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그동안 정서표현양가성 관련 연구들은 정서표현양가성과 정신건강 변인의 관계가 문화에 따라 다를 수 있음을 지적하였다. 이 연구에서는 정서표현양가성이 정서억제와 경험회피라는 속성이 있다는 기존 연구의 제안에 따라 정서표현양가성과 정서억제, 그리고 경험회피가 정신건강이나 대인관계와 어떤 관계가 있는지 종합적으로 검증해 보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 정서표현양가성이 정서억제와 경험회피를 매개로 정신건강이나 대인관계에 영향이 있다는 모형을 설정하고 이를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구대상자는 대학생 622명(남 223명, 여 399명)이었고 평균 연령은 남학생이 22.2세(SD=2.5), 여학생이 20.6세 (SD=1.8)였다. 이 연구의 결과를 보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정서표현양가성과 정신건강 또는 대인관계의 관계에서 정서억제는 매개효과가 없었고, 경험회피만 매개효과가 있었다. 둘째, 정서표현양가성 하위 요인은 모두 정서억제에 이르는 경로가 유의했으나, 정서표현양가성 하위 요인 가운데 윗사람 요인은 경험회피에 이르는 경로가 유의하지 않았다. 셋째, 정서억제에서 정신건강이나 대인관계에 이르는 경로는 유의하지 않았고 경험회피에서 정신건강이나 대인관계에 이르는 경로는 유의하였다. 마지막으로 이 연구결과에 대해 논의하였다.

The potential of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which have self-renewal ability and can differentiate into three germ layers, led us to hypothesize that iPS cells in pigs can be useful and suitable source for producing transgenic pigs. In this study, we generated iPS-like cells using doxycycline-inducible piggyBac (PB) expression vectors encoding porcine 4 transcription factors. After transfection, transfected cells were cultured until the formation of outgrowing colonies taking least of 7-10 days. The iPS-like cells demonstrated pluripotent characteristics such as self-renewal, high proliferation, expression of pluripotent markers, and aggregation ability. The embryo development through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), cleavage rate, and blastocyst formation rate did not show any significant differences. However, the total cell number of blastocysts was significantly increased with the established cell line. In conclusion, the iPS-like cell line, generated from porcine transcriptional factors using the PB transposon system, demonstrated pluripotency with the capacity for unlimited self-renewal, and could be used as donor cells to produce cloned embryos by SCNT. These cells will be suitable for gene modification and would contribute to the stability or safety of pig models in biomedical research.

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) can be used for the recovery of acetic acid from black liquor prior to bioeth-anol fermentation. Recovery of value-added chemicals such as acetic-, formic- and lactic acid using LLE from Kraft black liquor was studied. Acetic acid and formic acid have been reported to be strong inhibitors in fermentation. The study elucidates the effect of three reaction parameters: pH (0.5~3.5), temperature (25~65℃), and reaction time (24~48 min). Extraction performance using tri-n-octylphosphine oxide as the extractant was evaluated. The maximum acetic acid con-centration achieved from hydrolyzates was 69.87% at 25℃, pH= 0.5, and 36 min. Factorial design was used to study the effects of pH, temperature, and reaction time on the maximum inhibitor extraction yield after LLE. The maximum potential extraction yield of acetic acid was 70.4% at 25.8℃, pH=0.6 and 37.2 min residence time.

Background Element™ Auto-coding Blood Glucose Monitoring System (BGMS; Infopia Co., Ltd., Anyang-si, Korea) was developed for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Methods Precision, linearity, and interference were tested. Eighty-four capillary blood samples measured by Element™ BGMS were compared with central laboratory method (CLM) results in venous serum. Accuracy was evaluated using ISO 15197:2013 criteria. Results Coefficients of variation (CVs; mean) were 2.4% (44.2 mg/dl), 3.7% (100.6 mg/dl), and 2.1% (259.8 mg/dl). Linearity was shown at concentrations 39.25–456.25 mg/l (y = 0.989 + 0.984x, SE = 17.63). Up to 15 mg/dl of galactose, ascorbic acid, and acetaminophen, interference > 10.4% was not observed. Element™ BGMS glucose was higher than CLM levels by 3.2 mg/dl (at 200 mg/dl) to 8.2 mg/dl (at 100 mg/dl). The minimum specification for bias (3.3%) was met at 140 and 200 mg/l glucose. In the Clarke and consensus error grids, 100% of specimens were within zone A and B. For Element™ BGMS values, 92.9% (78/84) to 94.0% (79/84) were within a 15 mg/dl ( 100 mg/dl) of the average CLM value. Conclusion Element™ BGMS was considered an appropriate SMBG for home use; however, the positive bias at low-to-mid glucose levels requires further improvement.

