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Additional file 1: Table S1. Read codes and ICD-10 codes for clinical events of interest. Table S2. Patient mortality and risk by dialysis status and modality. Fig. S1. All-event rates per 100 PY (95% CI) for patients with CKD by dialysis status. Fig. S2. Incidence rates of adverse clinical events per 100 PY (95% CI) for patients with CKD over time. Fig. S3. All-event rates per 100 PY (95% CI) for patients with NDD-CKD by disease stage. Fig. S4. Incidence rates per 100 PY (95% CI) for patients with DD-CKD or IDD-CKD by dialysis modality. Fig. S5. Risk of mortality for patients with NDD-CKD by stage, IDD-CKD, and DD-CKD.

Additional file 1: Appendix Table S1. Clinical outcomes at 1 and 5 years. Appendix Table S2. Multivariable HRs for the association between baseline factors and bleeding outcomes over 1 year (A) and after 5 years (B) of follow-up in patients without anemia and in patients with anemia at baseline (bold). Appendix Table S3. Multivariable HRs for the association between baseline factors and renal outcomes over 1 year (A) and after 5 years (B) of follow-up in patients without anemia and in patients with anemia (bold). Appendix Table S4. Multivariable HRs for the association between baseline factors and cardiovascular outcomes over 1 year (A) and after 5 years (B) of follow-up in patients without anemia and in patients with anemia (bold). Appendix Table S5. Competing risks analysis of the association between baseline factors and renal (A) and cardiovascular (B) outcomes after 5 years of follow-up in patients without anemia and patients with anemia (bold). Appendix Fig. S1. Selection of the study cohort. Appendix Fig. S2. Kaplan–Meier curves for renal outcomes stratified by CKD stage over 5 years of follow-up, in patients without anemia (A) and patients with anemia at baseline (B). Appendix Fig. S3. Kaplan–Meier curves for cardiovascular outcomes stratified by CKD stage over 5 years of follow-up, in patients without anemia (A) and patients with anemia (B). Appendix Fig. S4. Competing risk models for 5-year outcomes (CIF). Appendix Fig. S5. Kaplan–Meier curves for bleeding and hospitalization outcomes in patients without anemia (A) and patients with anemia (B). Appendix Fig. S6. Multivariable HRs for the association between baseline factors and incident anemia over 1 year and after 5 years of follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To assess associations of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with patient profile, resource use, cardiovascular (CV) events and mortality in stable patients post-myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: The global, prospective, observational TIGRIS Study enrolled 9126 patients 1-3 years post-MI. HRQoL was assessed at enrolment and 6-month intervals using the patient-reported EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire, with scores anchored at 0 (worst possible) and 1 (perfect health). Resource use, CV events and mortality were recorded during 2-years' follow-up. Regression models estimated the associations of index score at enrolment with patient characteristics, resource use, CV events and mortality over 2-years' follow-up. RESULTS: Among 8978 patients who completed the EQ-5D questionnaire, 52% reported 'some' or 'severe' problems on one or more health dimensions. Factors associated with a lower index score were: female sex, older age, obesity, smoking, higher heart rate, less formal education, presence of comorbidity (eg, angina, stroke), emergency room visit in the previous 6 months and non-ST-elevation MI as the index event. Compared with an index score of 1 at enrolment, a lower index score was associated with higher risk of all-cause death, with an adjusted rate ratio of 3.09 (95% CI 2.20 to 4.31), and of a CV event, with a rate ratio of 2.31 (95% CI 1.76 to 3.03). Patients with lower index score at enrolment had almost two times as many hospitalisations over 2-years' follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians managing patients post-acute coronary syndrome should recognise that a poorer HRQoL is clearly linked to risk of hospitalisations, major CV events and death. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT01866904) (https://clinicaltrials.gov).

