed values lower than that of the control. The number of Leuconostoc sp. in CK+Y and CK+VC was higher than that in the control. In our sensory evaluations, cuttlefish kimchi with yogurt or vitamin C scored highest in terms of texture, sour taste, ripened taste, and overall acceptability.

The proximate composition, fatty acid, and amino acid profile of the body wall and viscera of each red and black sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) from Ulleungdo(Island) and Dokdo(Island) in Korea were compared. Moisture, ash, crude protein, and crude lipid contents ranged between 80.26–91.49, 2.57–6.85, 1.13–3.99, and 0.14–2.12%, respectively. The fatty acid values varied depending on the species and the regions of collection. The anteiso C17:0, C16:1Δ9, C17:1Δ7, C18:1Δ11, and C16:2Δ7 were only observed in the body wall. Among the tested fatty acids, the C18:1Δ11 was specific in red sea cucumber, and C20:4Δ6 (17.7%) and C20:5Δ3 (17.6%) were the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in all samples. The contents of the C18:0 dimethyl acetal (C18:0 DMA), C16:1Δ7, C16:1Δ5, and C18:1Δ5 were compared in details. Total amino acids (TAA) of body wall were 1.3–1.9 times higher than those of viscera. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid constituted the major TAA of sea cucumbers. The ratio of essential amino acids (EAA): nonessential amino acids (NEAA) on TAA ranged from 1.15 to 0.67 of sea cucumbers. Viscera of red sea cucumber from Dokdo(Island) were rich in free amino acids (FAA) and showed a high content in leucine.

We investigated the effect of alfentanil and ketamine on the intubation condition and hemodynamic parameters during propofol anesthesia with low-dose rocuronium in children.Fifty-four children, aged 3-9 years undergoing tonsillectomy, were randomly allocated to receive either alfentanil 20 μg/kg (alfentanil group, n = 27) or ketamine 0.5 mg/kg (ketamine group, n = 27) 1 min before anesthesia induction. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 2.5 mg/kg and rocuronium 0.3 mg/kg and maintained with propofol infusion (6 mg/kg/h). The neuromuscular relaxation was monitored, and intubation conditions, hemodynamic changes, and recovery time were assessed.All patients were successfully intubated and there were no significant differences in the intubation conditions between alfentanil and ketamine groups. At the time of tracheal intubation, the median [inter-quartile range] twitch height was similar between two groups (37 [4-48] % in the alfentanil group vs. 29 [4-43.5] % in the ketamine group, p = 0.326).This study showed that both ketamine 0.5 mg/kg and alfentanil 20 μg/kg provided adequate intubation condition during propofol induction with low-dose rocuronium in children. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate were higher in the ketamine group after propofol injection but they remained within the normal limit in both groups throughout the study period.

Anti-angiogenesis therapy is one of the most promising strategies for the treatment of cancer. We investigated the anti-angiogenesis activity of an extract from the ark shell Scapharca subcrenata and attempted to purify the active compounds. The crude extract of the ark shell inhibited the proliferation of human vein endothelial cells (HUVEC-1) and tube formation by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). The methanol extract of the viscera of the ark shell showed activity. The ark shell extract acts as an angiogenesis inhibitor and could be developed further as a health substance, functional food, and anticancer agent.

In the present study, the bioactivity-monitored isolation of flavonoid glucopyranosides from the salt-marsh plant Salicornia herbacea was performed, and their effects on adipogenic differentiation were evaluated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Among the solvent-partitioned fractions from S. herbacea , the 85% aq. MeOH and n -BuOH fractions effectively reduced the levels of triglyceride accumulation, glucose consumption and adipogenic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) expression. Further purification of the n -BuOH fraction led to the isolation of two flavonoid glucopyranosides, isorhamnetin 3- O -β- d -glucopyranoside ( A ) and quercetin 3- O -β- d -glucopyranoside ( B ), as the active principles. The presence of glucopyranosides A and B in adipocyte cells effectively suppressed adipogenic differentiation. Comparative analysis indicated that adipogenic differentiation was dramatically attenuated in the presence of glucopyranoside B rather than glucopyranoside A . The anti-adipogenic activity of glucopyranosides B was confirmed by down-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPα), PPARγ and the adipocyte-specific proteins. Moreover, the specific mechanism mediating the effects of glucopyranosides B was confirmed by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Findings from this study should underscore the nutraceutical value of S. herbacea -derived glucopyranosides as potent anti-obesity agents via alleviation of lipid accumulation.