말단비대증은 성장호르몬의 과도한 증가로 인해 발생하는 드문 질환이다. 말단비대증 환자는 심혈관질환, 뇌혈관질환, 대사질환이 동반되어 기대수명이 감소한다. 또한 여러 연구를 통해 말단비대증에서 대장, 유방, 기관지와 갑상선에서 악성종양의 유병률이 증가하는 것이 보고되었다. 이러한 악성종양의 증가는 성장호르몬과 인슐린유사성장인자-1과 관련된 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 말단비대증에서 혈액암의 발생은 전 세계적으로 보고가 드물고 기전이 명확하지 않다. 저자들은 말단비대증을 진단받고 2년이 경과한 33세 여성에서 발생한 급성 림프구백혈병을 경험하여 국내에서 처음으로 보고한다.

By combining hydrolysis, it was observed that the maximum concentration of xylose + mannose + galactose (xmg) was 10.7 g/L at a CS of 1.72. The aliphatic acid, aromatic acid and aldehydes were released 29.8, 0.45 and 0.90 g/L from the black liquor at CS of 1.19, 1.72, and 2.19, respectively. In the gasification using bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) reactor, high-quality syngas (H 2 /CO: 1.47) was obtained from the steam of acid-insoluble lignin (AIL), suitable for conventional energy systems such as gas engines, turbines, and boilers.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate molecular and physiological changes in response to long-term insulin glargine treatment in the skeletal muscle of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Methods: Protein changes in the skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic rats was detected by Western blot analysis, and muscle fiber type composition was assessed by real-time PCR. Results: Insulin glargine (1 U/kg) treatment in OLETF rats (OLETF-G) for 24 weeks were changed in blood glucose levels in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests compared with age-matched, untreated OLETF rats (OLETF-C), and the area under the curve was significantly decreased for OLETF-G rats compared with OLETF-C rats (P < 0.05). The protein levels of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms were altered in gastrocnemius muscle of OLETF rats, and the proportions of MHC type I and II fibers were lower and higher, respectively, in OLETF-G compared with OLETF-C rats. Activation of myokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-15, fibronectin type III domain containing 5 [FNDC5]/irisin, and myostatin) in gastrocnemius muscle was significantly inhibited in OLETF-G compared with OLETF-C rats (P < 0.05). Moreover, myogenin determination gene D and myogenin levels were decreased, while insulin-like growth factor-I levels were increased, in the skeletal muscle of OLETF-G rats (P < 0.05). Insulin glargine treatment significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of 5’-AMP-activated protein kinase, sirtuin 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α. Conclusions: Our results suggest that long-term insulin glargine treatment can effectively alter protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle of OLETF rats. Disclosure H. Kwon: None. O. Hong: None. H. Kwon: None. Y. Kang: None. S. Lee: None. S. Kim: None. S. Yoo: None.