Based in the rapidly changing economic and cultural rooms of 1930s and 1940s Sweden, this study consults beauty advertising to find how advertiser’s endeavours to reconcile industrial mass consumption with individuality looked in the weekly press and how depictions of femininity changed throughout the interwar period and into the early-post war era. Advertisements found in woman’s weekly magazine Husmodern were studied through a methodology combining theories on narrative and performance, finding that individuality in advertising 1930–1950 was largely achieved in the latter part of the period through an increasingly personal style of advertising, using tropes of friendship and community to inspire consumption in contrast to the anonymity of the earlier period. Likewise, the rooms in which femininity was depicted changed from more anonymous “girl meets world”-tropes to more personal narratives such as “Ester secures Yngves devotion”. The 1930s advertisements portrayed the social scene more than the late 1940s, in which femininity was partial to the privacy provided by the bathroom. However, there was a similarly increased sense of anonymity taking place alongside the narrative of privacy, in which women also became less involved and more like blank canvases for advertisers to paint femininity upon. In conclusion, these two strong trends emerge in the 1940s, contrasting the more varied and anonymous trends of the 1930s. In conclusion, I argue that portrayals of femininity in advertising contributed to reproducing new, commercially created gender roles and ideals based in consumption as means of emancipation.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. We compared health-related quality of life (HRQoL), healthcare resource utilization (HRU), and clinical outcomes of stable post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients with and without DM. HYPOTHESIS: In post-MI patients, DM is associated with worse HRQoL, increased HRU, and worse clinical outcomes. METHODS: The prospective, observational long-term risk, clinical management, and healthcare Resource utilization of stable coronary artery disease study obtained data from 8968 patients aged ≥50 years 1 to 3 years post-MI (369 centers; 25 countries). Patients with ≥1 of the following risk factors were included: age ≥65 years, history of a second MI >1 year before enrollment, multivessel coronary artery disease, creatinine clearance ≥15 and

Søren Viborg Vestergaard,1 Uffe Heide-Jørgensen,1 Heleen van Haalen,2 Glen James,3 Katarina Hedman,4 Henrik Birn,5,6 Reimar Wernich Thomsen,1 Christian Fynbo Christiansen1 1Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; 2Health Economics & Payer Evidence, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; 3Epidemiology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK; 4Biometrics, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; 5Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; 6Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkCorrespondence: Søren Viborg VestergaardDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Allé 43-45, Aarhus N 8200, DenmarkTel +45 87168514Email sovi@clin.au.dkPurpose: Anemia is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the longitudinal risk of anemia in patients with newly identified CKD is unknown. We therefore examined the risks of experiencing anemia in persons with newly identified CKD.Patients and Methods: This cohort study included adult patients with newly identified CKD stages 3– 5 defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level < 60 mL/min/1.73m2 (at least two measurements ≥ 90 days apart) ascertained from a population-based registry with complete laboratory test results in Northern Denmark (population ∼ 2.2 million) during 2009– 2016. We calculated 1) cumulative incidence (risk) of anemia [hemoglobin < 12/< 13 g/dl in women/men] by CKD stage, and 2) adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of anemia using Cox regression analyses.Results: We identified 55,940 distinct individuals with newly identified CKD stages 3– 5 and no prevalent anemia [n=41,958 patients in stage 3a, n=17,875 in stage 3b, n=5182 in stage 4, and n=931 in stage 5]. After one year, 42.3% (95%-confidence interval [CI]: 41.9– 42.7) of patients with CKD stages 3– 5 had newly measured anemia, increasing to 67.7% (95%-CI: 67.2– 68.2) after five years. The absolute and relative anemia risk increased markedly with higher CKD stages. The adjusted HR of any anemia was 5.42 (95%-CI: 5.09– 5.77) in patients with CKD stage 5 compared to patients with CKD stage 3a.Conclusion: Patients with newly identified CKD stages 3– 5 have a substantial risk of anemia, increasing with higher CKD stages. This study underlines that clinical awareness of anemia risk is important in patients with newly identified or progressed CKD.Keywords: anemia, chronic kidney disease, CKD, epidemiology, cohort study