As a part of an ongoing search for novel antioxidants from the salt marsh plants, bioactivity-isolation and structure determination of constituents from Salicornia herbacea were performed. One new triterpenoid saponin ( 4 ), along with three known saponins ( 1 – 3 ), has been isolated from n -BuOH fraction of S. herbacea . On the basis of the spectroscopic methods, the structure of the new saponin 4 was elucidated as 3β-hydroxy-23-oxo-30-noroleana-12, 20(29)-diene-28-oic acid 3- O -β- d -glucuronopyranosyl-28- O -β- d -glucopyranoside. Scavenging effects of saponins 1 - 4 were examined on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and peroxynitrite. Particularly, saponin 3 exerted significant antioxidant activity on both authentic peroxynitrite and peroxynitrite generated from morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1).

The jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai was hydrolyzed with papain and a novel dipeptide purified via ultrafiltration, gel filtration chro matography with Sephadex LH-20, and reverse phase chromatography using C 18 and C 12 columns. The IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS spectrometer analyses showed that the dipeptide comprised tyrosine-isoleucine (Tyr-Ile). The IC 50 and K i values were 6.56

This study was conducted to determine the physicochemical properties of a giant embryo rice ‘47JB-4-B-5-B’derived from the cross between ‘47’ a mutant of ‘wayoung’induced by T-DNA insertion, and ‘unam’ The grain appearance and chemical components of the embryo were analyzed and compared with a donor cultivar, ‘wayoung’ The proportion of embryo weight to grain weight of ‘47 JB-4-B-5-B’was 2.2 times heavier (6.7%) than that (3.1%) of ‘wayoung’ Total free amino acid content (75.81 mg/100 g) of ‘47JB-4-B-5-B’was 2.1 times higher than that of ‘wayoung’ The GABA content in brown rice was 14.06 mg/100 g in ‘47JB-4-B-5-B’and 6.8 mg/100 g in ‘wayoung’ Especially, the GABA content in brown rice of ‘47JB-4-B-5-B’remarkably increased (about 33 times from 1.48 mg to 44.81 mg/100 g) 2 days after germination. Continuous frequency distributions and transgressive segregation in embryo length and width were observed in the F 2 population of the cross between ‘47’and ‘heongcheong’ indicating that the giant embryo was controlled by quantitative trait loci. However, embryo length and width demonstrated high broad sense heritability, implying that giant embryonic traits could be selected in earlier generations in comparison with other quantitative traits.

This study was carried out to analyze the quality change of mackerel treated of green tea and lotus leaf boiled water extracts. And investigate the antioxidant effects of them on the lipid peroxidation of mackerel during storage at for 28 days. It was estimated periodical measurements of proximate composition, pH, carbonyl, volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine-N, acid, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values. It had no effect on proximate composition compared with non- treated control nearly but, pH of all the samples was increase during 28 days continuously. The contents of volatile basic nitrogen and trimethylamine-N lower than control during storage. Also, acid, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of mackerel treated of green tea and lotus leaf boiled water extracts were significantly lower than control throughout storage period. Especially, mackerel treated of 2% green tea and lotus leaf boiled water extracts shows that more effective than 1% of things in antioxidant during storage. Results indicate that the application of green tea and lotus leaf boiled water extract on the surface of mackerel may be useful to lower the rancidity degree and fish odor during storage.