Objective: Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) contributes to inflammatory conditions inducing conversion of endothelial cells (ECs) into activated fibroblasts, promoting fibrotic diseases. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1ß is the most potent inducer of EndMT. We investigated inhibition of IL-1ß-induced EndMT by gemigliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor. Methods: We exposed human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) to 10 ng/mL IL-1ß/20 uM gemigliptin and analyzed the expression of endothelial, smooth muscle, mesenchymal, and osteoblastic markers, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Smad, and non-Smad signaling pathway proteins. Results: Morphological changes showed gemigliptin blocked IL-1ß-induced EndMT, upregulated EC markers, and downregulated smooth muscle and mesenchymal markers. IL-1ß activation of HUVECs is initiated by the BMP/Smad and canonical BMP signaling pathways. Gemigliptin inhibited IL-1ß induction of BMP2 and 7, activin receptor type IA, BMP receptor type IA, and BMP receptor II. Reversal of IL-1ß-mediated inhibition of BMP-induced Smad 1/5/8, Smad2, and Smad3 phosphorylation by gemigliptin suggests involvement of the Smad pathway in gemigliptin action. In the canonical BMP pathway, gemigliptin treatment significantly increased the deactivation of ERK, p38, and JNK by IL-1ß. Gemigliptin treatment suppressed BMP-2-induced expression of key osteoblastic markers including osterix and runt-related transcription factor 2 during IL-1ß-induced EndMT. Conclusions: We demonstrated a novel protective mechanism of gemigliptin against fibrosis by suppressing IL-1ß-induced EndMT. Disclosure H. Kwon: None. O. Hong: None. Y. Kang: None. H. Kwon: None. S. Yoo: None.

Allergic reaction to insulin is uncommon since the introduction of human recombinant insulin preparations and is more rare in pregnant than non-pregnant females due to altered immune reaction during pregnancy. Herein, we report two cases of allergic reaction to insulin in gestational diabetes that were successfully managed. One case was a 33-year-old female using isophane-neutral protamine Hagedorn human insulin and insulin lispro. She experienced dyspnea, cough, urticaria and itching sensation at the sites of insulin injection immediately after insulin administration. We discontinued insulin therapy and started oral hypoglycemic agents with metformin and glibenclamide. The other case was a 32-year-old female using insulin lispro and insulin detemer. She experienced pruritus and burning sensation and multiple nodules at the sites of insulin injection. We changed the insulin from insulin lispro to insulin aspart. Assessments including immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG, eosinophil, insulin antibody level and skin biopsy were performed. In the two cases, the symptoms were resolved after changing the insulin to oral agents or other insulin preparations. We report two cases of allergic reaction to human insulin in gestational diabetes due to its rarity.

Extractions of hard- and softwood chips were carried out using green liquor with varying alkali charges (1%, 3%, and 5% on dry wood weight). The pulp yield of a mill was sustained while producing a by-product stream of extracted hemicellulose. The extractions were performed at 180 °C for 18 min and the pre-pulping extracts contained mostly xmg (= xylose + mannose + galactose), acetic acid, and formic acid. We investigated the use of a liquid extractive agent in removing fermentation inhibitors. The extraction potential of each solvent was examined at an organic to aqueous phase ratio of 1:1. The liquid–liquid extractions were performed at different temperatures (25–65 °C) and pH values (0.5–3.5) for 36 min. The extraction potentials of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and trialkylphosphine oxide (TAPO) were compared to determine their application in industrial-scale extraction. It was determined that the acetic acid extraction efficiency of TAPO was higher than that of TOPO. The maximum acetic acid extraction yields for the extracts derived from hard- and softwood were 83.1% and 82.1%, respectively, using TAPO as an extractant at 25 °C and pH 0.5.

BACKGROUND: Element™ Auto‐coding Blood Glucose Monitoring System (BGMS; Infopia Co., Ltd., Anyang‐si, Korea) was developed for self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). METHODS: Precision, linearity, and interference were tested. Eighty‐four capillary blood samples measured by Element™ BGMS were compared with central laboratory method (CLM) results in venous serum. Accuracy was evaluated using ISO 15197:2013 criteria. RESULTS: Coefficients of variation (CVs; mean) were 2.4% (44.2 mg/dl), 3.7% (100.6 mg/dl), and 2.1% (259.8 mg/dl). Linearity was shown at concentrations 39.25–456.25 mg/l (y = 0.989 + 0.984x, SE = 17.63). Up to 15 mg/dl of galactose, ascorbic acid, and acetaminophen, interference > 10.4% was not observed. Element™ BGMS glucose was higher than CLM levels by 3.2 mg/dl (at 200 mg/dl) to 8.2 mg/dl (at 100 mg/dl). The minimum specification for bias (3.3%) was met at 140 and 200 mg/l glucose. In the Clarke and consensus error grids, 100% of specimens were within zone A and B. For Element™ BGMS values, 92.9% (78/84) to 94.0% (79/84) were within a 15 mg/dl (< 100 mg/dl) or 15% (> 100 mg/dl) of the average CLM value. CONCLUSION: Element™ BGMS was considered an appropriate SMBG for home use; however, the positive bias at low‐to‐mid glucose levels requires further improvement.