BACKGROUND: Risk prediction tools are lacking for patients with stable disease some years after myocardial infarction (MI). HYPOTHESIS: A practical long-term cardiovascular risk index can be developed. METHODS: The long-Term rIsk, Clinical manaGement and healthcare Resource utilization of stable coronary artery dISease in post-myocardial infarction patients prospective global registry enrolled patients 1 to 3 years post-MI (369 centers; 25 countries), all with ≥1 risk factor (age ≥65 years, diabetes mellitus requiring medication, second prior MI, multivessel coronary artery disease, or chronic non-end-stage kidney disease [CKD]). Self-reported health was assessed with EuroQoL-5 dimensions. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to determine key predictors of the primary composite outcome (MI, unstable angina with urgent revascularization [UA], stroke, or all-cause death) over 2 years. RESULTS: The primary outcome occurred in 621 (6.9%) of 9027 eligible patients: death 295 (3.3%), MI 195 (2.2%), UA 103 (1.1%), and stroke 58 (0.6%). All events accrued linearly. In a multivariable model, 11 significant predictors of primary outcome (age ≥65 years, diabetes, second prior MI, CKD, history of major bleed, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, cardiovascular hospitalization (prior 6 months), medical management (index MI), on diuretic, and poor self-reported health) were identified and combined into a user-friendly risk index. Compared with lowest-risk patients, those in the top 16% had a rate ratio of 6.9 for the primary composite, and 18.7 for all-cause death (overall c-statistic; 0.686, and 0.768, respectively). External validation was performed using the Australian Cooperative National Registry of Acute Coronary Care, Guideline Adherence and Clinical Events registry (c-statistic; 0.748, and 0.849, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients >1-year post-MI, recurrent cardiovascular events and deaths accrue linearly. A simple risk index can stratify patients, potentially helping to guide management.

Swedish dairy industry was established in the late 19th century to provide butter for the evergrowingBritish consumer market. The first world war (1914–1918) reformulated the conditionsof the export dependent Swedish dairy industry and threw farmers and dairy men alike into atime of dwindling profits. This thesis study how Svenska mejeritidningen as a representative ofthe organized Swedish dairy industry responded to the war-time challenges and what strategieswere formulated to find and create markets for dairy products and thus maintain the Swedishdairy industry.The thesis concludes that the first world war may have been a catalyst for a Swedish dairyindustrial transformation, bringing many industrial bottlenecks to the surface such asinfrastructure and technology and stating that considerable efforts would be needed to regainits economic significance of the late 19th century. Moreover, the scale of these concerns incombination with the uncertainty of milk’s profitability makes development blocks a usefultheory for understanding the nature of dairy industrial change in Sweden 1914–1918.

Gick #MeToo för långt? Denna uppsats försöker sprida välbehövligt ljus över kvinnors förändrade rättsliga förutsättningar 1950–1980 genom att diskutera ämnet ur ett radikalfeministiskt perspektiv. Är det möjligt att ökningen av våldtäktsanmälningar i Sverige under perioden är ett tecken på, inte nödvändigtvis kvinnors förtryckta position, utan snarare deras växande ekonomiska och politiska makt? Uppsatsen argumenterar för att så är fallet och att ökningen reflekterar kvinnors förändrade förutsättningar som rättssubjekt under 1900-talet. Vidare dras slutsatsen att en korrelation mellan ökningen av våldtäktsanmälningar och kvinnors förvärvsarbetesfrekvens kan observeras och att detta är en viktig del i kvinnokampen, samt att #MeToo-rörelsen med fördel kan ses i ljuset av detta.

Two different principles were studied. 1st - statistical analysis techniques were used to obtain medical results from a patient population. 2nd - the patient population was used to study the statistical analysis techniques. Medical conclusions: latanoprost and timolol treatment showed a statistically significant and clinically useful mean IOP-reduction in a typical worldwide clinical trial population. Latanoprost reduced the IOP 1.6 mm Hg more than timolol. The IOP-reduction was maintained with timolol and slightly enforced with latanoprost up to 6 months of treatment. The mean IOP-reduction was maintained during 2 years of latanoprost treatment. The overall risk of withdrawal due to insufficient IOP-reduction with latanoprost was 8%. The statistical methodological issues are of a general and reoccurring character in trial design of the IOP-reduction: should the statistical hypothesis testing be based on the mean intraocular pressure (IOP) or the proportion of patients who reach a specific IOP level, should the estimate of the IOP or IOP-reduction be based on single eyes, mean of bilaterally eligible and identically treated eyes or the difference between an eye with active treatment and a placebo treated contralateral eye, and is mean of replicated recordings useful? Statistical methodological conclusions: the most effective response variable varies with the selected patient population. Therefore, the trial design process should include a comparison of the variability, test power and required sample size for the possible response variables in a sample of the target population. At minimum a statistical consideration should be done.