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Introduction Running is one of the most popular recreational activities worldwide, due to its low cost and accessibility. However, little is known about the impact of running on knee joint health in runners with and without a history of knee surgery. The primary aim of this longitudinal cohort study is to compare knee joint structural features on MRI and knee symptoms at baseline and 4-year follow-up in runners with and without a history of knee surgery. Secondary aims are to explore the relationships between training load exposures (volume and/or intensity) and changes in knee joint structure and symptoms over 4 years; explore the relationship between baseline running biomechanics, and changes in knee joint structure and symptoms over 4 years. In addition, we will explore whether additional variables confound, modify or mediate these associations, including sex, baseline lower-limb functional performance, knee muscle strength, psychological and sociodemographic factors. Methods and analysis A convenience sample of at least 200 runners (sex/gender balanced) with (n=100) and without (n=100) a history of knee surgery will be recruited. Primary outcomes will be knee joint health (MRI) and knee symptoms (baseline; 4 years). Exposure variables for secondary outcomes include training load exposure, obtained daily throughout the study from wearable devices and three-dimensional running biomechanics (baseline). Additional variables include lower limb functional performance, knee extensor and flexor muscle strength, biomarkers, psychological and sociodemographic factors (baseline). Knowledge and beliefs about osteoarthritis will be obtained through predefined questions and semi-structured interviews with a subset of participants. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models, adjusting for potential confounding factors, will explore changes in knee joint structural features and symptoms, and the influence of potential modifiers and mediators. Ethics and disseminatio

Conventionally understood to be gigantic interventions in remote sites such as the deserts of Utah and Nevada, and packed with characteristics of “romance”, “adventure” and “masculinity”, Land Art (as this thesis shows) is a far more nuanced phenomenon. Through an examination of the work of three seminal artists: Michael Heizer (b. 1944), Dennis Oppenheim (1938-2011) and Walter De Maria (1935-2013), the thesis argues for an expanded reading of Land Art; one that recognises the significance of size and scale but which takes a new view of these essential elements. This is achieved first by the introduction of the “imaginary” into the discourse on Land Art through two major literary texts, Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726) and Shelley’s sonnet Ozymandias (1818)—works that, in addition to size and scale, negotiate presence and absence, the whimsical and fantastic, longevity and death, in ways that strongly resonate with Heizer, De Maria and especially Oppenheim. As this thesis also demonstrates (and as conventional readings have overlooked), further complicating Land Art is the fact that size and scale are reiterated concerns in works made for galleries, such as De Maria’s Earth Rooms (1968-77), and Oppenheim’s Two jumps for Dead Dog Creek (1970), as well as works for other urban spaces accessible to the broader public such as Heizer's Levitated Mass (2012), installed in the grounds of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. These questions are also rearticulated in gigantic but unrealized projects including De Maria's Three Continent Project, 1968, and Oppenheim’s Swiftian and playful Waiting for the Midnight Special (A thought collision factory for ghost ships), 1979, and in his body / performance works.