Numerous diseases and injuries result from defects in a single cell type and, if the defective cells could be replaced with appropriate stem cells, progenitor cells, or cells differentiated in vitro, effective treatment at the cellular level might be possible. If human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be generated from human nuclear transfer (NT) blastocysts in which the somatic cell nucleus comes from the individual patient, the nuclear genome will be identical to that of the NT donor. This could prevent immune rejection. The investigators have established 11 hESC lines by NT of skin cells from patients having a disease or injury into donated oocytes. The cell lines were derived from somatic cells of male or female patients who were 2 to 56 years of age and had spinal cord injury, juvenile diabetes, or congenital hypogammaglobulinemia. DNA fingerprinting using human short tandem repeat probes showed that each cell line almost certainly originated from the respective patient donor rather than resulting from enucleation failure and subsequent parthenogenetic activation. The cell lines were grown on human feeders from the same NT donor or from genetically unrelated persons. They were established at high rates regardless of the sex or age of the NT donor. The stem cells were pluripotent and chromosomally normal, and in each instance, they matched the NT patient's DNA. Immunologic compatibility was demonstrated by showing that each subject's major histocompatibility complex was identical with that of the corresponding NT-hFSC. Nine of the 11 stem cell lines were derived from single menstrual cycles. It seems clear that stem cell lines can be generated from somatic cells of patients with disease or injury. Cell transplantation treatments might be advanced by using patient-specific NT-hESCs grown without animal cell co-culture. This approach also holds promise of clarifying human developmental processes and of disclosing the causes of many complex diseases.

A microbial biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor consisting of Serratia marcescens LSY 4 and an oxygen electrode was prepared for estimation of the biochemical oxygen demand. The response of the BOD sensor was insensitive to pH in the range of pH 6.0 | 8.0, and the baseline drift of the signal was nearly absent even in unbuffered aqueous solution. Because heavy metal ions were precipitated from the phosphate buffer solution, unbuffered solution was used to investigate the effect of the concentration of heavy metal ions on the sensor response. Contrary to previous studies, not only Cu 2+ and Ag + but also Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ significantly decreased the response of the BOD sensor in unbuffered solution. Graft polymerization of sodium styrene sulfonate on the surface of the porous teflon membrane was carried out to absorb the heavy metal ions permeating through the membrane. Tolerance against Zn 2+ was induced for S. marcescens LSY 4 to make the cells less sensitive to the presence of heavy metal ions. The membrane modification and the Zn 2+ tolerance induction showed some positive effects in such a way that they reduced the inhibitory effects of Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ on the sensitivity of the BOD sensor. However, they had no effect on the protection of the cells against the interference of Cu 2+ and Ag + on the performance of the sensor. © 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

A 47-year old man visited our hospital because of purulent sputum for 3 months. Chest X-ray showed destruction of both the upper lungs, and bronchoscopy revealed inflammatory change with whitish plaque on the left main bronchus through upper division of the left upper lobe. Tracheobronchial aspergillosis (TBA) was finally diagnosed as a result of histologic and microbiologic examination. However, he went abroad without medication before the diagnosis was made and visited again 10 months later. Follow-up bronchoscopy showed complete regression of the previously noted endobronchial lesion. We describe this case to consider the role of antifungal treatment in immunocompetent hosts, as well as to discuss a rare condition; TBA resolved spontaneously.

Cardiac conduction system impairment is a rare clinical manifestation of Behçet's disease. We report a patient who showed 1st degree atrioventricular block at first presentation, and showed aggravated finding of 3rd degree atrioventricular block on five months later. His cardiac manifestation finally developed to acute severe aortic regurgitation on six months later from his first cardiac manifestation. We observed this rapid progression during 6 months and successfully improved symptom and disease severity of the patient with treatment targeting Behçet's disease.